WO1992022905A1 - Methodes de production de chaleur a partir de palladium deuterise - Google Patents

Methodes de production de chaleur a partir de palladium deuterise Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1992022905A1
WO1992022905A1 PCT/US1992/004222 US9204222W WO9222905A1 WO 1992022905 A1 WO1992022905 A1 WO 1992022905A1 US 9204222 W US9204222 W US 9204222W WO 9222905 A1 WO9222905 A1 WO 9222905A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
deuterium
palladium
host material
electrolyte
loading
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1992/004222
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English (en)
Inventor
Michael C. H. Mckubre
Romeu C. Rocha-Filho
Stuart I. Smedley
Francis L. Tanzella
Steven Crouch-Baker
Thomas O. Passell
Joseph Santucci
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Electric Power Research Institute, Inc.
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Application filed by Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. filed Critical Electric Power Research Institute, Inc.
Publication of WO1992022905A1 publication Critical patent/WO1992022905A1/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21B—FUSION REACTORS
    • G21B3/00—Low temperature nuclear fusion reactors, e.g. alleged cold fusion reactors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors

Definitions

  • This invention relates to methods for the production of heat energy by electrochemical charging of palladium (Pd) with deuterium (D) .
  • a method for producing heat comprising the steps of loading deuterium into a palladium surface of a cathode 7, and supplying energy to the loaded deuterium for a period of time sufficient for the deuterium to interact and produce heat.
  • the loading and energizing are facilitated by immersing the cathode 7 and an anode 9 in an electrolyte 5 containing deuterium and conducting ions, and connecting them to a current source 11 for promoting electrolysis and providing energy.
  • the atomic ratio of deuterium to metal at the surface is preferably at least 0.8.
  • Conducting ions may be formed by the inclusion of LiOD in the electrolyte 5.
  • the electrolyte may be placed in a container 3 that may be a pressurized vessel 47 or a heat exchanger 2, or may include a heater for maintaining constant container temperature.
  • the cathode 7 may be formed by the step of coating a bulk metallic region 6 consisting of a metal with low deuterium permeability, such as copper, with a surface layer 8 consisting of Pd or a Pd alloy.
  • the anode 9 may be formed as a metal container 53 for holding the electrolyte 47, into which is immersed the cathode 55.
  • FIG. 1 is a partly schematic diagram of an electrolysis system 1 generic to the specific examples of apparatus for carrying out the steps of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a perspective diagram of an example of the electrolysis system 1 of Figure 1, showing two gas permeable anodes 51 and thin film cathode 52;
  • FIG. 3 is a partly schematic diagram of an example of the electrolysis system 1 of Figure 1, including metal cup 53;
  • FIG. 4 is a front cross-sectional view of electrolysis cell 22 described in Example 1 herein;
  • FIG. 5a is a front view of electrolysis cell 40 described in Example 2 herein;
  • FIG. 5b is a front cross-sectional view of electrolysis cell 40 described in Example 2 herein;
  • FIG. 6 is a front cross-sectional view of electrolysis cell 67 described in Example 3 herein; and FIG. 7 is a partial cross-sectional view of a cathode 7 which may be used in all examples illustrated herein.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of electrolysis system 1 suitable for practicing the method of the present invention, for loading deuterium into a palladium cathode 7.
  • Electrolysis system 1 includes container 3 filled with electrolyte 5. The system 1 may be enclosed in a pressurized or sealed enclosure 2, which may also serve as a heat exchanger or may comprise various heat exchange devices, well known in the art, for extracting and transferring heat from the system.
  • the electrolysis system 1 also includes two electrodes 7,9 at least partially immersed in electrolyte 5.
  • a current source 11 is connected between electrodes 7,9 to generate a flow of ions within electrolyte 5 between the two electrodes 7,9.
  • a voltage measuring device 4 indicates the potential difference between the electrodes 7,9.
  • Cathode 7 preferably is constructed of a metallic bulk region or rod 6 having an outer layer of palladium, and anode 9 is constructed of platinum, palladium, or some stable non-elemental metallic conductor material.
  • palladium is the preferred surface material for use in the cathode 7, other materials such as palladium alloys are suitable substitutes.
  • the bulk region may be constructed of metal having a low deuterium permeability, such as copper.
