WO1992009004A1 - Materiau et cellule electrochromique pour la modulation de la lumiere et procede de fabrication - Google Patents
Materiau et cellule electrochromique pour la modulation de la lumiere et procede de fabrication Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1992009004A1 WO1992009004A1 PCT/FR1991/000879 FR9100879W WO9209004A1 WO 1992009004 A1 WO1992009004 A1 WO 1992009004A1 FR 9100879 W FR9100879 W FR 9100879W WO 9209004 A1 WO9209004 A1 WO 9209004A1
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- electrode
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect
- G02F1/1506—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect caused by electrodeposition, e.g. electrolytic deposition of an inorganic material on or close to an electrode
- G02F1/1508—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect caused by electrodeposition, e.g. electrolytic deposition of an inorganic material on or close to an electrode using a solid electrolyte
Definitions
- the present invention consists of improvements to the inventions described in French patent FR-A-2618571 and in French patent application FR-A- 2618566.
- the present invention relates to an improved material for the modulation of light, in particular for the variable reflection of light, the variable transmission of light, the display of signals and images such as for example alphanumeric, graphic and other information.
- optical information It applies in particular to the 15 most diverse electro-optical devices, in particular panels, screens and display devices, windows, display cases, screens, windshields, glasses, etc. with variable transparency, light valves, shutters, mirrors with variable reflection, memories, etc.
- the invention also relates to a method of manufacturing such a material.
- electro-optical devices of small thickness compared to their surface, in particular, in the case of display devices, so-called flat screens.
- electro-optical, liquid crystal, electrochromic, electrophoretic processes and devices we know for example electro-optical, liquid crystal, electrochromic, electrophoretic processes and devices,
- electrochromic processes use reversible change of color and / or optical density obtained by electrochemical redox of a so-called electrochromic material whose oxidized form and reduced form are of different colors and / or optical densities.
- Electrochromic light modulation processes have a set of remarkable characteristics for many applications: low control voltage, at most a few volts; low energy consumption; open circuit memory; relatively uncritical interval between electrode and counter-electrode. They also have additional characteristics which are particularly advantageous for display devices: very high contrast, even in lateral vision at a high angle; excellent visibility by reflection in conditions of strong illumination such as outside in strong sunlight; extended gray scale; important range of operating temperatures, often extending to low temperatures.
- the low control voltage allows the use of low-cost control and addressing electronics.
- the low energy consumption allows applications where autonomous operation (on batteries or accumulators) is required.
- an elementary cell of an electrochromic light modulation device of the prior art is a sealed cell
- This cell generally includes a transparent front electrode deposited on a transparent plate of glass or plastic, an electrochromic material often in the form of a thin layer deposited on the transparent electrode, an interval filled with electrolyte, a counter-electrode (also transparent if the device operates by transmission) and connection conductors from each electrode to the control electronics outside the cell. It also usually includes a specific separator intended to maintain between electrode and counter-electrode a constant thickness gap intended to contain the electrolyte. It also includes structural means involving the materials and sealing joints intended to maintain its cohesion as well as the permanence of the internal physical and electrical contacts necessary for proper functioning. At least the front electrode and / or the layer of electrochromic material are delimited so as to define the shape required for the corresponding image point or image segment.
- Rigorously tight sealing is necessary to avoid the loss (by leakage, evaporation, etc., as the case may be) of constituents of the interior medium, in particular constituents of the electrolyte, and / or to prevent entry into the cell.
- constituents of the external atmosphere for example oxygen, carbon dioxide, humidity, various contaminants
- the sealing problem is all the more difficult since the cell must allow the watertight passage of the conductors which connect the front electrode and the counter electrode to the external electronics.
- the sealing joints which must be compatible with the different materials involved, are subject to mechanical stresses resulting in particular from the differences between the expansion coefficients of these materials; this problem worsens when the dimensions of the device increase: to the stresses of thermal origin which can increase due to asymmetries of exposure to heat sources can be added stresses of mechanical origin due to the vibrations to which a large panel is naturally exposed and interacts with the panel's fixing and holding structure.
