WO1994014208A1 - Ameliorations concernant les telephones portatifs - Google Patents

Ameliorations concernant les telephones portatifs Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO1994014208A1
WO1994014208A1 PCT/GB1993/002550 GB9302550W WO9414208A1 WO 1994014208 A1 WO1994014208 A1 WO 1994014208A1 GB 9302550 W GB9302550 W GB 9302550W WO 9414208 A1 WO9414208 A1 WO 9414208A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
antenna
phone according
user
reflector
phone
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB1993/002550
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Neil John Mcewan
Original Assignee
University Of Bradford
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by University Of Bradford filed Critical University Of Bradford
Priority to AU56582/94A priority Critical patent/AU5658294A/en
Publication of WO1994014208A1 publication Critical patent/WO1994014208A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/22—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
    • H01Q1/24—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set
    • H01Q1/241—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM
    • H01Q1/242—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM specially adapted for hand-held use
    • H01Q1/245—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM specially adapted for hand-held use with means for shaping the antenna pattern, e.g. in order to protect user against rf exposure
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/22—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
    • H01Q1/24—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set
    • H01Q1/241—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM
    • H01Q1/242—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM specially adapted for hand-held use
    • H01Q1/243—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM specially adapted for hand-held use with built-in antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
    • H01Q21/061—Two dimensional planar arrays
    • H01Q21/062—Two dimensional planar arrays using dipole aerials
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/16—Resonant antennas with feed intermediate between the extremities of the antenna, e.g. centre-fed dipole
    • H01Q9/18—Vertical disposition of the antenna
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/30—Resonant antennas with feed to end of elongated active element, e.g. unipole
    • H01Q9/32—Vertical arrangement of element