  • the surface of cathode 7 preferably comprises a metal 8 having a crystal structure such that roughly polyhedral spaces are enclosed by the metal atoms in the crystal lattice.
  • palladium has a face-centered cubic crystal structure with roughly octahedral interior spaces.
  • Deuterium atoms can occupy these sites.
  • Thi's association of deuterium within the palladium host material causes a phenomenon which results in the release of heat.
  • the purpose of the electrolysis system 1 is to cause deuterium to be drawn to the negatively biased cathode 7 in order to load the metal 8 with deuterium. After the deuterium is loaded into the metal 8, excess heat is generated when the deuterium interacts with other elemental species in the vicinity of cathode 7. The interaction may occur between deuterium atoms or deuterium and H, D, Li, B or Pd.
  • FIG. 1 shows a system 1 having a single electrolysis cell 12 comprising anode 9 and cathode 7. Alternatively, a plurality of such cells 12 may be connected together. Palladium (Pd) 7
  • the palladium cathode may be fabricated, either in the form of a Pd rod electrode 7, or in the form of a Pd layer 8 electrodeposited onto a Cu rod 7.
  • the bulk Pd should be of high purity, and typically it is annealed in a vacuum furnace at 800°C for three hours and then allowed to cool in 1 atm. of D2 gas or argon.
  • the purpose of the heat treatment is to volatilize impurities from the layer 8, and to anneal out crystal imperfections.
  • Cooling the metal in a D atmosphere facilitates partial loading of the metal 8 with deuterium gas, while avoiding the mechanical stress induced in crossing the ° ⁇ -/ ⁇ -phase iscibility gap. It is important at all stages of treatment to minimize stresses that may lead to cracking of the palladium deuteride (PdD v ) , since high loading cannot be attained or maintained by electrochemical means if cracks propagate to the surface of the metal 8.
  • PdD v palladium deuteride
  • High temperature gas loading also helps prevent the ingress of unwanted O2 and H2O when, for short times, cathode 7 is exposed to the atmosphere. Oxidation of the surface of cathode 7 by O2 or H2O reduces the ability of Pd to absorb D. Hydrogen produced by corrosion of Pd in H2O may absorb into sites that D otherwise could occupy.
  • Electrolyte 5 is etched in deuterated aqua regia and then rinsed in D2O. This process removes any oxide film from the surface of the metal 8 and aids loading by enhancing the kinetics of D adsorption-desorption. Electrolyte 5
  • the electrolyte 5 of choice is LiOD.
  • LiOD is simple to prepare, and yields products of electrolysis which are nearly 100% D2 and O2•
  • solution 5 is formed by reacting pure Li metal or Li2 ⁇ with D2O of high isotopic purity in an inert gas environment.
  • cathode 7 In electrochemical cells 12 designed for loading deuterium gas into cathode 1 , it is important to provide a uniform current over as much of the surface of cathode 7 as possible.
  • the deuterium ions which dissolve into the metal 7 are in a state of dynamic equilibrium with the gas phase of deuterium, and the transfer of surface adsorbed molecules to the absorbed state is rapid and reversible.
  • metal 7 will charge with the gas as long as the inward flux of deuterium ions is greater than the outward flux of deuterium gas .
  • cathode 7 may load unevenly, allowing the deuterium entering from the areas of high current density, and presumably high loading, to leak away to the areas of low current and presumably low loading.
  • cathode 7 In order to minimally interfere with the current distribution, potential sensing and current contacts 15,43 must be placed at the end of cathode 7. The requirement for a uniform current density can be met if: 1) all points on the cathode 7 surface have the same potential; and 2) all points on anode 9 are at the same potential.
  • a symmetrical electrode 7,9 arrangement such as a rod cathode 7 and a coaxial anode 9 of cylindrical geometry (as in Figs. 4-6), meets these constraints .
  • FIG. 2 Another approach that meets these conditions over most of cathode 7 is shown in FIG. 2, where a thin-film type of cathode 52 is sandwiched between two gas permeable anodes 51.
  • cathode 52 must be fully immersed in electrolyte 50 in order to prevent gas leakage from cathode 52.
