WO1995033099A1 - Structure de drainage consolidant les sols meubles et procede et dispositif de mise en place - Google Patents

Structure de drainage consolidant les sols meubles et procede et dispositif de mise en place Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1995033099A1
WO1995033099A1 PCT/KR1995/000066 KR9500066W WO9533099A1 WO 1995033099 A1 WO1995033099 A1 WO 1995033099A1 KR 9500066 W KR9500066 W KR 9500066W WO 9533099 A1 WO9533099 A1 WO 9533099A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
pack
drain
guide
present
weak ground
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/KR1995/000066
Other languages
English (en)
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
Jong Chun Kim
Original Assignee
Jong Chun Kim
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from KR1019940011773A external-priority patent/KR970002566B1/ko
Application filed by Jong Chun Kim filed Critical Jong Chun Kim
Priority to AU25777/95A priority Critical patent/AU2577795A/en
Priority to CA002170403A priority patent/CA2170403A1/fr
Priority to EP95920280A priority patent/EP0747536A1/fr
Publication of WO1995033099A1 publication Critical patent/WO1995033099A1/fr
Priority to NO965057A priority patent/NO965057L/no
Priority to FI964725A priority patent/FI964725A/fi
Priority to AU71926/98A priority patent/AU7192698A/en

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C27/00—Alloys based on rhenium or a refractory metal not mentioned in groups C22C14/00 or C22C16/00
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B11/00—Drainage of soil, e.g. for agricultural purposes
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D3/00—Improving or preserving soil or rock, e.g. preserving permafrost soil
    • E02D3/02—Improving by compacting
    • E02D3/10—Improving by compacting by watering, draining, de-aerating or blasting, e.g. by installing sand or wick drains