Definitions

  • This invention relates to portable phones and in particular to portable phones which transmit radiation conveying information such as the speech of the user.
  • radiation is radio frequency (RF), for example, RF of about 2 GHz.
  • An antenna in the form of a simple vertical dipole or monopole gives, as is desired, fairly omnidirectional azimuth coverage but as a result the user, and in particular the user's head, is subject to incident radiation. It has been appreciated for some time that it would be desirable to reduce the incidence of such radiation on the user's head since the long term effects, if any, of accumulative use of portable phones are not yet known.
  • a portable phone having means for transmitting radiation such that transmission field strengths experienced by the user of the phone are relatively low as compared with those present in adjacent volumes of space.
  • the phone may include means for shielding the user of the phone from at least a proportion of said radiation, for example a physical shield to shield the user from the incident radiation.
  • the shield may be a reflector.
  • the phone will typically include an antenna, and preferably includes a dielectric medium between the antenna and the reflector.
  • the reflector is substantially parallel to the axis of the antenna.
  • the antenna may be a dipole antenna or the antenna/reflector combination may be a microstrip patch radiator.
  • the means for transmitting radiation includes an antenna configured to produce asymmetric near-field transmission field strengths.
  • the antenna may comprise an end-fire antenna, such as a tapered slot antenna which is shorter than one wavelength of the radiation transmitted.
  • a Vivaldi printed tapered slot antenna is suitable.
  • an asymmetric antenna suitable for use in the present invention is a plurality of transmitters adapted to produce relatively phased transmission fields which interfere destructively so as to reduce the filed strengths experienced by the user.
  • the antenna may comprise a near-field phased array.
  • a suitable array consists of two parallel half-wave dipoles, preferably separated by one quarter of a wavelength.
  • the means for transmitting radiation may then include means for exciting the dipoles in quadrature.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a half-wave dipole of overall length 15.6 cm made of wire of 1.0 mm diameter. It is connected at the centre to semi-rigid 50 ohm cable and is equipped with a simple sleeve balun designed for 2.0 GHz.
  • the balun is arranged norfnal to the dipole. Beyond the balun, the semi- rigid cable is gently curved and extends to measuring equipment. In a 50 ohm system, a minimum reflection (-16 dB return loss) was observed at 1.8 GHz. All measurements were made at 1.98 GHz, which is the resonant frequency of the microstrip antenna to be described below. At 1.98 GHz the reflection from the dipole increases to 7.6 dB. All measurements were made at the same frequency to allow comparisons without calibration uncertainties, the microstrip antenna having the sharpest resonance of all antenna tested.
  • the dipole antenna was equipped with reflectors cut from this aluminium plate and supported using a sheet of Melinex in order to ensure that there was no mechanical or electrical connection between them and the dipole.
  • the balun was arranged normal to the reflector surface.
  • a preferred reflector has a width w (normal to the dipole) of about 3.75 cm, a length 1 (along the dipole) of about 10.0 cm, and a spacing d (from dipole centre to nearest reflector surface) of 0.5 cm.
  • Preferred ranges for each of the above parameters are as follows:- w 2.5 to 5 cm
  • By changing antennas while keeping the measuring set-up identical all uncertainties due to shifting calibrations are avoided and a direct comparison of both near fields and far field gain is obtained.
  • Curve 1 of Figure 4 shows the plot of Ey versus z for this antenna.
  • the measurement is taken at 1.976 GHz with the antenna at resonance and about 5% of incident power reflected. (75 ohm dipole in a 50 ohm system. )
  • the dipole antenna When a reflector is added, the dipole antenna is no longer omnidirectional and its peak gain is increased. Accordingly, the assumption of equal power accepted by the antennas may not be the best way of assessing the user protection achieved.
  • Figure 7 shows the azimuth pattern of the composite antenna (curve 1). If the user is prepared to maintain his head azimuth, referred to the base station, with a maximum error of ⁇ ⁇ /2, then ⁇ is the working azimuth coverage and the power accepted by the antenna has to be increased, relative to the basic dipole, by ( ⁇ - ⁇ )dB to give the same operating range at the worst allowed azimuth depointing.
  • Figures 8 and 9 curves 1) show the user protection achieved against the azimuth coverage.
  • the structure has the appearance of a microstrip patch radiator.
  • a high dielectric constant will reduce the dipole length and this in turn improves the shielding provided by a reflector of given outline.
  • the microstrip structure has advantages in circuit integration, although a very thin substrate tends to work against ohmic efficiency of the radiator.
  • the patch and ground plane are analogous to the dipole and reflector respectively, but a practical microstrip radiator differs from the dipole/reflector pair in that the patch is fed in an inherently unbalanced way from the microstrip line which shares the same ground plane. Unlike the dipole/ reflector, the structure may not have a symmetrical E - plane pattern.
  • a thickness of 0.635 mm was selected because that is the standard thickness.
  • Figure 2 shows the geometry of the patch designed, using Pozar's package, for a design resonant frequency of 2 GHz and an impedance of 50 ohms.
  • the resultant antenna was found to give a resonance at 1.98 GHz, where reflection fell to -25 Db and measurements were made at this frequency.
  • Figure 5 shows the "near side” and “far side” plots of Ey against z where the two curves were referenced to the simple dipole curve 1 of Figure 4. It can be seen that the patch is about the same far field gain as the dipole with reflector.
  • Figure 7 shows the H plane far field pattern of the patch and Figures 8 and 9 show the user protection versus coverage.
  • a preferred endfire antenna is a printed tapered slot antenna of which the Vivaldi is noted for its broad band performance. It is normally made at least one wavelength long, but such a length would make the structure too unwieldy for a portable phone. Although a shorter structure would mean that the antenna would probably not work as a true travelling wave radiator, it has been surprisingly discovered that a shorter length version of the Vivaldi antenna give significant user protection. Figure 3 illustrates such an antenna, using the greatest length that appeared potentially tolerable.
  • the far field H plane pattern, and protection factor, are shown in Figures 7, 8 and 9 as before.