  • cathode 7 can be loaded with D2 depending on the surface conditions. Materials which deposit on cathode 7 as a result of prolonged electrolysis can severely affect the rate of ingress of gas into the metal 7, and, consequently, the degree of loading. Because of this, it is necessary to be careful about the choice of anode 9 and cell container 3 materials. Thus, Pyrex glass, which dissolves in the concentrated alkaline electrolyte 5, is not ideally suited as a container 3 material, because this results in the deposition of glass-forming oxides and other metal species on the cathode 7 surface. Quartz glass and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) are examples of suitable container 3 materials. For the same reason, anode 9 metals other than Pt or Pd should be avoided; stable electronically conductive non-elemental metallic anodes 9 are suitable.
  • All electrochemical cells 12 contain an anode 9 and a cathode 7.
  • the predominant cathode 7 reaction of the present invention is the reduction of D2O.
  • the anode 9 reaction is a mixture of two reactions:
  • the relative contributions of these to the anode 9 current are determined by the kinetics of each reaction. If the predominant anode 9 reaction is described by Eq. [1] , then the minimum cell voltage measured by the voltage meter 4 will be 1.27 volts at room temperature. As current from the source 11 is increased, the cell 12 voltage 4 rises rapidly due to the overvoltage required for oxygen evolution described in Eq. [1] . On the other hand, if the reaction of Eq. [2] predominates, then the minimum cell 12 voltage 4 is 0 volts, and the cell 12 voltage 4 will not rise as rapidly with increasing current 11, because of the very fast kinetics of this reaction.
  • the first advantage is that the electrolysis system 1 can be operated under reducing conditions (i.e. absence of free oxygen) .
  • reducing conditions i.e. absence of free oxygen
  • the cathode 7 surface will react with the oxygen to produce an oxide layer which acts as a barrier for deuterium transport across the electrolyte 5/metal 7 interface.
  • D/Pd should be at least 0.8.
  • the second advantage to the reaction of Eq. [2] is that the ratio of excess power to input power can be maximized.
  • Experimental evidence shows that excess heat increases with increasing current density, and with this Eq. [2] reaction, high current densities can be achieved with a relatively low input power (i.e. low cell 12 voltage 4) .
  • this provides a cost benefit.
  • the technique disclosed herein embodies several features which promote the Eq. [2] reaction at anode 9.
  • the Eq. [2] reaction is kinetically very fast, and even at low current densities is diffusion controlled; whereas the Eq. [1] reaction cannot be diffusion controlled for an electrolyte 5 that contains mostly D2O. In order to promote the reaction of Eq.
  • the supply of D2 to the anode 9 surface must be significantly enhanced.
  • a method of achieving this enhancement is by increasing the concentration of D2 in electrolyte 5.
  • the D2 concentration in electrolyte 5 can be increased by exposing electrolyte 5 to high pressure D2.
  • Other ways of increasing the supply of D2 to the anode 9 surface are by utilization of gas permeable anodes 51 (FIG. 2), or by using a very small anode 9 to cathode 7 spacing.
  • the gas permeable electrode 51 shown in FIG. 2 is a porous structure that significantly increases the three phase contact area between the deuterium, the electrolyte 5, and the metal phase of anode 51.
  • Another way to increase the supply of deuterium to the anode 9/electrolyte 5 interface is to contain electrolyte 5 in a metal cup 53, that is highly permeable to deuterium, and to suspend cup 53 in high pressure deuterium gas 54, as shown in FIG. 3.
  • Metallic cup 53 serves as an anode through which current introduced by current source 45 can cause electrolyte 47 ions and D2O to interact with cathode 52.
  • the high pressure deuterium gas 54 surrounding cup 53 maintains a high concentration of deuterium at the anode 53/electrolyte 47 interface and promotes the Eq. [2] reaction described above.
  • electrolysis system 1 Apart from the ability to operate under pressure, enclosing electrolysis system 1 in a sealed enclosure 2, 49 has several other advantages.
  • the electrolyte 5,47 is retained, which avoids the need for replenishment of D2O; and the system 1 is sealed from substances (such as H2O) that are deleterious to high deuterium loadings and excess heat production.
  • cathode 7 should be pre-charged at a moderate current density (between 10 and 100 mA/cm 2 ) for a time corresponding to three or more diffusion periods.
  • a diffusion period is represented approximately by x /D, where x is the thickness of the metal layer 8, and D is the average chemical diffusion coefficient of deuterium in the metal 8.
