WO1992010597A1 - Cellule d'electrolyse pour processus electrolytiques degageant du gaz ou consommant du gaz, ainsi que procede pour la fabrication de la cellule d'electrolyse - Google Patents

Cellule d'electrolyse pour processus electrolytiques degageant du gaz ou consommant du gaz, ainsi que procede pour la fabrication de la cellule d'electrolyse Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1992010597A1
WO1992010597A1 PCT/DE1991/000941 DE9100941W WO9210597A1 WO 1992010597 A1 WO1992010597 A1 WO 1992010597A1 DE 9100941 W DE9100941 W DE 9100941W WO 9210597 A1 WO9210597 A1 WO 9210597A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
electrode
net
capillary
electrolytic cell
cell according
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Application number
PCT/DE1991/000941
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Arnold Gallien
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Arnold Gallien
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Publication of WO1992010597A1 publication Critical patent/WO1992010597A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
    • H01M4/8626—Porous electrodes characterised by the form
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
    • C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
    • C25B11/03—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form perforated or foraminous
    • C25B11/031—Porous electrodes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

  • Electrolysis cell for gas-developing or gas-consuming electrolytic processes as well as processes for the production of the electrolysis cell
  • the invention relates to an electrolysis cell for gas-developing or gas-consuming electrolytic processes, which is particularly suitable for use in water and chlor-alkali electrolysis, and to a method for producing the electrolysis cell.
  • Gas-producing electrolytic processes are of outstanding importance for the production of various important chemical raw materials, such as caustic soda, chlorine, hydrogen and hydrogen peroxide.
  • the electrodes to be used in the electrolysis of alkaline solutions, water, hydrochloric or sulfuric acid, both anodes and cathodes, must have a large number of counteracting ones Correspond to usage parameters.
  • a very essential requirement is the rapid evacuation of the developed gas from the space between the anode and cathode in order to avoid a large proportion of gas which increases the electrical resistance of the electrolyte.
  • the aim is to achieve an electrode surface that is as uniform and as fine-structured as possible, so that the conditions for a homogeneous electric field are met. Discontinuities, such as B. edges, lead to field strength increases and thus to an uneven electrode load, which causes not only energy losses, but also premature wear of the electrode material or the electrocatalytic coating.
  • Membranes or diaphragms are used to separate the gases formed on the electrodes. These separating elements have a relatively large ohmic resistance, so that the gas separation is purchased through a high energy expenditure.
  • U-shaped rails lined up at intervals are known according to DE-AS 1 271 093.
  • perforated sheets with vertically and horizontally running slots with segments which are angled or deep-drawn with respect to the electrode plane
  • perforated sheet electrodes and expanded metal electrodes are known (DD-PS 250 026, DE-OS 3 625 506, DE-OS 2 735 238).
  • Representatives of the first-mentioned basic type use electrode elements arranged in parallel, which are firmly connected to power distribution rails and have a teardrop-shaped cross section (DE-OS 3 325 182) or an approximately circular cross section (DE-OS 3 008 116). The circular cross-section was modified by cutting off segments lying in the electrode plane. Both electrodes should preferably be used for chlor-alkali electrolysis in amalgam cells.
  • Electrodes do not have a significantly reduced degree of gas bubble coverage.
  • the gas is only transported away by the fluid flow and the buoyancy.
  • These cross-sectional geometries are not suitable. to take an active role in gas transport through the electrode. Although they prevent overstressing of the catalytic coating by avoiding places of discontinuity, this is done by accepting the disadvantages due to the radius-related uneven spacing of the electrode surfaces.
  • DE-OS 3 519 272 discloses an electrode structure which uses a plurality of electrode elements with a rectangular cross section arranged in parallel.
  • a plate-shaped carrier with bulges on both sides serves to fasten the electrode elements and as a current distributor.
  • the cross section of the rectangular electrode elements should have a ratio of 1: 5.
  • a relatively large gap is provided between adjacent electrode elements so that the gas discharge lugs do not come into contact with one another and swirl in the region of the gap.
