WO1994016446A1 - Fusion nucleaire auto-catalysee de lithium-6 et de deuterium a l'aide de particules alpha - Google Patents

Fusion nucleaire auto-catalysee de lithium-6 et de deuterium a l'aide de particules alpha Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1994016446A1
WO1994016446A1 PCT/US1993/012541 US9312541W WO9416446A1 WO 1994016446 A1 WO1994016446 A1 WO 1994016446A1 US 9312541 W US9312541 W US 9312541W WO 9416446 A1 WO9416446 A1 WO 9416446A1
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palladium
lattice
nuclei
alpha particles
high energy
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PCT/US1993/012541
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English (en)
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Jerome Drexler
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Jerome Drexler
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21B—FUSION REACTORS
    • G21B3/00—Low temperature nuclear fusion reactors, e.g. alleged cold fusion reactors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors

Definitions

  • the present invention pertains to lithium- deuterium fusion in a metallic lattice to produce alpha particle emitter sources or thermal energy.
  • Electrode charged particles such as bare electrons or protons or muons are known to be Fermions and to obey Fermi-Dirac statistics.
  • Two like elementary charged particles, such as two protons, have like elec ⁇ trical charges so that they tend to repel one another.
  • two like Fermions obey the Pauli exclusion prin ⁇ ciple so that, if the particles possess identical quantum numbers, the two identical particles will not occupy the same region of space at the same time, even if the iden ⁇ tical particles have no net electrical charge.
  • Boson Another type of parti- cle, called a Boson, which obeys Bose-Einstein statistics rather than Fermi-Dirac statistics. This has been dis ⁇ cussed by K. Birgitta haley, a theoretical chemist speaking at the Dallas meeting of the American Chemical Society in April, 1989. Particles that obey Bose-Einstein statistics
  • Bosons tend to accumulate in the same region of space under some circumstances, in contrast to staying apart as like Fermions tend to do. This tendency of Bosons to accumulate in the same region of space is indicated by a quantum thermodynamic expression for the pressure in a system of Bosons developed and discussed in Statistical Physics by L.D. Landau and E.M. Lifshitz, Addison- esley Co., 1958, p. 159. In this expression for pressure, the pressure developed by a system of Bosons is less than the pressure developed by a system of particles that are nei ⁇ ther Fermions nor Bosons at the same concentration and temperature. This suggests that the Boson particles ex- perience a modest attraction for one another that has its origin in quantum mechanical forces.
  • Lithium ions have been widely used in the elec ⁇ trolyte added to heavy water in certain experiments in- volving palladium by Pons and Fleischmann and many other researchers.
  • the electrolyte used most commonly is LiOD, wherein most or all of the hydrogen in LiOH is replaced by deuterium. Most reports of generation of heat by these experiments indicated that the LiOD electrolyte had been used.
  • March, 1990 two physicists speculated that the excess enthalpy generated may come from a reaction known in nuclear physics:
  • Li 6 + D —> 2He 4 + 22.4 MeV Li 6 + D —> 2He 4 + 22.4 MeV.
  • the excess energy of 22.4 MeV is carried by the kinetic energy of the two helium nuclei (alpha particles) , and thought to be dissipated directly in the host lattice used, which is usually palladium.
  • Catalysts such as finely divided palladium increase the speed of reactions even at low temperatures. Also, finely divided nickel is a catalyst and adsorber of hydrogen. Additionally accumulator structures for packing and storing deuterium and lithium have been disclosed in the published PCT applications PCT/US91/01067, PCT/US91/03280,
  • the nuclear fusion of deuterium and lithium-6 is well known.
  • such a nuclear reaction can be obtained by bombarding a Li 6 atom with a deuteron having a bombarding energy of only 20,000 volts.
  • the fusion of Li 6 and D nuclei is considered favorable in that it is aneutronic, that is, it generates no harmful neutrons.
  • extremely high temperatures approach ⁇ ing 100 million degrees, have been considered necessary.
  • Some researchers have attempted to obtain room temperature fusion using muon particles as catalysts. Luis W. Alvarez, was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1968 for his work on muon-catalyzed room temperature fusion which he achieved in 1956.
  • radium C 1 used as the source of high kinetic energy alpha particles having an energy of 7.8 MeV. Since radium C has a half life of only one microsecond it is necessary to have some radium C and radium B mixed in which emit beta and gamma rays as they decay in less than one hour to radium. Thus when radium is used to generate alpha particles, beta and gamma rays are also present which is not normally desirable.