  • currents of between 10 and 100 mA/cm 2 are typically used for a time of between 3 and 10 days. If the cathode 7 preconditioning and electrolyte 5 conditions are as described above, the average atomic ratio (D/Pd) generally achieved in the steady state will be between 0.8 and 0.95.
  • a high loading ratio is important for the initiation of heat generation. Ratios of at least 0.8 (preferably at least 0.9) are required. A D/Pd ratio of unity or higher is even better.
  • the loading can be determined by measuring the resistance of cathode 7, as discussed below.
  • a film 10 on the solution side of the cathode 7/electrolyte 5 interface facilitates the formation of a film 10 on the solution side of the cathode 7/electrolyte 5 interface.
  • Aluminum (Al) can be introduced as an additive species to electrolyte 5 to further promote this film 10 formation.
  • Si and B are satisfactory additive species to electrolyte 5.
  • other elements believed to promote film 10 formation include Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, Li, Mg, Ni, Sc, Ti, V, Y r and Zr.
  • Time must be provided for Li and the additive species to diffuse and electromigrate into the Pd solid 7 from electrolyte 5; and for minority element segregation to occur by diffusion within the ⁇ -phase PdD ⁇ and by electromigration within the metal phase.
  • Film 10 formation through the addition of elemental species to electrolyte 5 results in improved absorption of deuterium into the palladium 7.
  • This film 10 is believed to improve absorption by several mechanisms.
  • the film 10 serves as a deuterium ion (D + ) conductor to facilitate the transport of desirable species (D + ) to the Pd layer 8 while selecting against the transport of electrolyte 5 impurity cations that may deposit onto the surface of cathode 7.
  • Such deposited species may prevent D absorption by acting as an impermeable layer or by catalyzing the alternate process of recombination (D acjs + D acjs ⁇ - U2,gas) .
  • film 10 serves to hinder recombination by blocking molecular adsorption sites and preventing atomic and molecular diffusion on the surface of cathode 7.
  • film 10 serves to prevent the nucleation of D2 gas bubbles, thereby increasing the effective pressure of deuterium and the limit of loading (D/Pd) .
  • deloading at these sites is reduced or prevented.
  • a cathode 7 that is adequately loaded for a sufficient period of time and subjected to a sufficient interfacial current density will yield excess heat.
  • High currents are desirable for three reasons: to attain high loading, to attain D fluxes in the metal phase, and to permit a film 10 to form appropriately at the cathode 7 and electrolyte 5 interface.
  • Example 1
  • a vessel 21 is constructed of copper and has a cylindrical sleeve shape with an internal surface of platinum, which acts as the anode 19. Positioned along the central axis of vessel 21 is palladium cathode 31. Cathode 31 is cylindrical in shape and contains voltage connectors 15 on each end. Separating cathode 31 and anode 19 is electrolyte 27 consisting of LiOD in D 2 0. A temperature sensor 32 penetrates vessel 21 to contact cathode 31.
  • the electrolyte 27 is exposed only to the materials palladium, platinum and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) .
  • the inner surfaces of cell 22, as well as the surfaces of the copper and brass fittings external to the portions of cell 22 exposed to the electrolyte 27, are coated with a 25 micron nickel (Ni) film and a 5 micron film of Pt deposited using an electrolysis plating method. All metal and PTFE cell 22 surfaces are solvent cleaned and rinsed. The Pt coated surfaces are further washed with aqua regia and rinsed with D 2 0.
  • Palladium cathode 31 is a 7mm dia., 4 cm long Pd rod, machined from a twice-melted pure Pd source. A 2mm threaded hole 30 is machined in the center of the side of cathode 31 to accept temperature sensor 32. Once machined, cathode 31 is vacuum annealed at 800°C for two to three hours and cooled in one atmosphere of D2• Cathode 31 is next dipped in aqua regia for 20 seconds and rinsed with D2O immediately before cell 22 assembly. Electrolyte 27 Preparation
  • the 0.1M LiOD electrolyte 27 is prepared by adding 0.035g Li metal (Aesar 99.9% used as received) to 50 ml D 2 0 (Aldrich 99.9 atom % D, as received) . This preparation is carried out under a nitrogen atmosphere, preferably immediately prior to use.