- electrochromic solids are generally solids insoluble in the two oxidation states between which they change color; these solids are electrically insulating or weakly conductive. Mention may be made, among others, of inorganic materials: WO 3 , M0O 3 , V2O5, Nb 2 ⁇ 5, IrO x , etc. (an extensive list is given for example in US-A-3704057) and, among organic materials: diphthalocyanine from Lu, from Yb, etc.
- electrochromic solids must generally be implemented by depositing a thin layer on the transparent electrode using costly techniques. vacuum deposition (vacuum evaporation, sputtering, etc.). Their color change is generally colorless or from one color to another color: colorless to blue for O 3 and M0O 3 , yellow to green for V 2 O5, colorless to blue or blue-black for IrO x , green to red for lutetium diphthalocyanine, etc.
- the tungsten trioxide film must be deposited with delimitation according to the shape and the dimensions of the image point or segment.
- the cells have neither the voltage threshold nor the circuit memory coupled to other cells which would be necessary for multiplex matrix operation (Yoshiro Mori, JEE, August 1985, p. 53).
- Y. Duchene et al. (article cited) describe a display cell using as metrolyte or acetonitrile electrolyte containing silver iodide and sodium iodide.
- the silver ions are reduced to a silver film with high contrast.
- the optical density depends, for the same electrical charge, on the current density used, and heterogeneities appear on the film deposited after a certain number of deposition-redissolution cycles.
- the cell does not have a write voltage threshold and therefore does not lend itself to multiplexed matrix writing.
- the area of the transparent electrode corresponding to the display must be delimited inside the cell using a layer insulating material engraved according to the drawing of the area in question.
- the use of glass sealing technology is indicated as one of the conditions for reliability, confirming the importance of strictly watertight sealing.
- Recent work relates to polymers such as polyaniline, plyacetylene, polypyrrole, polythiophene, etc. which, in a thin layer on a transparent electrode, can change color (for example from red to blue for polythiophene) according to their oxidation state.
- These materials which are generally quite unstable, or easily alterable, have a short service life and allow only a very small number of cycles to be achieved.
- liquid electrolyte for example an aqueous electrolyte such as an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid (FR-A-2323202), or an organic electrolyte such than a solution of lithium perchlorate in propylene carbonate (Yoshiro Mori, art. cited).
- aqueous electrolyte such as an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid (FR-A-2323202)
- organic electrolyte such than a solution of lithium perchlorate in propylene carbonate
- This electrolyte which generally cannot be common to several cells for electrical reasons, requires an individual confinement in each cell which must be rigid enough to include a non-deformable electrolytic compartment.
- the particularly complex structure to which we arrive in addition to its cost, does not make it possible to envisage a high resolution display device, such as for example a screen.
- inorganic solids having an ionic conductivity were used, such as for example beta alumina (M. Green et al., Solid State Ionics 3/4, 1981, p. 141-147, North-Holland), or alternatively ion-conducting polymers, such as for example solid solutions of lithium perchlorate in polyethylene oxide. (FR-A-2542322).
- beta alumina M. Green et al., Solid State Ionics 3/4, 1981, p. 141-147, North-Holland
- alternatively ion-conducting polymers such as for example solid solutions of lithium perchlorate in polyethylene oxide.
- FR-A-2542322 solid solutions of lithium perchlorate in polyethylene oxide.
- the counter-electrode is often of complex and costly structure and manufacture, because of the functions which it may have to perform simultaneously: auxiliary redox function, maintenance of an electrode potential constant and even determined, high load capacity, reversibility, etc. , while being capable of a high number of cycles without degradation.
- a counter electrode has been produced comprising a second layer of an electrochromic solid modified so as to have low electrochromicity and deposited on a transparent electrode (US-A-4278329).
- Another counter electrode is a sheet of paper formed using acrylic fibers, a binder and carbon powder, to which is also incorporated an electrochromic solid (US-A-4088395).