  • This object has been achieved through self- catalyzed nuclear fusion of lithium-6 and deuterium using alpha particles. This is accomplished by densely packing ions of Li 6 and D into the metallic lattices of an ion accumulator structure.
  • the metallic lattices of an ion accumulator structure allow ions of Li 6 and D to enter and to be packed together in close proximity to each other or as Li D molecules in a material such as palladium.
  • a source of energetic alpha particles, such as radium brought into scattering proximity with the Li 6 and D nuclei is used to bombard the Li 6 and D nuclei packed together in the accumulator structure.
  • the alpha particles, Li 6 and D are all Bosons which obey the Bose-Einstein statistics.
  • the alpha particles have a sufficiently high kinetic energy such that they can penetrate the surface of the palladium for a short distance when the alpha particle source is brought near the palladium surface, thereby causing a scattering encounter of the alpha particles with the nuclei of Li 6 and D, imparting motion, i.e. recoil, to one or both of those nuclei leading to a nucleus-to-nucleus compression effect of the Li and D nuclei within the metallic lattice. As a result, the probability that these nuclei will combine and fuse is increased. When these nuclei fuse, two highly energetic alpha particles are emitted. The emitted alpha particles may, in the same manner described, trigger additional Li 6 + D nuclear fusion reactions and additional high energy alpha particle emissions.
  • alpha particles may be easily and inex ⁇ pensively generated, the present invention does not suf- fer from the cost inefficiencies of muon-catalyzed sys ⁇ tems.
  • high energy alpha particles from a radioactive alpha emitter can be used only to initiate a continuous cycle of aneutronic fusions and high energy alpha particle emissions, such that a self-sustained chain reaction-type nuclear fusion is achieved at ambient temperatures.
  • the palladium ion accumulator may be used as an alpha particle emitter source.
  • Fig. 1 is a simplified perspective view of a torus-shaped reaction apparatus in accord with the present invention.
  • Fig. 2 is a sectional view of the apparatus of
  • Fig. 1 taken along lines 2-2.
  • Figs. 3 and 4 are top views of passive baffles or ion accumulator baffles in accord with the present invention.
  • Fig. 5 is a perspective view of a slurry accumulator structure in accord with the present invention.
  • Figs. 6 and 7 are sectional views of insulated particulate accumulator structures in accord with the present invention.
  • Fig. 8 is a sectional view of a spiral accumulator structure.
  • Fig. 9 is a perspective view of small spiral or rolled foil accumulator structures.
  • Fig. 10 is a plan sectional view of a portion of a reaction apparatus showing confinement of accu ⁇ mulator structures of the kind shown in Figs. 6, 7, 8 or 9 between passive baffles of the kind shown in Fig. 3.
  • Fig. 11 is a plan sectional view of a portion of a reaction apparatus showing rods cantilevered from baffles of the kind shown in Fig. 3.
  • a torus-shaped reactor structure 11 as disclosed in published PCT application US91/03503, and containing within it alpha particle sources 44 and 53 as shown in Fig. 10 or Fig. 11 and ion accumulator structures in accord with the present invention is shown.
  • Reactor structure 11 is sealed to prevent light water and other contaminants in the atmosphere from entering it.
  • a fluid 13 is driven by a pump or pumps 15 through the structure.
  • the fluid 13 is concentrated heavy water ionized by enriched lithium deuteroxide, LiOD containing at least 50% Li 6 OD.
  • Deuterium gas is bubbled into the heavy water and dissolved in it.
  • the D-D gas provides a source of negative deuterium ions due to some dissociation and ionization.
  • a lattice is available in a material such as palladium or alloys such as Pd-Ag and Pd-Au, contained for example within the accumulator structures in the form of porous baffles 17 of Figs. 3 or 4 and the particulate slurry 29 shown in Fig. 5.
  • a material such as palladium or alloys such as Pd-Ag and Pd-Au, contained for example within the accumulator structures in the form of porous baffles 17 of Figs. 3 or 4 and the particulate slurry 29 shown in Fig. 5.
  • the internal pressure may be raised as high as one hundred atmospheres or more, which a torus-shaped structure can withstand.
  • Baffles 17 may be made of palladium and act as ion accumulators, as illustrated in Fig. 4, or may be inactive porous baffles, as shown in Fig. 3, used to confine the palladium parti ⁇ culate accumulator structures described below.
  • the Li 6 and D ions enter into the palladium lattice, the palladium lattice slightly increases in volume to accommodate them. Palladium with such an increased volume is referred to as beta palladium.