  • a preferred way of achieving physical separation between the antenna and the user's head is by increasing the distance of the antenna from the main body of a phone in a direction away from the user's head.
  • the antenna is placed on an extended "stalk" which has the further advantage of tending to improve the omnidirectionality of the pattern by reducing the blockage caused by the user's head.
  • Such an antenna may be located on a telescoping member so that the full length of the stalk is only achieved when the phone is in use.
  • Figure 10 illustrates the design of an extended antenna arrangement.
  • the object of the choke sleeve is to confine the radiating currents near the end of the structure.
  • For an efficient radiator only a section about one-half wavelength long needs to support currents which implies, at these frequencies, a length of only about 7 cm at the end of the stalk. This not only maximises the user protection but makes the antenna similar to a half wave dipole in terms of its convenient impedance and its vertical plane polar pattern. The latter, being fairly broad and peaking at broadside, is quite satisfactory for the phone application.
  • the dipole shown in Figure 10 is a half wavelength at 2 GHz. Measurements of the input reflection coefficient show that minimum reflection actually occurs at 1.78 GHz in a 50 ohm system. The behaviour of the dipole is therefore fairly close to that of a true half-wave dipole, some modification being expected due to the choke sleeve and PTFE spacers.
  • Figure 11 shows a plot of the intensity of the electric field.
  • the plot includes an outline of the antenna in its correct spatial relationship to the contours.
  • the plot actually shows the intensity of the vertical component of the field, which is measured with the probe dipole vertical and its transmission line parallel to the y axis.
  • An interesting feature of this plot is the crowding of the contours in the region labelled X, implying that the current in the antenna is falling rapidly, with y, in this region.
  • a loop probe close to the conductors a separate measurement of the current profile was made using a higher spatial resolution than in the contour plots.
  • Figure 13 shows the profile deduced and confirms that the choke sleeve has the desired effect of keeping radiating currents close to the end of the stalk.
  • the antenna can be assumed to resemble a conventional half wave dipole.
  • the field incident of the chosen head point, from the extended antenna at its given height should be compared with a field that such a reference dipole would produce if centred at the user's ear.
  • the power fed to them should be adjusted to give the same performance in communication terms. Accordingly the power fed to the two antennas should be adjusted to make the far field intensities equal in a plane broadside to the antenna.
  • Figures 14 and 15 show the protection factors for the three points on the head.
  • the parameter z in these plots is the distance from the outer surface of the ear to a vertical line along which the vertical displacement of the antenna's centre is being made. For the upper point, the protection at small extensions is negative since it initially moves closer to the antenna centre.
  • An array which consists of two half-wave dipoles, pointing along the vertical axis, horizontally separated by one-quarter wavelength, and excited in quadrature. In the horizontal (H) plane, this array produces a cardioid pattern with a null in the reverse endfire direction. In use this array has the z axis, on the side of the far-field null, passing through the centre of the user's head from ear to ear.
  • Figure 16 shows the near-field electric field intensities of this array. It is immediately apparent that a region of substantially reduced field does continue well into the near field and that this region fills a large enough volume to give useful user protection. By comparing the fields with those of a single half-wave dipole, excited at a level giving the same far-field strength in the best direction, it was found that the effective protection of point X in the figure (10 cm from the array centre) is 15 dB.
  • the handset supports two vertically polarised radiators which may be electrically short, or up to about /2 in length. They are separated by about /4 in a horizontal direction and the line of separation is approximately parallel to the line between the user's ears.
  • the radiator further from the user is excited with a current that is about 1.4 times the magnitude of that in the other radiator, and with a phase lagging about 100" behind it.
  • the system is assumed to be operating close to 1.89 GHz, giving » 16 cm.
  • the corresponding separation of the elements is about 4 cm. In another embodiment this separation is reduced to as little as 2 cm, perhaps sacrificing some electrical efficiency.
  • the simplest realisation of a simple 2-element phased array uses two conventional straight monopole antennas mounted on top of a fairly conventional handset. There is a substantial area of metal screening inside the top of the handset outer case, as shown in the drawing. This forms a ground plane and a counterpose to each of the radiators. It does not need to be continuous or to enclose all of the handset electronics.
  • the network N performs three functions: splitting of the input power, control of the relative amplitude and phase of the currents in the two radiators, and matching of the impedance at the input port to suit the transmitter. It is realised as a nominally lossless three-port network.
  • Figure 19(a) illustrates configurations using "skirt" dipoles where the principal radiation contributions are from currents on the projecting upper half of the dipole and on the skirt.
  • FIG 19(b) illustrates the variation in which a discone structure is adopted giving overall reduced length.
  • Figure 19(c) which makes use of a cylindrical sleeve dipole providing reduced lateral size with less bandwidth.
  • a phased array is realised in printed circuit form.
  • Each radiator is fed from a microstrip line, of which the live conductor projects beyond the ground plane at "a” to form one arm of a dipole radiator.
  • the other half of the dipole is formed by the projecting portion of the ground plane at "b". Shaping of the ground plane at "c" helps to keep radiating currents away from the main part of the handset.
  • FIG 20 illustrates a purely printed microstrip form to split the network N. Phasing is controlled by the position of the line tapping point "d", and relative amplitude by controlled step “e” in the impedance of one of the lines. Additional stub(s) "f" may be provided for an overall impedance match to the transmitter.
  • each radiator there are two printed panels one for each radiator. Each is normal to the line of separation of the radiators, and one panel is continuous with the panel carrying the electronics, which in a typical handset is parallel to the side of the user's head.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
  • Aerials With Secondary Devices (AREA)