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a drain structure for strengthening a weak ground, an arrangement method, and an apparatus therefor.
  • a sand column forming pack for forming a drain 'Packing guides used to put the packs into the ground, and no.
  • the present invention relates to the structure and arrangement of automatic feeding machines and drains used to insert hooks into guide casings.
  • Figure 1 is a perspective view of the flexible sand pack and guide casing used in the conventional vertical drainage method.
  • a cylindrical guide casing 10 is buried in the ground, and then a sand column forming pack 20 is inserted into the guide casing 10. It is done by throwing it inside.
  • Knock 20 is formed by weaving the two layers in a row after laminating a grid-like plain weave, and forming reinforcing parts 31 and 32 along the longitudinal direction by heat fusion. Yes.
  • the knock 20 inserted in the guide case 10 is filled with sand, and the guide case is filled with sand.
  • One single 10 is bowed out to form a drain.
  • such a conventional sand column forming pack has a problem that the manufacturing process is complicated and the cost is high. Not only that, tears and breaks occur in the hooks and threads, causing a phenomenon in which the warp and the weft are pushed together.
  • the conventional packing has a problem that the reinforcing portion 31 or 32 is folded and a fine-grained soil cannot pass through, and a film is formed. was there .
  • the use of a cylindrical pack has the disadvantage that the drainage contact surface is small and the drainage effect is poor.
  • the conventional guide casing is composed only of a cylindrical shape, and the entanglement phenomenon of the pack occurs when inserting a hook and a hook. Not only that, when forming the paper train, the paper train board has a thin plate-like structure, so a lot of space is created, There is a problem that excessive ground behavior may occur when removing the singing. [Disclosure of the Invention]
  • an object of the present invention is to solve the above-mentioned problems and to provide an inexpensive sand column forming pack which is simple in the manufacturing process and inexpensive.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a square sand column-formed pack.
  • Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a knock in which a flexible sand drain and a paper drain can be co-located. .
  • Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a guide casing that prevents bending when buried underground.
  • Still another object of the present invention is to provide a casing provided with a reinforcing material inside. Is to provide
  • Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an automatic packer for injecting a pack into a guide casing.
  • Still another object of the present invention is to provide a drain structure and a method of arranging the drain with a high drainage effect.
  • the feature of the present invention to achieve the above-mentioned object is that the present invention is characterized in that it is projected through a mold in a pack used for strengthening weak ground. In a pack that is characterized by being manufactured
  • a guide case for a pack that guides a pack to be used to strengthen a weak ground, it has a predetermined length and a hollow space.
  • a first member formed in a cylindrical body, having at least one guideway formed longitudinally inside the cylindrical body, and coupled to a lower portion of the pack;
  • the guide case of the pack including the second member, which is guided by the guide path of the first member and which is vertically movable, is provided.
  • a guide casing for guiding a drain board used to strengthen a weak ground has a predetermined length.
  • the present invention resides in a guide casing including a body portion formed of a hollow rectangular cylinder, and at least one or more reinforcing members protruding into the body portion.
  • Another feature is the use of a self-loading machine for packing used to reinforce weak ground, with wide locking joints at preset lengths. The obtained pack is wound outside, and a knock supply member having a circular part that is free to rotate and a notch groove that prevents passage of the B'iS self-knock through the locking node are provided.
  • It is a pack automatic feeding machine that includes a provided tubular guide member.
  • Another feature of the present invention is to provide a drain structure for strengthening a weak ground, which is characterized in that the structure of the drain is square. .
  • Another feature of the present invention is a method of arranging drains for strengthening a weak ground, wherein four rectangular drains adjacent to each other are provided in each of the drains. The imaginary line connecting the center points keeps a square shape, and the longitudinal direction of each drain is arranged perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the adjacent drain and the center point. It is in the method of arranging drain.
  • Figure 1 is a perspective view of the flexible packing and the guide casing for explaining the vertical drainage method.
  • FIGS. 2A to 2C are perspective views of a sand column forming pack according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • 3A to 3D are plan views of a pack according to another embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is an exploded perspective view of a guide casing for a sand column forming pack according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the coupled state along the line I-I of FIG.
  • FIG. 6 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the second member of FIG. 7A to 7F are plan views of various embodiments of the second member of FIG.
  • FIG. 8 is a plan view of a guide casing according to another embodiment of the present invention.
  • 9A to 9D are plan views of a guide casing according to still another embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 10A to 10B are perspective views relating to a self-loading machine according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 11 is a plan view in which a number of casings in a pack plan for implementing the drain arrangement method according to the present invention are integrally formed.
  • FIG. 12 is a conceptual diagram for explaining the drain arrangement method according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 13A is a perspective view of a conventional drain structure.
  • FIG. 13B is a perspective view of the drain structure according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 2A to 2C are perspective views of a sand column forming pack according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • O 2p> The packing of the present invention is manufactured by injection molding using a mold. It is.
  • FIG. 2A is a perspective view of an injection-molded sand column pack 40 without a reinforcing portion.
  • FIG. 2B shows that the material 50 for sand column molding with a reinforcing portion 51 at regular intervals was injection-molded. If the packing material 50 as shown in FIG. 2B is cut and joined so as to include at least three reinforcing portions 51 as shown in FIG. 2C, the sand column forming packing 5 as shown in FIG. 2C can be obtained. 60 is manufactured
  • FIGS. 3A to 3D are plan views of a pack according to another embodiment of the present invention. Even without a perspective view, it can be seen that the pack of the present invention is elongated in the same shape in the longitudinal direction.
  • FIGS. 3A to 3B show rectangular packs
  • FIGS. 3C to 3D show cylindrical packs. It is.
  • the pack of the present embodiment is composed of a mesh portion 71 and a number of reinforcing portions 72. A non-woven fabric can be used for the reinforcing portion 72. Therefore, the pack according to the present embodiment has an advantage that a flexible sand drain, a veneer, and a single drain can be formed together.
  • the same amount of sand is consumed than in the cylindrical shape, but the drainage contact surface is increased by 30% or more.
  • the square pack has an additional area of 30% or more in the same area as the cylindrical pack. Therefore, the same amount of sand will have a drainage effect of more than 30%.
  • the pack of the present invention is provided with a sign indicating the length.
  • a sign indicating the length In other words, when producing a pack, it is necessary to form a reinforcing part in a form that displays or divides various hues and numbers on the pack and removes it. It is preferable that the length can be determined only by looking at this by mounting. Therefore, the suitability of the construction can be judged by identifying the sign of the drain exposed after the construction.