  • the positive Li 6 ion and the negative D ion can combine to form Li 6 D molecule or can simply remain in close proximity.
  • the Li 6 and D nuclei in the palladium lattice also add an important new feature to the palladium lattice, in that the nuclei pair are now available to scatter incoming alpha particles.
  • at least 30 percent of the relevant palladium lattice sites should be loaded with pairs of Li 6 and D; however, loading ratios of 15 percent may be made to work.
  • Lattice loading ratios found to yield pressures and temperatures which are too high for the reactor vessel indicate a chain reaction proceeding too rapidly and should be avoided.
  • the ratio of Li to Li may be lowered if temperatures and pressures indicate they will approach reactor design safety limits.
  • baffles are porous, except for one, baffle 19, which may be open or closed, which serves to separate an inlet port 21 from an outlet port 23.
  • Pump 15, which is representative of one or more pumps, serves to establish flow from the inlet port out to the outlet port during start-up and during fueling operations.
  • the inlet port 21 and outlet port 23 are closed during the normal nuclear fusion cycle. With a pump, kinetic energy may be imparted to ions so that ion flow rates may greatly exceed those in a Fleischmann-Pons electro- chemical cell.
  • the baffle valve 19 is opened and ports 21 and 23 are closed and the fluid circulates around the torus.
  • the torus reactor structure is sealed from the atmosphere and is known to withstand high pressures. It may be operated up to 100 atmospheres or even higher by applying the pressure through an inlet port which is sealed off after the desired pressure is reached.
  • the high pressure greatly increases the solubility of deuterium gas in the heavy water and facilitates the loading of the lithium and deuterium into the metallic lattices of the accumu ⁇ lator structure.
  • Pump or pumps 15 serve to establish flow through the torus. The fluid circulates around the structure 11.
  • the copper pipe 25 contains a heat exchange fluid medium which is flowing sufficiently rapidly to remove heat which is conductively transferred into the conductive pipe. This hot fluid may be used to drive a turbine for the generation of electricity.
  • the baffle 17 has an array of apertures 27 which have the advantage of allowing a greater fluid flow at reduced pressure.
  • This baffle will confine palladium lattice structures of the type shown in Figs. 6-9 between baffles so long as the structures are bigger than the apertures of the baffle.
  • apertures are pinhole sized, giving rise to higher pressure in the containment vessel. The size and spacing of pinholes should be adjusted so that desired flow rates may be achieved without undue pressure.
  • Either of these baffles may be passive and contain accumulator components between them. They may also be active ion accumulators.
  • the accumulator contains palladium on a structure having a thickness so that the accumulator will not readily rupture.
  • Fig. 5 shows an alternate accumulator structure wherein metallic palladium particulates 29 form a slurry which is resident in the torus-shaped reactor represented by section 31.
  • the particulates in the slurry have the advantage of presenting a greater surface area to the heavy water.
  • the pinhole baffle structure previously described is used to contain the particulates.
  • the particulates may be bare palladium particles or other forms as shown in Figs. 6-9.
  • the palladium particulates are permeated by lithium and deuterium, just as the palladium baffle structures.
  • Fig. 6 shows palladium particulates 33 coated with a nonconductive water porous polymer 35 which is permeable by lithium and deuterium ions.
  • a nonconductive water porous polymer may be gelatin or polyvinyl alcohol.
  • Such a coating reduces the contamination of the palladium surface and exposes the entire surface palladium for ion accumulation.
  • the palladium particulates in either coated or uncoated form may be mixed with nonreactive ceramic particulates or silicon dioxide particulates.
  • the sizes of the particulates and their ratios are selected for optimum economic design, that is, maximizing the ratio of ion absorption rate to dollar investment.
  • the particulates 37 have a partial polymer coating 39 about approximately 50% of the surface area. This provides a balance between uncoated particu ⁇ lates and fully coated particulates and may be used for economic design optimization in conjunction with other particulates.
  • Fig. 8 shows an alternative accumulator structure wherein a polymer sheet 41 is housed in the containment structure 43 which may be a section of the torus-shaped reactor.
  • the sheet has a plurality of palladium particulates 45 adhered to the surface, in the fashion of rough sandpaper.
  • the sandpaper-like structure is rolled into a spiral which fits into the containment structure with the center of the spiral parallel or colinear with the axis of the toroidal confinement structure.
  • Fig. 9 shows that small spiral strips 47 also having palladium particulates adhered to one or both sides in a sandpaper-like texture, may be stuffed into the containment vessel.