  • the selected form of the support for the electrode elements which is also a current distributor, prevents the concentration of the gas in the space beyond the reactive electrode surface. As a result, there is a high proportion of gas in the area of the reaction surface, combined with increased electrical losses.
  • One of the electrode structures described above is very similar to the electrode disclosed in DE-OS 3 519 573. It also consists of electrode elements of rectangular cross section arranged in parallel on a current distributor, the distance between them being a few millimeters. In addition, the end faces of the electrode elements facing the membrane have a large number of recesses. The webs in between are not electrocatalytically coated and rest on the membrane. The available reactive area is thus only about 10% of the membrane area. The webs can cause local damage to the membrane due to relative movements between the electrode and the membrane.
  • an electrode for gas-developing electrolytic processes which has a sponge-like structure with an irregular open pore shape.
  • the negative side of the electrode is also provided with a likewise porous oxidic layer, the structure of which, however, is much more fine-pored.
  • the electrode ensures that the gas bubbles formed can now exit backwards into the degassing space, since the way into the reaction space is blocked by the fine-pore oxide layer.
  • the oxide layer also increases the electrical resistance and increases the voltage drop in the cell.
  • the object of the invention is to develop an electrolytic cell for gas-developing or gas-consuming electrolytic processes with significantly changed performance parameters. It is intended to enable a significant reduction in the ohmic power losses and thereby an increase in the specific electrical load on the electrodes. However, the degree of gas accumulation on the electrode surfaces is to be significantly reduced despite the increased gas production. In addition, the disadvantages mentioned in the description of the prior art are to be avoided. In addition, a method for the production of these electrolytic cells has to be developed which ensures good reproducibility of the electrode structure and which corresponds to the different needs of different electrolytic processes, e.g. has good adaptability in terms of the material and the size of the capillary channels.
  • the electrode structure should be one during the process ensure directed gas transport
  • the new electrolytic cell is said to have gas-separating properties, which makes the use of gas-separating agents (membranes, diaphragms or the like) unnecessary.
  • the electrode gap must not be increased.
  • the new manufacturing process should be suitable for processing metallic materials as well as plastics.
  • the electrolytic cell according to the invention contains at least one electrode with a dense, essentially one-dimensionally directed capillary structure.
  • the longitudinal axes of the capillaries with the orthogonal to the electrode plane enclose an angle alpha of 0 degrees to 75 degrees, preferably 0 degrees to 30 degrees.
  • the gas bubble transport through the electrode is determined.
  • the length of the capillaries is at least ten times their diameter. The entry of turbulence from the degassing space into the reaction space between the electrodes or the electrode and a separation system is thus reliably prevented.
  • the capillary electrodes according to the invention are used as gas diffusion electrodes in gas-consuming electrolytic processes (for example in fuel cells), the electrolyte is transported through the separating element in a very thin and uniform film into the areas of the electrolytic reaction, so that the mass exchange of those to be consumed Gases and the removal of the used electrolyte takes place without additional external technical or energetic aids.
  • the gas can pass through the open capillaries, which are not filled with electrolyte, unhindered and reach the immediate reaction area.
  • the extraordinarily slender structure according to the invention ensures a very uniform and therefore cost-effective operation of the electrolysis cell in every respect.
  • the uniform current density load leads to higher efficiencies and at the same time to a longer service life of catalytically active coatings. But you can also use the developed reserves to increase the performance of the Use the system.
  • the electrolysis cell can now be operated with an extremely low gas bubble load in the reaction space, which has a decisive influence on the ohmic resistance of the electrolyte.
  • the one-dimensional capillary structure can be used form stacked fiber, wire or pin-like elements which are expediently fixed to one another or to a porous support.
  • the electrode base material itself can be a compact, flat structure that has a large number of dense, directed and continuous capillary channels.