- Another counter electrode, the electrode potential of which is adjustable comprises carbon powder, a binder and mixtures of depolarisers W ⁇ g ° 4 9 and V5O1 3 in adjustable proportions.
- the present invention consists of improvements to the inventions described in French patent FR-A-2618571 and in French patent application FR-A-2618566.
- the aforesaid material is a continuous material, that is to say non-granular, transparent, contrastable and opacifiable in its mass, of solid consistency, having a plastic or viscoelastic deformability, capable in addition of having a permanent conductivity even s 'it is exposed to the atmosphere, and again to present a contact sticker, which material, shaped as a layer or thin film, preferably from a few microns to a few tens of microns thick, and placed in contact with a first electrode or working electrode, transparent, on one side and a second electrode or counter-electrode on the opposite side, constitutes and comprises both the electrochromic material, the electrolyte and an auxiliary redox couple of the display cell thus incorporated.
- an electrochromic material As an electrochromic material, it is liable to undergo, on contact with the transparent electrode, a reversible change in the degree of oxidation accompanied by a reversible change in coloration and / or optical density: by cathodic reduction, it is formed on l 'interface a metal or metallic alloy appearing as a coloring or blackening and / or an opacification and constituting an image point or image segment having a remarkable set of characteristics; by anodic oxidation, the metal or alloy redissolves into metal ions, reconstituting the initial appearance of the medium.
- an electrolyte As an electrolyte, it has a high ionic conductivity due to its nature as a highly concentrated aqueous solution, conductivity which it permanently retains in a preferred embodiment.
- auxiliary redox couple As an auxiliary redox couple, it allows a reversible electrochemical reaction to be carried out at the counter-electrode to that which occurs at the same time at the working electrode.
- the above material is intended to be used in a method of modulating light by reflection and / or transmission, in particular a method and display devices, allowing reversibly and repetitively, using a voltage of the order of a volt applied between two electrodes, at least one of which is transparent (and the second also in the case of transmission operation) and in the interval between which the above material is placed, to increase uniformly by passing the current in one direction the optical density in the area of area common to the two electrodes and to the material according to a continuous scale of gray until a black of printing ink or until opacity, then to reduce or erase the optical density previously created, a process having other remarkable characteristics usable individually or in combination: existence of a writing voltage threshold, persistence (memory) of the Optical unity created, high contrast including lateral vision, high resolution,
- the above material is jointly intended for a device for modulating electrochromic light of small thickness which can operate by reflection and / or by transmission, in particular a display device, which comprises only solid materials, does not require a spacer. specific to maintain a suitable spacing between working electrode and counter-electrode of each elementary cell, neither of precise interval between working electrode and counter-electrode nor support structure although ensuring an appropriate continuous contact between the material and each electrode , nor rigorously tight sealing, and which lends itself in particular to constructions of very large surface.
- the material described, intended more specifically, for a method, respectively a cell, electrochromic of modulation of light, by reflection or transmission is characterized in that, in combination, it is consisting at least of a homogeneous mixture, of solid consistency, of at least:
- a water-soluble salt or a water-soluble mixture of salts of at least one metal which can be reversibly cathodically deposited and anodically oxidized from an aqueous solution of one of its simple or complex ions;
- the material having an ionic electroconductivity, and further comprising a reversible auxiliary redox couple and having its constituents and compositions taken from the group making it possible to obtain plastic or viscoelastic deformability.
- the material being capable, reversibly
- a cell is also proposed for the modulation of light using such a material.
- Such a cell comprises at least, in combination:
- a first electrode (working electrode), transparent and electronically conductive
- zones for supplying the electric current to the working electrode and to the counter-electrode able in particular to allow on the one hand to apply to the working electrode a negative electric voltage with respect to that of the counter-electrode and, on the other hand, passing between the electrodes a current whose direction is opposite to that of the electric current resulting from the application of the preceding voltage
- this cell allowing the writing of at least one image point or image segment, the maintenance in the written state of such an image point or image segment, reversibly, the erasure of such a point -image or image segment, and maintaining in the erased state of this image point or image segment, the writing of an image point or image segment being defined as the increase in optical density in the interface region between the working electrode and the layer or portion of layer of material and the erasure of an image point or image segment being defined as the reduction or disappearance of the increase in optical density obtained during writing .