  • Fig. 9 also represents rolled-up palladium foils.
  • Fig. 10 shows a plurality of reactor compartments 41, 43, 45 each housing accumulator structures of the type described with reference to Figs. 6-9.
  • Radioactive radium C* particulates which are a source of energetic alpha particles are indicated by a square, while palladium accumulator components are indicated by circles. Approximately one milligram of radioactive radium C is sufficient to ignite a reaction among approximately 50 palladium accumulator components.
  • Baffles 47 are of the type shown in Fig. 3, permitting fluid flow through the baffles, but not permitting motion of accumulator structures past the baffles. The baffles themselves may or may not contain palladium accumulator structures.
  • baffles 47 support the cantilevered rods 51 which extend into the chamber defined between adjacent baffles.
  • the rods position alpha emitting radium isotopes from radium C on tips 53 thereby bring ⁇ ing the radium into a geometrically central location for activation of Li D nuclear reactions within distributed palladium structures which fill the zones between the baffles, but are not shown.
  • the radioactive radium continuously emits alpha particles which catalyze Li 6 D nuclear reactions.
  • the rods 51 may be fixed or extend ⁇ able or retractable.
  • the packing of the palladium lattice occurs over a period of time in which the moving ionized lithium-6 and deuterium containing fluid comes into contact with the palladium.
  • the lithium and deuterium ions pack the lattice interstices over a number of hours.
  • the affinity of negative deuterium ions for positive lithium ions allows the ions to come rather close together, perhaps chemically combining into LiD, a well known compound. In this situation, there is a very low probability requiring a very long time for lithium and deuterium nuclei fusing, which ultimately happens, yielding energetic alpha particles. It is known from nuclear research that many Li D molecules can fuse simultaneously under shock wave compression.
  • the present invention achieves similar compression as Li nuclei and D nuclei are compressed towards each other in the lattice by energetic alpha particles moving through the lattice structure causing recoil of the nuclei toward one another, increasing the probability of nuclear fusion.
  • palladium it is meant to include palladium metal, palladium metal on a substrate or alloys of Pd-Ag or perhaps Pd-Au which are highly adsorptive of hydrogen and its isotopes as mentioned in the prior art.
  • palladium or alloys of Pd-Ag may be coated up to a maximum preferred thickness of 20 microns and a minimum preferred thickness of 5 microns onto a silver base which would lead to a very high concentration of Li 6 and D at the interface since lithium does not diffuse easily into silver. Also, for applications of these principles involving surface effects sponge nickel may be used.
  • Radioactive alpha particle emitters such as radium C
  • the alpha emitters are introduced into the reactor structure, mixed with accumulator structures in a concentration such that emitters will be in near contact to the surface of palladium structures.
  • the following describes four different fusion ignition embodiments.
  • a pile of palladium-based particulates that have accumu- lated lithons and negative deuterium ions in the form of pairs of Li and D nuclei may be used in conjunction with a fusion triggering arrangement.
  • particulates of radium C are mixed in with the palladium particulates, as in Fig.
  • the palladium particulates may be of the type shown in Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9.
  • the 7.8 MeV alpha particles produced by radium C will penetrate the surface of the palladium and trigger the fusion of the lithium-6 and deuterium nuclei, creating 11.2 MeV alpha particles to trigger additional fusion reactions nearby and triggering more fusion reactions and more alpha particles.
  • the fusion process moves through the metallic lattices around and through the particulate burning up the Li 6 and D fuel and generating alpha particles for a finite period of time.
  • 11.2 MeV alpha particles can travel more than several centimeters through air or more than 100 microns through aluminum, the alpha particles generated in one palladium particulate, which is part of an accumulator structure, can travel to another palladium particulate starting the fusion reaction in that particulate. At the same time, fusion reactions further into the interior of the same palladium particulate lattice may occur as sec- ondary alpha particles are generated in all directions.
  • a second fusion-starting embodiment involves some alpha particle emitters comprising palladium particulates filled with fusing Li + D in a state of nuclear fusion positioned to be easily and safely removed from the reactor with a tool from one pile of particles and dropped into another pile of Li 6 + D saturated palladium particles, starting the fusion reaction in the second pile of particles, as shown in Fig. 10 where the R in the squares can also represent these artificially radioactive palladium particulates. Note that the only difference between the first and second embodiments is that in the first case the naturally radioactive material radium C is used and in the second an artificially radioactive palladium particulate is used.