  • FIG. 4 is an exploded perspective view of a guide casing of a sand column forming pack according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • the casing of the present invention is cast into the weak ground so as to have a depth, and internally has a guideway 8 formed over the whole body in the longitudinal direction.
  • a long first member 8 0 having 1 and It is composed of a second member 90 that is united integrally with the sand column forming pack P and that flows up and down while being fastened to the guide path 81 in the first member 80. Accordingly, when the sand column forming pack P is thrown into the first member 80, the deformation such as entanglement or twisting is eliminated.
  • the guideway 81 is provided at four places as an example, but it is also possible to use the following or more. Not only that, the guide path 81 is shown in a protruding state, but if the shape of the second member 90 is deformed, it will be formed in a groove.
  • the second member 90 has a predetermined width and thickness, and the contact surface of the first member 80 with the inner peripheral surface is formed to form a hemispherical surface 92. Due to the formation of the hemispherical surface 92, the second member 90 is naturally moved along the inner peripheral surface of the first member 80.
  • FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the coupling state along the line I-I of FIG. An example of the installation of the present invention will be described in detail based on the drawings.
  • a first member 80 is placed at a predetermined position in the weak ground E.
  • the drawing shows that the lower part of the first member 80 was installed in the open state, the lower part is actually installed in the closed state. Further, depending on the target depth at which the first member 80 is to be installed, a large number of first members 80 need only be interconnected and used. At this time, it is desirable that the guideway 81 be kept straight without being deviated.
  • the sand column forming pack P made of a flexible net is integrally bound to the second member 90 inside the first member 80 cast in the ground. Desirably, before the pack P is charged into the inside of the first member 80, the pack P is charged after filling a predetermined amount of sand into the end portion. Is better.
  • FIG. 6 is a perspective view of another example of the second member in FIG.
  • the second member 90 of the present embodiment has a binding hole 94 for binding the pack P-91, and the plate-like member swells downward as a whole.
  • a curved surface portion 97 is formed.
  • the curved portion 97 is formed because the lower portion of the package P is filled with sand, so that the lower portion forms a swelling sphere, so that the curved portion 97 is recessed more slowly. This is to make it more natural to adapt to the bulging parts of the pack.
  • FIG. 7A to 7F are plan views showing various embodiments of the second member 90 of FIG. The same component numbers are assigned to the same parts as in FIG.
  • one guide path 81 is formed inside the first member 80, and the second member 90 is formed as a disk having one locking groove 98 formed therein. We will show this.
  • FIGS. 7B and 7C show the second member 90 in which the numbers of the locking grooves are different from the numbers of the guide paths 81 in the first member 80.
  • FIGS. 7D to 7F show configurations in which the second member 90 can rotate to some extent within the first member 80. Even if there is no further explanation, it will be understood through the drawings, so a detailed explanation will be omitted.
  • FIG. 8 is a plan view of a guide casing according to another embodiment of the present invention.
  • the guide casing 100 of the present embodiment has at least one or more reinforcing members 101 formed therein.
  • the reinforcing member 101 is used to guide the inside of the casing 100 by bending the drain board 102. .
  • Piano-drain board 102 is more desirable if the part shown by the dotted line in the drawing is made of a material that can be bent.
  • the reinforcing member 101 is installed in a straight line because the drain board 102 is bent and installed. Since a wide drain board can be driven with a smaller cross section than when it is driven, the drainage effect is greatly increased, which has the effect of reducing the ground behavior at the time of driving .
  • FIGS. 9A to 9D are plan views of a guide casing according to still another embodiment of the present invention.
  • the guide casing 110 of the present embodiment is provided with at least one or more protrusions 111 on the outside.
  • the protruding part 1 1 1 is used to prevent the guide casing 110 from being bent when the guide casing 110 is driven into the ground.
  • FIGS. 10A and 10B show an automatic charging machine for the sand column forming pack according to the present invention.
  • the automatic packer according to the present invention includes a pack supply member 120 and a knock guide member 130.
  • FIG. 1 OA is a perspective view of a pack supply member 120 and a pack guide member 130.
  • the pack supply member 120 is composed of a cylindrical cylindrical portion 121 around which the pack is wound and a support portion 122 supporting the pack at both ends of the cylindrical portion 121. Be configured.
  • the support portion 122 and the cylindrical portion 122 form a first cutout groove 123 cut out in the longitudinal direction.
  • the inner package member 130 has a disc member 13 2 and a disc member 13 having a second notch groove 13 1 arranged below the first notch groove 12 3. 2 and a support member 1 33 connected integrally.
  • An unexplained reference numeral 140 denotes a locking member that locks the pack supply member 120 on its own rotation.
  • a pack P is loaded by an automatic loading machine. Explain the operation 9 P R95 / 00066
  • -10-It is a perspective view for the purpose.
  • the pack P wound around the pack supply member 120 is put into the second cutout groove 131 of the pack guide member 130.
  • a locking node 150 is formed on the knock P at every preset length. Therefore, if the pack P is inserted into the guide casing (not shown) for a preset length, the locking section 150 is automatically provided with the second notch. Feeding is stopped because it catches in groove 1 3 1.
  • the second cutout 13 1 1 should be formed so that the knock P passes and the locking section 150 of the pack P cannot pass. It can be seen that it is .
  • the first notch groove 123 is for fixing the pack P inside the cylindrical portion 121 after inserting the end of the pack P.
  • Fig. 11 is a plan view of a pack guide casing configured so that many pack guide casings can be buried underground at the same time. .
  • a number of pack guide casings 160 are interconnected by a first connecting block 161. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the bending phenomenon of the casing when a large number of in-plan casings are simultaneously driven into the ground. What is shown by the dotted line in the drawing is the second connection port 162, which is more effective in preventing the bending phenomenon of the casing.
  • FIG. 12 is a conceptual diagram for explaining the drain arrangement method according to the present invention.
  • the drain arrangement method according to the present invention is such that four rectangular drains adjacent to each other form a square with a virtual line connecting the center points of the drains.
  • the longitudinal direction of each drain is arranged perpendicular to each other at the longitudinal direction and the center point of the adjacent drains. Therefore, the effective drainage radius will be balanced and the drainage intervals will be dense, which will promote consolidation settlement.
  • FIG. 13A is a perspective view of a conventional flexible drain.
  • Conventional flexible The sex drain remains cylindrical, and its diameter is limited to the range of 5 to 25 cm. If the diameter is less than 5 cm, normal drainage will not be performed, and if it exceeds 25 cm, the drainage, drainage and drainage used for the drain will be broken. There was a problem in that the flexibility of the device was lost.
  • FIG. 13B is a perspective view of the structure of the drain according to the present invention.
  • the drain structure of the present invention is characterized in that it has a square shape.
  • the lengths of the two sides facing each other should be in the range of 5 to 25 cm. Therefore, the problem that the flexibility is lost while the drainage is smooth is solved, and the drainage contact surface is widened while consuming the same amount of sand compared with the conventional one. .
  • the present invention is a drain structure and arrangement method for strengthening a weak ground, and an apparatus used for forming a drain.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Investigation Of Foundation Soil And Reinforcement Of Foundation Soil By Compacting Or Drainage (AREA)
  • Monitoring And Testing Of Nuclear Reactors (AREA)
  • Sewage (AREA)