  • the electrode materials used here are not only suitable metals and metallic alloys, but also electrically conductive plastics and plastics which can be converted into a conductive state by thermal treatment (for example coking), but also oxide-ceramic fibers whose electrical conductivity is achieved by doping or coating were created.
  • the honeycomb-shaped capillary structure represents a very material-saving but nevertheless mechanically very stable embodiment which can be produced from a metallic as well as from a plastic by means of special stretching processes.
  • the method according to the invention for producing the electrolytic cell with at least one electrode with a dense, essentially one-dimensional capillary structure is based on the basic idea that suitable filaments such as threads, wires, pins, whiskers or the like are formed to form a sheet-like structure, forming a finely structured capillary system, this flat structure represents the image of an electrode and is used directly for shaping and structuring the electrode to be produced.
  • the cavities of this sheet-like structure with the base material of the electrode to be filled out, which is separated again from the structuring flat structure after generation of sufficient mechanical strength.
  • These fabrics can be woven fabrics, but can also be whiskey substrates.
  • the selected electrode materials are given their shape by the structuring flat structures, which are fixed in a subsequent stabilization process. This process is generally thermal in nature and, when using plastics, leads to coking and thus rendering the plastics conductive and, when using metallic materials, to sintering of the powdery components.
  • the base or starting material of the electrode is always used.
  • the filaments used for structuring the electrode are thermally fixed to one another or to a support.
  • the thermal treatment can be accompanied by the coking and / or melting of plastic as the starting material or by the sintering of metallic filaments.
  • Purely mechanical structures, but also elements that can be functionally integrated into the electrolysis process, such as a membrane or diaphragm, can be used as supports.
  • FIG. 1 cross section of an electrolysis cell according to the invention with two electrodes, which are structured essentially one-dimensionally capillary, transversely to the electrode plane
  • FIG. 2 section of a perspective view of capillary structured electrodes with an intermediate separating element
  • FIG. 3 perspective representation of a greatly enlarged section of an electrode using a filament capillary structure structured like a hollow fiber
  • FIG. 4 capillary electrode in the form of a woven or knitted fabric
  • Figure 5 Section of a capillary electrode, the filaments of which are fixed on one side in a carrier.
  • FIG. 5b section of a capillary electrode, the filaments of which are fixed on both sides in the carrier (for bipolar cells, a membrane or a diaphragm is used as the carrier),
  • FIG. 6 perspective representation of a section of an electrode with honeycomb-shaped capillary channels
  • FIG. 7a section of a compact electrode with essentially cylindrical capillaries
  • Figure 8 cross section through an electrode with an arcuate course of the capillaries.
  • the electrolysis cell according to FIG. 1 contains an anode and a cathode, which essentially have a one-dimensional capillary structure and are intended for water electrolysis. These electrodes 1 are sealed against the cell housing so that no electrolyte or gas transport can take place over their edge regions. A relatively wide reaction space 2, which is delimited laterally by the reactive surfaces of the electrode 1, was chosen for better illustration. In the upper area, partitions 10 prevent the mixing of the clean gases which are drawn off via the lines 8. The electrolyte is supplied in the lower area of the cell housing via the lines 7.
  • the mixed gas formation in the reaction chamber 2 is smaller, the smaller the reaction chamber is dimensioned. This intensifies the displacement reaction due to the phase change from liquid to gaseous.
  • the gas bubbles that form on the outer edges of the capillaries are transported by the capillary forces into the center of the capillary and are transported into the respective degassing space 3, 4 by the pressure increase. If the structural conditions, in particular the capillary structure, and the process parameters are not sufficiently matched to the particular electrolysis process, mixed gas is formed in the reaction chamber 2 and is withdrawn via line 9 can.
  • the mixed gas formation can be counteracted very easily if a spacer, e.g. B. is arranged in the form of a network, the reaction surfaces of the electrodes 1 lying on both sides of the spacer.
  • a spacer e.g. B. is arranged in the form of a network, the reaction surfaces of the electrodes 1 lying on both sides of the spacer.