  • a rod with an artificial ⁇ ly radioactive palladium tip as described in the second embodiment has its tip inserted into a bed of lithium and deuterium saturated palladium particulates or components causing the alpha particles radiating from the rod tip to initiate fusion reactions.
  • radium C may be placed at the tip of the rod.
  • the two forms of this third embodiment are illustrated in Fig. 11 where the baffles supporting the rods 51 are removable.
  • a fourth embodiment of an alpha particle fusion triggering system is illustrated by Fig. 5 where a very large number of very small palladium particulates adsorb Li 6 and D from the heavy water-based fluid in which they are immersed.
  • the pressure inside the torus section is raised to increase the amount of deuterium gas dissolved in the fluid and the D and Li adsorbed in the palladium.
  • the close proximity of the Li and D nuclei are known to create a finite probability such that over an extended period of time a nuclear fusion event is likely.
  • the probability greatly increases for a first fusion event to occur and the time necessary for that first nuclear event to occur may be reduced to weeks, days or even hours. Shock and vibration of the palladium lattices and a temperature rise also increase the probability of initial random fusions.
  • the two 11.2 MeV alpha particles produced by such a fusion can trigger more than one subsequent fusion and thereby sustaining a chain reaction.
  • the mass of the constituents and the remaining nucleus are commonly defined by atomic mass units (u) .
  • An atomic mass unit is defined as 1/12 of the mass of the neutral carbon atom having 12 total nuclear particles. It is known that:
  • the mass defect of the nuclear reac- tion can be determined as follows:
  • reaction can be written as: Li 6 + D —> 2He 4 + 22.4 MeV, where each of the emitted alpha particles has a kinetic energy of approximately 11.2 MeV.
  • the alpha particles required herein have a suf ⁇ ficiently high kinetic energy such that when they undergo noncontacting coulomb-type collisions with the nucleus of Li 6 or D ions they will impart motion to the nucleus of that ion, which is commonly referred to as nucleus recoil.
  • the initial energy of each alpha particle used to trigger the fusion reaction is preferably between 6-12 MeV.
  • alpha particles from radium C having an energy of 7.8 MeV will easily penetrate 4 mi ⁇ crons of gold and can penetrate 100 microns of aluminum. From this information, it can be estimated that 11.2 MeV alpha particles produced from the fusion of Li 6 and D ions, will penetrate up to 30 microns or 300,000 angstroms of the palladium present in the accumulator structure. Since the atomic spacing of palladium atoms in palladium metal is 3 angstroms, the alpha particles would traverse approximately 100,000 palladium atom sites.
  • the reason that the 11.2 MeV alpha particles can traverse 100,000 palladium atoms is because they are only 0.000024 A in diameter and therefore easily pass through the 3 A diameter palladium atoms.
  • a complete helium atom with its two electrons has a diameter of 1.86 A and would not move very far through a palladium lattice.
  • the nuclear reaction Li 6 + D creates energetic alpha particles, i.e. the helium-4 nucleus, not helium atoms in the lattice confinement environment of the present invention.
  • alpha particles penetrating the palladium loaded with Li 6 and D nuclei will have non-contacting scattering encounters with the nuclei of palladium atoms, deuterium atoms, and lithium-6 atoms. These encounters with the palladium atoms will compress the nuclei-to- nuclei spacing of some of the Li 6 D nuclei pairs, thereby increasing the probability of nuclear fusion.
  • the palladium lattice plays at least two important roles. Initially it confines Li and D during scattering encounters and later absorbs kinetic energy of the fusion reaction through the alpha particle collisions with the palladium atoms, which cause the desired heating of the palladium metal.
  • alpha particles from radium C scatter at an average angle of about 9 degrees when projected through a single layer of gold foil 4 microns thick. Only one alpha particle in a few thousand is scattered more than 90° or about 33 out of the 100,000 Pd lattice sites encountered. Adding the Li 6 and D nuclei at every Pd lattice site as mentioned above should triple the number of alpha particles scattered more than 90° to roughly about one hundred. Another way of stating this is that since so few of the alpha particles are scattered 90° or more that almost the same number of alpha particles will traverse the 100,000 Pd lattice sites with or without the Li 6 and D added. With the Li 6 and D added at each site an alpha particle encounters about 300,000 nuclei and only one in a few thousand will be scattered more than 90° or roughly about 100.
  • the average 90° plus scattering could transfer up to about 45 KeV to the recoil nuclei. Since a deuteron having a kinetic energy as low as 20 KeV can cause a nuclear fusion reaction upon bombarding a Li 6 nucleus, the 11.2 MeV alpha particles clearly have adequate kinetic energy to transfer to the Li and D recoil nuclei to initiate a number of nuclear fusions.