Abstract

On décrit un téléphone portatif ayant une protection incorporée pour l'utilisateur, pour garantir que les intensités du champ de transmission auxquelles est exposé l'utilisateur soient relativement basses par comparaison avec celles présentes dans les volumes adjacents de l'espace, par exemple, un écran physique tel qu'un réflecteur, destiné à protéger l'utilisateur contre des radiations incidentes avec un matériau diélectrique entre l'antenne et le réflecteur. Dans une variante, l'antenne du téléphone peut être formée pour produire une transmission asymétrique des intensités de champ proche. On peut réaliser cela grâce à un ensemble piloté en phase pour le champ proche, constitué, par exemple, de deux dipôles demi-onde parallèles, séparés par un quart de longueur d'onde et excités en quadrature.
PCT/GB1993/002550 1992-12-16 1993-12-15 Ameliorations concernant les telephones portatifs WO1994014208A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU56582/94A AU5658294A (en) 1992-12-16 1993-12-15 Improvements in or relating to portable phones

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9226202.1 1992-12-16
GB929226202A GB9226202D0 (en) 1992-12-16 1992-12-16 Improvements on or relating to portable phones

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1994014208A1 true WO1994014208A1 (fr) 1994-06-23

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GB (1) GB9226202D0 (fr)
WO (1) WO1994014208A1 (fr)

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0652645A1 (fr) * 1993-10-09 1995-05-10 Philips Patentverwaltung GmbH Appareil radio portable muni de moyens pour protéger l'utilisateur contre le rayonnement
WO1996021254A1 (fr) * 1995-01-05 1996-07-11 Paul Francis Bickert Antenne perfectionnee pour dispositif de communication radio portable
WO1997033340A1 (fr) * 1996-03-04 1997-09-12 Moteco Ab Dispositif d'affaiblissement de la sortie d'une antenne
WO1998021778A1 (fr) * 1996-11-08 1998-05-22 Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) Resonateur a commande du champ d'excitation
US5907307A (en) * 1995-01-05 1999-05-25 Bickert; Paul F. Antenna for a portable radio communication device
WO2001011716A1 (fr) * 1999-08-09 2001-02-15 Franco Toninato Antenna for mobile radiocommunications equipment
WO2002007085A1 (fr) * 2000-07-18 2002-01-24 Marconi Corporation P.L.C. Dispositif et procede de communication sans fil
EP1206001A1 (fr) * 2000-11-14 2002-05-15 Northrop Grumman Corporation Antenne réseau pour un téléphone cellulaire
EP1280230A1 (fr) * 2000-03-31 2003-01-29 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Dispositif telephonique portable et mode de commande
US6806842B2 (en) 2000-07-18 2004-10-19 Marconi Intellectual Property (Us) Inc. Wireless communication device and method for discs
US7098850B2 (en) 2000-07-18 2006-08-29 King Patrick F Grounded antenna for a wireless communication device and method
US7647691B2 (en) 2002-04-24 2010-01-19 Ian J Forster Method of producing antenna elements for a wireless communication device
US8570233B2 (en) 2010-09-29 2013-10-29 Laird Technologies, Inc. Antenna assemblies

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WO1990013152A1 (fr) * 1989-04-18 1990-11-01 Novatel Communications Ltd. Antenne de duplexage pour emetteur-recepteur radio portatif
JPH03238936A (ja) * 1990-02-16 1991-10-24 Hitachi Ltd 無線電話機
JPH04220851A (ja) * 1990-12-21 1992-08-11 Mitsubishi Electric Corp コードレス電話装置
US5185611A (en) * 1991-07-18 1993-02-09 Motorola, Inc. Compact antenna array for diversity applications