- the present invention relates to improvements to the above material for the modulation of light and, consequently, to the cell which comprises it.
- a first object of the present improvements is an improved material capable of allowing the operation of light modulation devices which use it in a larger range of ambient temperatures, a domain notably extended to low and very low temperatures, as well as in a larger range of atmospheric relative humidity, a domain particularly extended towards very low atmospheric humidity.
- a second object of the present improvements is an improved material giving cells and light modulation devices which use it a greater range of characteristics, in particular improved and / or new electro-optical and life characteristics.
- Another object of the present improvements is a particular composition of improved material conferring, on the cells and devices for modulating the light which use it, in particular a deeper tone of the generated black and an increased resulting contrast, an optical yield, it is ie the density ratio optical to the generating electrical charge, increased in reflection and in transmission, high write and erase speeds, improved reversibility resulting in an extension of the cycle life, a net write voltage threshold facilitating the matrix addressability.
- Another object of the present improvements is a particular composition of improved material making it possible to obtain reversibly a coloration of the image point or image segment having, by reflection, a shiny to specular appearance.
- Another object of the present improvements is an improved material having a solid consistency and a plastic or viscoelastic deformability.
- Another object of the present improvements is an improved material having a pasty or fluid consistency allowing its use in devices where this consistency is necessary or desirable for its implementation.
- Another object of the present improvements is an improved cell for the modulation of light incorporating the improved material.
- Another object of the present improvements is to achieve the effects, advantages, results, performances, possibilities which precede in a combined way, without losing the benefit of the desired gains obtained with the material as defined in the French patent FR-A -2618571 and with the cell as defined in French patent application FR-A-2618566.
- These aims are achieved by an improved material in accordance with the invention, more specifically intended for electrochromic processes, cells and devices for modulating light, by reflection or transmission, consisting at least of a homogeneous mixture of at least;
- a salt or a mixture of salts of at least one metal which can be reversibly cathodically deposited and anodically oxidized from an aqueous solution of one of its simple or complex ions;
- said material having ionic electroconductivity, and further comprising a reversible auxiliary redox couple;
- said material being capable, reversibly
- the proportions of the salts are selected so that the proportion by weight of the salt or mixture of salts of at least one non-electrodepositive metal or cation is at least equal to that of the salt or mixture of salts of at least one metal which can be reversibly cathodically deposited and anodically oxidized from an aqueous solution of one of its simple or complex ions; and the mixture of salts is water-soluble.
- a first electrode (working electrode), transparent and electronically conductive
- this cell allowing the writing of at least one image point or image segment, the maintenance in the written state of such an image point or image segment, reversibly, the erasure of such a point -image or image segment, and maintaining in the erased state of this image point or image segment, the writing of an image point or image segment being defined as the increase in coloring or of optical density in the region of the interface between the working electrode and the layer or portion of layer of improved material and the erasure of an image point where image segment is defined as the reduction or disappearance of the increase in coloration or optical density obtained during writing.
- this improved material also has the following characteristics, optionally, alone or in combination: the constituents and the compositions are chosen from the group allowing a solid consistency and a deformability to be obtained plastic or viscoelastic. The constituents and the compositions make it possible to obtain a fluid consistency.
- the initially water-soluble film-forming polymer resin is preferably chosen in the proportion of one part by weight per 0.05 to 150 parts of anhydrous salts.
- the salt or mixture of salts of at least one non-electrodepositive metal or cation is preferably chosen in the proportion by weight of at least 3 parts for a part of salt or mixture of salts of at least one metal which can be reversibly cathodically deposited and anodically oxidized from a solution aqueous of one of its simple or complex ions.