  • every palladium lattice site were filled with a D nucleus and an Li 6 nucleus it might be concluded that every 11.2 MeV alpha particle would transfer significant recoil kinetic energy to about 67 Li 6 or D nuclei.
  • this number must be reduced by a factor of about 3 to account for the fact that when an alpha particle transfers energy to a Li 6 and D nuclei, only about one-third of the particles obtain a velocity directed towards the other nuclei. Of the remaining two- thirds of the alpha particles, about one-third attain a velocity directed away from the other nucleus and the other one-third have a velocity that is not significantly towards or away from the other nucleus and includes those particles which leave the palladium before achieving a large number of nuclei encounters. These factors reduce the number of possible Li + D fusions per 11.2 MeV alpha particle to about 22.
  • This number is further reduced if the loading of the palladium lattice sites with Li 6 and D is reduced from the 1 to 1 ratio or 100% loading used in the calculation. If for example the natural isotope ratio of commercial lithium were used with lithium-6 of about 7.5% and lithium-7 of 92.5%, the estimated fusions per alpha particle would drop from 22 to about 1.65 if all palladium sites were loaded with lithium and deuterium pairs. If only two thirds of the palladium lattice sites were filled, the fusions per alpha particle would drop from 1.65 to 1.1.
  • a self-catalyzing nuclear fusion reaction becomes a self- sustained, continuous fusion reaction that is generally referred to as a chain reaction.
  • the reaction is controlled through the rate of introduction of "fresh" Li 6 and D to replace the consumed Li 6 and D.
  • the natural lithium isotope ratio were used, as the Li 6 is consumed the natural 7.5% Li 6 ratio would decline eventually to 3% or lower and the chain reaction would stop. This would occur not only because the Li 6 is being consumed, but also because the empty lattice sites previously holding the Li 6 ions are being replenished at a ratio of 7.5% active Li 6 and inactive Li 7 .
  • the LiOD more than 50% of the Li be Li 6 for a long term chain reaction in a commercial fuson reactor, although Li ratios as low as 25% could work in experimental reactors.
  • the palladium lattice sites filled with Li and D pairs total at least 30% and at least 15% in experimental reactors.
  • the concentration of the Li OD in heavy water the condition of the palladium ion accumulator material, the degree of Li 6 enrichment of the LiOD, and the time, temperature, and pressure during the loading of the Li 6 and D are selected to ensure that in at least some large regions of the palladium ion accumulator at least 30% of the palladium lattice sites are filled with pairs of Li 6 and D for commercial reactors and at least to the 15% level for experimental reactors.

Abstract

Procédé et appareil permettant de réaliser la fusion nucléaire d'ions lithium-6 et deutérium dans des conditions de température ambiante pour produire des particules alpha et de l'énergie thermique. Des paires d'ions Li et D sont accumulées et conditionnées de manière dense dans un réseau métallique, de manière à se rapprocher fortement les unes des autres ou à se combiner sous forme de molécules LiD. On envoie ensuite dans le réseau des particules alpha qui possèdent suffisamment d'énergie pour que les noyaux des atomes Li et D fusionnent sous l'effet de l'interaction compressive de leurs noyaux dans le réseau. Lors de la fusion, des particules alpha secondaires à haute énergie sont émises, ceci produisant alors d'autres fusions et d'autres émissions de particules alpha. C'est de cette manière qu'on crée un cycle continu de fusions et d'émissions de particules alpha à haute énergie qui produit une réaction en chaîne de fusion nucléaire auto-entretenue se déroulant dans des conditions de température ambiante ou proches de cette dernière.
PCT/US1993/012541 1993-01-07 1993-12-22 Fusion nucleaire auto-catalysee de lithium-6 et de deuterium a l'aide de particules alpha WO1994016446A1 (fr)

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WO2002029826A1 (fr) * 2000-10-03 2002-04-11 Cheng Sing Wang FUSION A FROID AVEC UN PILOTE DESTINE A L'AUTO-GENERATION DE NEUTRONS ET DE PARTICULES-$g(b)
WO2005065095A2 (fr) * 2003-12-24 2005-07-21 James Michael Gaidis Dispositif de multiplication par alpha commande
WO2005065095A3 (fr) * 2003-12-24 2012-01-05 James Michael Gaidis Dispositif de multiplication par alpha commande
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