  • Cell 22 is assembled with minimum exposure to air or H2O by threading the ends of cathode 31 into one of two end-pieces 25. This end-piece 25 is then sealed into the body of vessel 21 using a PTFE sealing ferrule and a Cu nut 24. An opposing end-piece 25 is similarly threaded onto cathode 31 in vessel 21 and sealed in place. A 2mm Pt coated Cu tube 29 containing temperature sensor 32 is passed through the side wall of vessel 21 and sealed into threaded hole 30 in cathode 31.
  • Exposed areas of end-pieces 25 and temperature sensor tube 29 are coated with epoxy and PTFE to electrically insulate them from electrolyte 27.
  • the foregoing apparatus is useful for performing a calorimetry experiment, in which one seeks to compare the known and measured sources of input energy or power to the system with the observed output energy or power. The difference between the output energy and input energy is defined as the "excess heat".
  • a calorimetry experiment was performed over a duration of 700 hours. Excess heat was first observed after 300 hours of electrolysis and was observed in bursts on six separate occasions. The maximum excess power observed was 1.75 watts (W) (52% in excess of the input power); the total excess of energy was 0.072 Mega-Joules (MJ) or 0.33 MJ/mole of Pd.
  • W watts
  • MJ Mega-Joules
  • the containment vessel 36 is constructed of Ni and has a cylindrical sleeve shape with an internal surface of Pt, which acts as the anode 41. Positioned along the central axis of vessel 36 is palladium cathode 39. Cathode 39 is cylindrical in shape and contains current connectors 44 and voltage connectors 43 on opposing ends. Separating the cathode 39 and anode 41 is the electrolyte 38, consisting of LiOD in D2O. A reference electrode 42 penetrates vessel 36 to contact electrolyte 38.
  • the electrolyte 38 is exposed only to the materials palladium, platinum, and polytetrafluoroe- thylene (PTFE) .
  • the inner surface of the Ni vessel 36, as well as the surfaces of the Ni fittings exposed to the electrolyte 38, are coated with a 25 micron Ni film via an electroless plating method and then with a 5 micron film of Pt via an electroplating method. This Pt coating serves as anode 41. All metal and PTFE cell surfaces are solvent cleaned and rinsed. The Pt coated surfaces are further washed with aqua regia and rinsed with D2O.
  • the Pd cathode 39 is- a 3mm dia., 5 cm long Pd rod (4.5 mm exposed to electrolyte 38), machined from a 1/8" pure Pd wire. Cathode 39 is threaded 2.5mm on each end. Cathode 39 is then solvent cleaned, vacuum annealed at 800°C for two to three hours, slowly cooled in one atmosphere of D2, and maintained in the D2 until cell 40 is ready for assembly. Electrolyte 38 Preparation
  • the 1.0 M LiOD electrolyte 38 is manufactured by adding 0.175g Li metal to 25 ml D2O. This procedure is carried out under a nitrogen atmosphere, and electrolyte 38 is prepared immediately prior to use.
  • a Ni cathode 39 of shape and size identical to palladium cathode 39 is temporarily assembled into vessel 36 with 20 ml of electrolyte 38.
  • the Ni cathode 39 is held at 0.5 mA cathodic with respect to the cell wall anode 41 for three hours to help remove impurities from electrolyte 38.
  • This pre-electrolysis is carried out under a 40 psig pressure of N2 before the Ni cathode 39 is removed and discarded.
  • An external 180 ohm steel sheathed heater (.04" diameter, 72" long) is wound in a groove 37 machined around the outside of vessel 36.
  • Cell 40 is assembled immediately after pre-electrolysis with minimum exposure to air or H2O.
  • Cathode 39 is threaded into one coated Ni end-piece 46 and inserted into vessel 36.
  • the other end-piece 46 is then threaded onto cathode 39 in vessel 36 as above.
  • a 3mm Ni electrode 42 coated with Pt (to be used as a pseudo-reference electrode) is sealed into the threaded hole 34 in the middle of vessel 36.
  • a 1/8" outside diameter external Ni tube 48, extending out of vessel 36, is sealed to the pressure inlet 35, above the level of electrolyte 38.
  • the vessel 36 is pressurized to 1000 psig with D2 via tube 48.
  • Cell 40 is allowed to operate for two hours to ascertain the integrity of cell 40.
  • Cathode 39 is held at 20 mA cathodic for approximately one hour.
  • the current is increased in 10mA steps to 50 mA over a two hour period.
  • D2 diffuses into the cathode 39, it is compensated by adding D2 via tube 48 to maintain a constant cell 40 pressure.