- the metal ions or non-electrodepositive cations from an aqueous solution are chosen in a substantially exclusive proportion, from the group comprising alkalis, alkaline-earths, aluminum, beryllium, rare earths not electrodeposable from '' an aqueous solution, the cations which cannot be reduced to a metal, in particular the ammonium ion, the quaternary ammonium ions.
- the conjugate anions of the cations present are in a substantially exclusive proportion, halide anions.
- the salt or mixture of salts of at least one metal or cation which is not electrodepositable from an aqueous solution is in a substantial proportion an alkali halide or a mixture of alkali halides, preferably a halide or mixture of lithium halides. It comprises the ions of a single metal or of several metals cathodically depositable or cathodically depositable with others or in several from an aqueous solution.
- a cathodically depositable metal from an aqueous solution of one of its ions is chosen from the group comprising zinc, cadmium, lead, silver, copper, iron, cobalt, nickel, tin, indium, platinum, palladium, gold, bismuth, antimony, tellurium, manganese, thallium, selenium, gallium, arsenic, mercury, chromium, tungsten , molybdenum.
- Copper, selected from metals is associated with at least one other metal. It comprises a metal cathodically depositable from an aqueous solution in the form of a complex halide. It includes a term of an auxiliary redox couple in the form of a halide complex.
- the water-soluble mixture of salts is hygroscopic and, preferably, deliquescent in the presence of atmospheric humidity.
- the ratio of water-soluble (anhydrous) salts to water is preferably greater than 0.5 and more preferably greater than 1.
- a film-forming polymer resin which is initially water-soluble is chosen from the group comprising polyoxyethylene, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, cellulosic ethers such as, for example, hydroxyethylcellulose and carboxymethylcellulose, sodium alginate, gelatin, gum arabic, polyacrylamide, gum tragacanth, guaranate, polyethylene glycol, starch and its derivatives, polymers with basic functional groups, in particular quaternary ammonium, in particular polyvinylpyridines, polyvinylamine, polymers with acid functional groups, in particular carboxylic groups, in particular sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylic and polyacrylic acids and their derivatives, in particular sulfonic acids, in particular polyst
- the material could, without disadvantage for obtaining the coloration or the opacification of the image point or image segment with the properties exposed as well as without disadvantage for its erasure, contain in addition to the metal salts cathodically electrodepositable from an aqueous solution a significant proportion of non-electrodepositable cation salts, providing greater flexibility for the formulation of materials.
- Cations which are not electrodepositable from an aqueous solution were considered and used there as useful cations but of secondary importance insofar as they do not contribute directly, like electrodepositable cations, to the formation of the deposit of metal or alloy.
- these cations are in a minority therein in concentration with respect to the electrodepositable species: in the examples of composition 1, 2, 3.1.1 and 4 which include such salts of non-electrodepositable cations, these are relative to the salts of electrodepositable cations in the respective proportions by weight of 0.26, 0.29, 0.5 and 0.26.
- the present invention it has first been found that the inversion of the relative concentrations, by weight per unit of weight or volume, of the electrodepositable metal salts or the non-electrodepositive metal salts or cations, so that the latter are in higher and even much higher concentration than the former in the improved material, not only did not have harmful effects on the formation of the metallic deposit and on its optical qualities, but also considerably considerably increased the possibilities of the material. It has in fact been found that it is thus possible to formulate improved materials adding to the remarkable characteristics already obtained previously electro-optical, operating and improved or new service life. These improved or new characteristics result directly or indirectly from the properties of the aqueous solutions of the now predominant salts.
- compositions of improved material where the concentrations of the salts of electrodepositable metals and of non-electrodepositive metals or cations are reversed in favor of the latter, a sub-category of compositions having quite remarkable and unexpected properties: those in which the salt or the mixture of salts of non-electrodeposible cations are halides, in particular halides of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, aluminum, beryllium, rare earths that cannot be electrodeposited from an aqueous solution, non-reducible cations to a metal, in particular the ammonium ion, the quaternary ammonium ions, the conjugated anions of all the cations present in the improved material being, in a substantially exclusive proportion of halide anions.