  • An analogous arrangement would be chosen if separators 11, the membranes or diaphragms, were used instead of spacers.
  • FIG. 2 The detail of an electrode 1 according to the invention with an intermediate separating element 1 is shown in FIG. 2.
  • the capillaries 12 and their course are indicated there.
  • Filament-like electrode elements such as fibers, wires, pins, whiskers or the like, can determine the structure of the capillary electrode 1.
  • the electrode elements have the cross section of an open circular ring which is wound like a screw.
  • the capillary wall 13 encloses an essentially cylindrical capillary 12, which is connected via the helically running opening of its circular cross-section to the adjacent gusset-like, substantially smaller capillaries 14.
  • the filament-like electrode elements can thus be connected to one another by an adhesive or fixed to a carrier. A good connection can often also be achieved by thermal treatment. Plastics are glued to one another without additives, and metals are joined by sintering.
  • the hollow-fiber-like electrode elements just described can of course be replaced by a large number of differently longitudinally profiled elements, provided that they are suitable for forming an essentially one-dimensional structure.
  • the gas bubbles formed on the end face of the electrode elements will mostly enter the cylindrical capillaries 12 because of the more energetically favorable conditions, while the gore-shaped capillaries 14 will predominantly transport electrolyte.
  • gusset-like capillaries 14 When using full fibers, that is, fiber material which has no capillary in its interior, only gusset-like capillaries 14 are available for the gas and electrolyte transport. In this case, it may be advantageous to leave a small distance between the adjacent electrode elements in order to enlarge the equivalent diameter of the gusset-like capillaries. This is possible if, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, the filament-like electrode elements are fixed on one side to a carrier. Another advantage is that the very thin and flexible electrode elements fit well against a counter surface, e.g. B. apply to a membrane, evenly and without gaps, without significant mechanical stress.
  • the capillary electrode according to the invention of such or a similar type closed a dynamically effective component of the electrolysis cell.
  • FIG. 4 shows an electrode in the form of a woven or knitted fabric which was produced from sufficiently flexible fibers 16.
  • the basic fabric structure 15 is preferably of such a large mesh that gas bubbles can pass through it.
  • electrically conductive material this can optionally be provided with an electrocatalytic coating. If a non-electrically conductive plastic is used as the starting material, this is converted into the conductive state by suitable processes.
  • FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of the invention which is very similar in its mode of operation to that described above. It uses electrically conductive, equally long fiber pieces 17, preferably carbon fiber pieces, which are carried by a carrier 18, in particular a membrane.
  • a current distributor 32 which feeds the electrode from fiber pieces 17, and the gas bubble transport are indicated in FIG.
  • the electrode and membrane 18 physically form a unit, the connection of which can be made by a porous gel.
  • the electrode shown in FIG. 5b with fiber pieces 17 bound on both sides at the ends by separating elements 18 is a preferred variant for gas-consuming electrodes, but is also designed as compact electrodes for gas-generating electrolytic processes in such a way that one of the separating elements 18 functions as a membrane or diaphragm while the other separating element 18 as a power supply is trained.
  • the section of an electrode with honeycomb-shaped capillary channels 19 is shown in FIG. 6.
  • the honeycomb height 20 is preferably twice to ten times as large as the honeycomb width 21.
  • a honeycomb width 21 in the range from 100 ⁇ m to 300 ⁇ m is generally selected for electrolytic processes in aqueous electrolyte.
  • the strict regularity of this embodiment allows the use of a special counterelectrode, the individual pin-like elements of which at least partially protrude into the capillary channels 19.
  • a short circuit between the electrodes is prevented by dielectric spacers or the use of an appropriately shaped separating element (e.g. membrane).
  • FIG. 7a shows the detail of such an electrode, the capillaries 22 of which are essentially cylindrical and run orthogonal to the electrode surfaces.
  • Conical capillaries 23 can be seen in FIG. 7b, the side with the smaller openings of the capillaries preferably facing the counter electrode or the separating element. The widening capillary 23 facilitates the removal of the gas formed.
  • metallic electrodes of the structure described can also be used.