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5992629A (ja) * 1982-11-19 1984-05-28 Hitachi Ltd 携帯無線電話装置
WO1990013152A1 (fr) * 1989-04-18 1990-11-01 Novatel Communications Ltd. Antenne de duplexage pour emetteur-recepteur radio portatif
JPH03238936A (ja) * 1990-02-16 1991-10-24 Hitachi Ltd 無線電話機
JPH04220851A (ja) * 1990-12-21 1992-08-11 Mitsubishi Electric Corp コードレス電話装置
US5185611A (en) * 1991-07-18 1993-02-09 Motorola, Inc. Compact antenna array for diversity applications

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PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 16, no. 23 (E - 1157) 21 January 1992 (1992-01-21) *
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YAMADA ET AL.: "Base and Mobile Station Antennas for Land Mobile Radio Systems", TRANSACTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE OF ELECTRONICS, INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERS OF JAPAN, vol. 74, no. 6, June 1991 (1991-06-01), TOKYO JP, pages 1547 - 1555 *

Cited By (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0652645A1 (fr) * 1993-10-09 1995-05-10 Philips Patentverwaltung GmbH Appareil radio portable muni de moyens pour protéger l'utilisateur contre le rayonnement
WO1996021254A1 (fr) * 1995-01-05 1996-07-11 Paul Francis Bickert Antenne perfectionnee pour dispositif de communication radio portable
US5907307A (en) * 1995-01-05 1999-05-25 Bickert; Paul F. Antenna for a portable radio communication device
WO1997033340A1 (fr) * 1996-03-04 1997-09-12 Moteco Ab Dispositif d'affaiblissement de la sortie d'une antenne
WO1998021778A1 (fr) * 1996-11-08 1998-05-22 Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) Resonateur a commande du champ d'excitation
US6114999A (en) * 1996-11-08 2000-09-05 Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson Field controlled resonator
WO2001011716A1 (fr) * 1999-08-09 2001-02-15 Franco Toninato Antenna for mobile radiocommunications equipment
EP1280230A1 (fr) * 2000-03-31 2003-01-29 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Dispositif telephonique portable et mode de commande
EP1280230A4 (fr) * 2000-03-31 2005-03-16 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Dispositif telephonique portable et mode de commande
US6853345B2 (en) 2000-07-18 2005-02-08 Marconi Intellectual Property (Us) Inc. Wireless communication device and method
USRE43683E1 (en) 2000-07-18 2012-09-25 Mineral Lassen Llc Wireless communication device and method for discs
US6806842B2 (en) 2000-07-18 2004-10-19 Marconi Intellectual Property (Us) Inc. Wireless communication device and method for discs
WO2002007085A1 (fr) * 2000-07-18 2002-01-24 Marconi Corporation P.L.C. Dispositif et procede de communication sans fil
US7098850B2 (en) 2000-07-18 2006-08-29 King Patrick F Grounded antenna for a wireless communication device and method
US7193563B2 (en) 2000-07-18 2007-03-20 King Patrick F Grounded antenna for a wireless communication device and method
EP1206001A1 (fr) * 2000-11-14 2002-05-15 Northrop Grumman Corporation Antenne réseau pour un téléphone cellulaire
US6437746B1 (en) 2000-11-14 2002-08-20 Northrop Grumman Corp Cellular telephone antenna array
US7647691B2 (en) 2002-04-24 2010-01-19 Ian J Forster Method of producing antenna elements for a wireless communication device
US7730606B2 (en) 2002-04-24 2010-06-08 Ian J Forster Manufacturing method for a wireless communication device and manufacturing apparatus
US7908738B2 (en) 2002-04-24 2011-03-22 Mineral Lassen Llc Apparatus for manufacturing a wireless communication device
US8136223B2 (en) 2002-04-24 2012-03-20 Mineral Lassen Llc Apparatus for forming a wireless communication device
US8171624B2 (en) 2002-04-24 2012-05-08 Mineral Lassen Llc Method and system for preparing wireless communication chips for later processing
US7650683B2 (en) 2002-04-24 2010-01-26 Forster Ian J Method of preparing an antenna
US8302289B2 (en) 2002-04-24 2012-11-06 Mineral Lassen Llc Apparatus for preparing an antenna for use with a wireless communication device
US8570233B2 (en) 2010-09-29 2013-10-29 Laird Technologies, Inc. Antenna assemblies

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU5658294A (en) 1994-07-04
GB9226202D0 (en) 1993-02-10

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