Abstract

Une structure de drainage consolidant les sols meubles, un procédé de mise en place des structures de drainage et un dispositif utilisé pour la réalisation de celles-ci. La présente invention concerne, d'une part un module de drainage se composant d'une partie réticulaire armée et d'une partie de renforcement et d'autre part un module de drainage parallélépipédique. L'invention concerne également une gaine de guidage des modules de drainage pour enfouir les modules sous terre sans que ceux-ci s'enchevêtrent, ainsi qu'une machine chargeant automatiquement les modules de drainage dans la gaine de guidage. L'invention concerne en outre une nouvelle structure de drainage et un procédé de mise en place de ces structures drainantes selon un rayon de drainage uniforme et efficace. Le procédé de mise en place et le dispositif d'assemblage des modules de drainage de la présente invention permettent ainsi d'optimiser le processus de drainage et d'accélérer la subsidence du sol.
PCT/KR1995/000066 1994-05-28 1995-05-25 Structure de drainage consolidant les sols meubles et procede et dispositif de mise en place WO1995033099A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU25777/95A AU2577795A (en) 1994-05-28 1995-05-25 Weak ground reinforcing drain structure and method and apparatus for arranging the same
CA002170403A CA2170403A1 (fr) 1994-05-28 1995-05-25 Structure de drainage consolidant les sols meubles et procede et dispositif de mise en place
EP95920280A EP0747536A1 (fr) 1994-05-28 1995-05-25 Structure de drainage consolidant les sols meubles et procede et dispositif de mise en place
NO965057A NO965057L (no) 1994-05-28 1996-11-27 Avlöpssystem for svak grunn, samt fremgangsmåte og anordning for anlegging av dette
FI964725A FI964725A (fi) 1994-05-28 1996-11-27 Heikkoa maaperää vahvistava ojitusrakenne ja menetelmä ja laite sen tekemiseksi
AU71926/98A AU7192698A (en) 1994-05-28 1998-06-16 Weak ground reinforcing drain structure and method and apparatus for method and apparatus for arranging the same

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
KR1019940011773A KR970002566B1 (ko) 1994-05-28 1994-05-28 연약지반 강화용 사주성형팩의 변형방지장치
KR1019940031611 1994-11-29
KR1994/31611 1995-04-15
KR1995/8913 1995-04-15
KR1994/11773 1995-04-15
KR19950008913 1995-04-15