  • FIG. 6 shows a cell 67 which operates at approximately atmospheric pressure.
  • the vessel 69 is constructed of Al and has a cylindrical sleeve shape with an internal surface of PTFE. Positioned along the central axis of vessel 69 is palladium cathode 55.
  • Anode 65 consists of an approximately
  • the Pd cathode 55 is a 3mm dia. 3 cm long Pd rod, machined from a 1/8" pure Pd wire. Prior to insertion into vessel 69, cathode 55 is solvent cleaned, vacuum annealed at 800°C for two to three hours, and slowly cooled in an atmosphere of Ar. Cathode 55 is finally dipped in heavy aqua regia for 20 seconds and rinsed with D2O. Electrolyte 71 Preparation The LiOD electrolyte 71, with 200 ppm (molar)
  • Electrolyte 71 should be prepared immediately prior to use.
  • An external 180 ohm heater (0.04" dia 72" long) is wound around the outside of vessel 69 within specially machined grooves on the surface 59. These grooves are omitted from the drawing of Figure 6.
  • Cell 67 is assembled with minimum exposure to air or H2O.
  • vessel 69 Approximately 20 ml of 1M LiOD with ⁇ 200 ppm (molar) Al is added to vessel 69. A 1/8" outside diameter Ni tube 81, extending out of cell 67, is attached on the top of vessel 69. Vessel 69 is pressurized to 50 psig with D2.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)

Abstract

Méthodes permettant de produire de la chaleur à partir de l'interaction de deutérium avec un métal (par exemple, Pd) (8) dont le réseau cristallin présente des espaces à peu près polyédriques. Le deutérium est chargé dans le métal (8) et on fait passer un courant électrique dans ce dernier pour apporter l'énergie au deutérium et permettre à l'interaction de se produire. Le rapport atomique deutérium/métal devrait être d'au moins 0,8.
PCT/US1992/004222 1991-06-11 1992-05-20 Methodes de production de chaleur a partir de palladium deuterise WO1992022905A1 (fr)

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US4364803A (en) * 1980-03-11 1982-12-21 Oronzio De Nora Impianti Elettrochimici S.P.A. Deposition of catalytic electrodes on ion-exchange membranes
US4528084A (en) * 1980-08-18 1985-07-09 Eltech Systems Corporation Electrode with electrocatalytic surface
US4938851A (en) * 1984-12-14 1990-07-03 De Nora Permelec S.P.A. Method for preparing an electrode and use thereof in electrochemical processes
JPH02268288A (ja) * 1989-04-10 1990-11-01 Koji Okada 核融合用電解液
JPH02285283A (ja) * 1989-04-26 1990-11-22 Bridgestone Corp 核融合方法
US4986887A (en) * 1989-03-31 1991-01-22 Sankar Das Gupta Process and apparatus for generating high density hydrogen in a matrix

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3448035A (en) * 1966-01-25 1969-06-03 Milton Roy Co Activated surfaces useful in the production of hydrogen
US4364803A (en) * 1980-03-11 1982-12-21 Oronzio De Nora Impianti Elettrochimici S.P.A. Deposition of catalytic electrodes on ion-exchange membranes
US4528084A (en) * 1980-08-18 1985-07-09 Eltech Systems Corporation Electrode with electrocatalytic surface
US4938851A (en) * 1984-12-14 1990-07-03 De Nora Permelec S.P.A. Method for preparing an electrode and use thereof in electrochemical processes
US4986887A (en) * 1989-03-31 1991-01-22 Sankar Das Gupta Process and apparatus for generating high density hydrogen in a matrix
JPH02268288A (ja) * 1989-04-10 1990-11-01 Koji Okada 核融合用電解液
JPH02285283A (ja) * 1989-04-26 1990-11-22 Bridgestone Corp 核融合方法

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Title
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J. OF FUSION ENERGY, Vol. 9, No. 3, Sept. 1990, MYERS et al., pages 263-268. *
NATURE, Vol. 340, 17 August 1989, pages 525-530, LEWIS et al. *
NATURE, Vol. 342, 23 November 1989, WILLIAMS et al., pages 375-384. *
PHYSICAL REVIEW B, Vol. 42, No. 14, 15 Nov. 1990, SILVERA et al., pages 9143-9146. *

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