  • FIG. 8 shows the enlarged cross section of an electrode with capillaries 25 running in the shape of an arc.
  • the course of their axes 26 should be essentially continuous, the exit angle od between the tangents 30, 31 and the orthogonal 29 to the surfaces 27, 28 of the electrodes being between 0 ° and 75 °.
  • An angle (X.> 0 ° enables the production of very thin electrodes with capillaries 25 which are nevertheless sufficiently long.
  • the electrodes according to the invention with an essentially one-dimensionally directed capillary structure are produced according to the invention in that flat structures in the form of an image of the electrode to be produced are produced from suitable filaments, such as threads, wires, pins, whiskers or the like, this image for Shape and structure of the electrode is used. Depending on the choice of material and its structure, this image can be a negative or positive image.
  • the cavities of the surface structure are filled with the base material of the electrode and then subjected to a stabilizing treatment. After sufficient mechanical strength has occurred, the base material, which is in the form of a negative image, is separated from it.
  • the shape and structure-giving flat structures can be woven or knitted fabrics, one side of which consists of a large number of smooth and directed individual threads which are uniformly delimited in length.
  • a further variant of a structure-giving flat structure in the form of a negative image of the electrode is a whisker-supporting base. With conventional whisker-producing processes, metallic bases are produced which are very resistant and are suitable for producing a large number of capillary electrodes.
  • the electrode material can be, for example, electrically conductive plastic or subsequently, e.g. B. by coking conductive plastic, can be used in liquid or pasty form.
  • Metallic electrodes are produced on the basis of metallic powder with the addition of a binder, optionally in a paste-like form with a sufficiently low consistency with the addition of solvents. This is followed by mechanical stabilization by thermal expulsion of the solvent and crosslinking of the binder with the metallic powder. After the mechanically stabilized electrode base material has been detached from the whiskey base, the capillary final state of the electrode is fixed by sintering. Here, too, the detachment process can be facilitated by applying a layer of release agent beforehand.
  • a powder made of a nickel-aluminum binder mixture is used as the electrode base material, then after the sintering process and the leaching of the aluminum out of the electrode body, a Raney nickel electrode with a one-dimensionally directed capillary structure, which is suitable for electrolysis processes in aqueous electrolytes has a particularly low overvoltage.
  • Particularly suitable release agents or binders are hydrophobic materials such as polytetrafluoroethylene.
  • the best way to produce an electrode from electrically conductive, essentially equally long fiber pieces of defined length is to use a tissue-like base into which the fiber pieces are scraped. Carbon fiber pieces are particularly suitable because of their high resistance.
  • the ends of the pieces of fiber which are aligned in this way in parallel and placed at a capillary distance from one another are fixed to a carrier material, preferably to a membrane or a diaphragm.
  • a gel can be used as a connecting agent.
  • the filaments represent the original, structuring elements of the electrode, which are added to a manageable, mechanically sufficiently stable electrode by further process steps.
  • the materials used are either the intended electrode materials or preliminary stages of the same. Examples include filaments made from a special nickel-aluminum alloy, which are converted into so-called Raney nickel by sintering and leaching the aluminum and are simultaneously connected to one another. If filaments are made of non-conductive plastic starting material, they can be converted into the conductive state, for example by coking, whereby they can also be connected to one another. If filaments made of an already conductive plastic are used, all that is required is mechanical stabilization of the electrode. This can also be done by gluing the filaments together.
  • Suitable supports are membranes or diaphragms, especially if filaments made of plastic or carbon fibers are used.
  • the advantages of the method according to the invention consist above all in its diverse applicability to a wide variety of electrode materials and the high degree of reproduction with regard to the desired capillary structure.
  • the method is suitable for producing essentially one-dimensional capillary-structured electrodes which are suitable for use in gas-generating or gas-consuming electro-lytic processes and which can be precisely adapted to their special process parameters.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)