- the salt or the mixture of salts of non-electrodeposible cations are halides, in particular halides of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, aluminum, beryllium, rare earths that cannot be
- substantially exclusive is meant the fact that the body, constituent, component, species, ion, considered is found, not alone (exclusive presence) but almost alone.
- the concept “exclusive” as well as “substantially exclusive” is understood in relation to the other bodies, constituents, components, species, homologous ions considered then. Typical cases where the presence in concentration is “substantially exclusive” are those where the proportion is of the order of 90% or even less up to, for example, 50% of all the bodies, constituents, components, species, homologous ions.
- the consistency of the material could be extended by a solid consistency with an easily deformable pasty consistency and a liquid consistency without losing its advantageous electro-optical characteristics and particularities.
- Such an extension of the consistency makes it possible to extend the use of the improved material to light modulation devices where its implementation requires it.
- the lowest crystallization temperature is for example - 74.8 ° C for lithium chloride, - 72 ⁇ C for lithium bromide, - 91 ° C for lithium iodide, from - 55 ° C for calcium chloride, from - 40 ⁇ C for lithium chlorate.
- Electro-depositable metal ions as well as redox couples could not or could hardly or in a limited way be used under certain degrees of oxidation in the materials of patent No. 87 10561 due to the fact that they were found to be insoluble or sparingly soluble or unstable under the conditions of composition of the material.
- Certain anions have a complexing power all the higher as their concentration is higher with respect to certain metallic species, and some have a complexing power with respect to certain species only in high and very high concentration : this is for example the case with halide anions.
- This complexing power requires a very high chemical activity; for this, a very high concentration is necessary but not sufficient.
- the concentration can be high without the activity being: this is generally the case with polyvalent metal halides.
- alkali halides generally exhibit high activity when the concentration is high.
- the concentration and the activity of the conjugated anion can be brought to very high and even considerable values. It is thus possible to dissolve and / or stabilize in the form of complexes more numerous metallic species and / or under more diverse conditions.
- halides has already been described in patent application FR-A-2618571, as conjugated anions of the cations of some or all of the cations present: it has been found particularly advantageous the presence of halide anions when such a presence is compatible with the other constituents of the material and the expected properties, in particular as regards deliquescence, the function of auxiliary redox couple, the solubility of metal ions, the ease of electrodeposition and of redissolution of the metal or metal alloy and the reversibility of the write-erase process.
- halides in a material where the majority cations are the electrodepositable metal cations produces a material much more acidic than when the non-electrodeposible cations are the majority cations, especially if they are alkali metals: the former are clearly more acidic than the latter, especially in very concentrated solution; for example, the pH of the material of example No. 1 of French patent FR-A-2618571 is 1.5 while it is only 3.5 in the improved material of example No. 1 above. after.
- This rise in pH makes the improved material significantly less corrosive than the prior material, in particular with respect to transparent electrodes made of mixed indium and tin oxide ("ITO"), the lifetime of which is likely to. be completely changed. This is a very important factor in increasing the lifespan of light modulation cells, i.e. the maximum number of write-erase cycles that can be achieved without degradation or alteration.
- Non-electrodepositive metal and cation halides include a large number of the most deliquescent or hygroscopic salts and those whose solutions crystallize at very low temperatures, such as, for example, lithium chloride and lithium bromide. already cited. With inverted compositions, the limits of use of the material can be extended to lower temperatures.
- halide complexes most of these metallic species by bringing the concentration of halide anions to an absolute value very high compared to the whole of the concentrated aqueous solution. that constitutes the material, and in relative value compared to complexable species. Indeed, a very high concentration in absolute value of halide anions is necessary to provide a high complexing power, and the complexation of a cation, in particular polyvalent, often requires several halide anions.
- the concentration and, by an appropriate choice of cations, the activity of these halide anions can be brought about. at the highest accessible values and thus maximize the complexing power with respect to all of the complexable metal species, and therefore dissolve and / or stabilize a maximum of metal species under a maximum of oxidation degrees.
- a halide a single halide or a mixture of different halides of the same cation.