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1995033099A1 true WO1995033099A1 (fr) 1995-12-07

Family

ID=27349069

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/KR1995/000066 WO1995033099A1 (fr) 1994-05-28 1995-05-25 Structure de drainage consolidant les sols meubles et procede et dispositif de mise en place

Country Status (9)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0747536A1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2762317B2 (fr)
CN (1) CN1141660A (fr)
AU (2) AU2577795A (fr)
CA (1) CA2170403A1 (fr)
FI (1) FI964725A (fr)
NO (1) NO965057L (fr)
PL (1) PL317403A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1995033099A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
SE534031C2 (sv) 2010-05-07 2011-04-05 Westinghouse Electric Sweden Styrstav för en kärnkraftlättvattenreaktor
CN112144502B (zh) * 2020-10-13 2021-11-12 福建中设工程咨询有限公司 一种公路软土地基的降水结构及降水方法

Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS4532743Y1 (fr) * 1966-04-13 1970-12-14
JPS4983813U (fr) * 1972-11-09 1974-07-19
JPS5061013A (fr) * 1973-10-03 1975-05-26
JPS5120304U (fr) * 1974-08-01 1976-02-14
JPS54136707A (en) * 1978-04-17 1979-10-24 Nippon Petrochemicals Co Ltd Net bag for creating sand pit
JPS54153105U (fr) * 1978-04-17 1979-10-24
JPS6126730U (ja) * 1984-07-23 1986-02-18 不動建設株式会社 被覆ドレ−ン杭造成用ケ−シング
JPS6149017A (ja) * 1984-08-13 1986-03-10 Toa Harbor Works Co Ltd サンドドレ−ン工法
JPS61186612A (ja) * 1985-02-14 1986-08-20 Tatsuo Morimoto ドレインボ−ドの打込方法および打込装置
JPS61135938U (fr) * 1985-02-08 1986-08-23

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3928979A (en) * 1973-05-22 1975-12-30 Chiyoda Chem Eng Construct Co Flexible sand drain formed in a casing
EP0085742B1 (fr) * 1982-02-05 1985-11-27 Teijin Limited Méthode pour améliorer le sol mou par la méthode des drains de sable et sac cylindrique à employer dans celle-ci
JPH0311374Y2 (fr) * 1984-09-05 1991-03-19
AU614020B2 (en) * 1988-06-07 1991-08-15 Leigh, John Walton Apertured pipe segment
EP0499442B1 (fr) * 1991-02-11 1998-07-22 Hepworth Building Products Limited Drainage souterrain
US5213449C1 (en) * 1991-07-08 2001-07-03 T Richard Morris Apparatus for inserting wick drains into the earth

Patent Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS4532743Y1 (fr) * 1966-04-13 1970-12-14
JPS4983813U (fr) * 1972-11-09 1974-07-19
JPS5061013A (fr) * 1973-10-03 1975-05-26
JPS5120304U (fr) * 1974-08-01 1976-02-14
JPS54136707A (en) * 1978-04-17 1979-10-24 Nippon Petrochemicals Co Ltd Net bag for creating sand pit
JPS54153105U (fr) * 1978-04-17 1979-10-24
JPS6126730U (ja) * 1984-07-23 1986-02-18 不動建設株式会社 被覆ドレ−ン杭造成用ケ−シング
JPS6149017A (ja) * 1984-08-13 1986-03-10 Toa Harbor Works Co Ltd サンドドレ−ン工法
JPS61135938U (fr) * 1985-02-08 1986-08-23
JPS61186612A (ja) * 1985-02-14 1986-08-20 Tatsuo Morimoto ドレインボ−ドの打込方法および打込装置

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See also references of EP0747536A4 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0747536A4 (fr) 1996-09-02
JPH09500931A (ja) 1997-01-28
CN1141660A (zh) 1997-01-29
PL317403A1 (en) 1997-04-14
NO965057L (no) 1997-01-20
FI964725A0 (fi) 1996-11-27
FI964725A (fi) 1997-01-03
AU2577795A (en) 1995-12-21
MX9605935A (es) 1998-06-28
EP0747536A1 (fr) 1996-12-11
NO965057D0 (no) 1996-11-27
JP2762317B2 (ja) 1998-06-04
AU7192698A (en) 1998-08-13
CA2170403A1 (fr) 1995-12-07

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