Abstract

Cellule d'électrolyse pour des processus électrolytiques dégageant ou consommant du gaz, avec utilisation d'au moins une électrode à structure capillaire, caractérisée en ce que l'électrode possède une structure capillaire dense, dirigée, essentiellement unidimensionnelle, les axes longitudinaux des capillaires faisant avec l'orthogonale du plan d'électrode entre le plan d'électrode intérieur et le plan d'électrode extérieur un angle alpha compris entre 0° et 75° et présentant une longueur d'au moins 10 diamètres capillaires, de manière que le sens de déplacement des bulles de gaz soit déterminé par l'électrode de manière correspondante.
PCT/DE1991/000941 1990-12-04 1991-12-02 Cellule d'electrolyse pour processus electrolytiques degageant du gaz ou consommant du gaz, ainsi que procede pour la fabrication de la cellule d'electrolyse WO1992010597A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DEP4039018.7 1990-12-04
DE4039018A DE4039018A1 (de) 1990-12-04 1990-12-04 Elektrolysezelle fuer gasentwickelnde bzw. gasverzehrende elektrolytische prozesse sowie verfahren zur herstellung der elektrolysezelle

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Publication Number Publication Date
WO1992010597A1 true WO1992010597A1 (fr) 1992-06-25

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PCT/DE1991/000941 WO1992010597A1 (fr) 1990-12-04 1991-12-02 Cellule d'electrolyse pour processus electrolytiques degageant du gaz ou consommant du gaz, ainsi que procede pour la fabrication de la cellule d'electrolyse

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DE (1) DE4039018A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1992010597A1 (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2309978A (en) * 1996-02-09 1997-08-13 Atraverda Ltd Titanium suboxide electrode; cathodic protection
CN110644015A (zh) * 2019-10-18 2020-01-03 浙江工业大学 一种楔形螺旋曲面电极及其制备方法

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19954247C2 (de) * 1999-11-11 2002-11-14 Wolfgang Strewe Elektrolysezelle mit Gasdiffusionselektrode für großtechnische Anlagen sowie Verwendungen der Elektrolysezelle
NL1019454C2 (nl) * 2001-11-30 2003-06-03 Tno Werkwijze en inrichting voor het uitvoeren van elektrochemische reacties.
FR2999554B1 (fr) * 2012-12-14 2015-04-17 IFP Energies Nouvelles Procede et dispositif de production d'hydrogene pur sous pression par permeation a travers une membrane metallique en contact avec une solution liquide protique
CN114959763B (zh) * 2022-06-20 2023-06-13 北京化工大学 一种宏观阵列电极及其制备方法和应用

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1382062A (fr) * 1962-12-05 1964-12-18 Siemens Ag électrode à diffusion gazeuse, à porosité orientée et son procédé d'obtention
US3953237A (en) * 1971-07-06 1976-04-27 Brunswick Corporation Electric energy sources such as fuel cells and batteries
FR2308701A1 (fr) * 1975-04-25 1976-11-19 Battelle Memorial Institute Electrolyseur a degagement gazeux

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1382062A (fr) * 1962-12-05 1964-12-18 Siemens Ag électrode à diffusion gazeuse, à porosité orientée et son procédé d'obtention
US3953237A (en) * 1971-07-06 1976-04-27 Brunswick Corporation Electric energy sources such as fuel cells and batteries
FR2308701A1 (fr) * 1975-04-25 1976-11-19 Battelle Memorial Institute Electrolyseur a degagement gazeux

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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Title
NASA TECH BRIEFS. Bd. 77, Nr. 0307, 1973, WASHINGTON US J.M. SHERFEY: 'METAL STRUCTURES WITH PARALLEL PORES' *

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2309978A (en) * 1996-02-09 1997-08-13 Atraverda Ltd Titanium suboxide electrode; cathodic protection
US6120675A (en) * 1996-02-09 2000-09-19 Atraverda Limited Electrochemical method and electrode
CN110644015A (zh) * 2019-10-18 2020-01-03 浙江工业大学 一种楔形螺旋曲面电极及其制备方法
CN110644015B (zh) * 2019-10-18 2023-12-29 浙江工业大学 一种楔形螺旋曲面电极及其制备方法

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DE4039018A1 (de) 1992-06-11

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