- the present invention can be the subject of numerous embodiments.
- a set of properties and particularly remarkable electro-optical characteristics and lifespan described below is obtained with a preferred embodiment of the invention in which the improved material consists of a homogeneous mixture of at least:
- the above improved material consists of a homogeneous mixture of at least:
- bromide or bismuth (III) chloride or a mixture of the two in the proportion of 0.1 to 1 parts by weight
- bromide or copper chloride or a mixture of the two in the proportion of 0 to 0.1 parts by weight
- Another preferred embodiment of the invention offering characteristics of glossy to specular appearance of the deposit obtained by cathodic reduction, is an improved material constituted by a homogeneous mixture of at least:
- the above improved material consists of a homogeneous mixture of at least:
- Image point or “image segment” Delimited area or surface of which the optical density or the reflectivity or the coloring is likely to be increased (that is to say to acquire in vision by reflection a change in appearance and / or partially or completely cloudy in vision by transmission if it is transparent) and, conversely, reduced to return in particular to its original appearance (original reflection and / or original transparency) .
- image point is preferably reserved for a small surface (for example in relation to the surface of a screen of a light modulation device which contains a multiplicity thereof), often of circular, square or slightly rectangular shape, repeated, on the surface of a screen of a display device which contains a multiplicity thereof, identically to itself according to the nodes of a network (for example square, centered square, compact hexagonal, in particular) which occupies regions or the entire screen area.
- a network for example square, centered square, compact hexagonal, in particular
- image segment is preferably reserved for a surface which may be large (for example relative to the surface of a screen of a light modulation device which contains a multiplicity thereof), of any shape but often elongated, associated, on the surface of a screen of a display device which contains a multiplicity thereof, with other image segments of the same shape and / or of different shapes according to specific geometric arrangements, such as, for example, the well-known arrangement of seven segments allowing the representation of the numbers from 0 to 9 by coloring or selective opacification of suitable combinations of these segments.
- Elementary light modulation cell or “elementary light modulation device” (or abbreviated cell, elementary device): Complete structure necessary for the creation of an image point or image segment and for its functioning reversible when the cell is electrically controlled.
- a cell elementary electrochromic modulation comprises at least, as components, suitably arranged and associated, a first working electrode or electrode, transparent, a second electrode or counter electrode (transparent or not, depending on whether the image point or image segment is observed by light transmission or by reflection), an ionic conductor or electrolytic material placed between the electrodes, electrochromism means and means of electrical connection to an external source of electric voltage allowing the control of the cell and, if a cell elementary is part of a multiplicity of elementary cells in the same display device, addressing means
- the expression “elementary modulation cell” is used instead to designate the minimum structure essential for obtaining an image point or image segment in accordance with the invention and the expression “ elementary device "to designate a device comprising a single elementary cell and extrinsic or peripheral components or constituents necessary for its operation either as a unitary device or combined with one or more other elementary devices in a compound device having a plurality of associated cells.
- extrinsic constituents or components are, for example, electrical connections associated with the electrodes; means for masking the periphery of the cell; a transparent substrate for the transparent electrode.
- “Autonomous light modulation device” At least one basic modulation device as well as the other specific components allowing the device to be used as an autonomous unit, among which in particular: mechanical supports or substrates giving the autonomous device structural rigidity; housing; encapsulation; internal electrical connections to the autonomous device; connector (s) or connection area (s) to which or to which are connected, by means of internal electrical connections, the elementary devices of the autonomous device, making it possible to easily connect the latter to the control and addressing electronics and the associated source of electrical energy; printed circuit which can possibly function, individually or in combination, in particular of mechanical support, connector or connector support, support of part of the associated electronics.
- Such an autonomous device can for example be a device commonly called a device, display panel or screen or more generally any very diverse electro-optical device.
- “Screen area of a display device” the area that includes, frames and connects all the image points and / or image segments of the device.
- image point (or image segment) and elementary modulation cell also means the colorable, densifiable or opacifiable area and the corresponding elementary cell, whatever their shape and size, of light modulation devices which are not actual display devices, for example devices for variable transmission or variable reflection of light, and often only have a single elementary cell in particular and for example windows, display cases, screens, windshields, glasses, with variable transparency, light valves, shutters. variable reflection mirrors, light amplification devices.
- Coding of the image point or image segment the change in appearance of the image point or image segment, under the effect of the passage of electric current, whether it is a blackening, reflectivity, clouding or any other change in appearance.
- Solid consistency the consistency of a material having, in the absence of applied external constraints, the appearance of a solid.
- the solid consistency includes, without limitation, the consistency of a pasty medium of very high viscosity, the consistency of a thixotropic fluid in the resting state, the consistency of a gel or of a gelled medium, the consistency of '' a plasticized polymer film.
- Fluid consistency that of a liquid as opposed to the solid consistency as defined above.
- Frm-forming the ability to form a film in the existing blend system, which also includes the other constituents of the blend.
- “Primarily water-soluble” Water-soluble at least before incorporation into the electrolytic material or into a composition forming an electrolytic material. Once the electrolytic material has been formed, the original water-solubility of the resin can be partially or totally lost, reversibly or irreversibly, for example, following crosslinking by a crosslinking agent.
- “Layer” a film or film sheet of homogeneous, heterogeneous or composite material, generally having an extended surface relative to its thickness and preferably but not limited to at least substantially constant thickness. Such a layer can be simple or composite when it itself comprises several layers. Such a layer can be of unfractionated extent or, on the contrary, can be divided into layer portions. In the rest of the text, the term layer is used for this general meaning and any one of those of detail.
- Thin thickness of a layer of the electrolytic material A thickness preferably between a few microns and several tens of microns.
- Thin thickness of an electrode a thickness preferably between a few hundred Angstroems and several hundred microns.
- Thin thickness of a modulation device A thickness small in front of its surface, preferably between a few microns and several hundred microns, the thickness of a substrate not being able to be understood.
- Alloy The association or combination of several different metallic species, whether a solid solution, an intermetallic compound, a juxtaposition of crystallites of each metal or any other form of association or combination, obtained by codeposition of several metals.
- an improved elementary cell for modulating (by reflection or by transmission) of light can be formed by having a first electrode or working electrode, electronically conductive, transparent, in contact with a face of at least one layer (or portion of layer) of at least one improved material, in particular between around a few microns and several tens of microns thick, consisting at least of a homogeneous mixture, of at least:
- a salt or a mixture of salts of at least one metal which can be reversibly cathodically deposited and anodically oxidized from an aqueous solution of one of its simple or complex ions;
- said material having ionic electroconductivity, and further comprising a reversible auxiliary redox couple;
- said material being capable, reversibly a) developing by cathodic reduction of at least one electrodepositable metal ion present in the material a deposit of metal or metal alloy;
- the proportions of the salts are selected so that the proportion by weight of the salt or mixture of salts of at least one metal or non-electrodepositable cation is at least equal to that of the salt of at least one metal which can be reversibly deposited cathodically and anodically oxidized from an aqueous solution of one of its simple or complex ions; and that the mixture of salts is water-soluble.
- An image point or an image segment can be described, that is to say showing an increase in coloration in the region of the interface between the working electrode and the layer of improved material, by applying to the working electrode a negative electrical voltage on the order of a fraction of Volt at a few Volts relative to the counter-electrode for a certain period (writing phase); this image point or image segment thus written can be maintained, that is to say the increase in coloring for at least a certain time by suppressing the applied electric voltage (suppression of the potential difference applied externally) ( maintenance phase); it is also possible to maintain the written image point or image segment, generally for a longer duration than previously, by applying a writing voltage close to the electromotive force which the elementary cell can present in the written state; it is also possible (erasure phase) to erase from partially to completely the image point or segment of the written image, that is to say that the increase in coloring obtained during the previous writing phase is reduced or eliminated by passing a current between the
- the improved material used in the improved elementary cell has the characteristics that it has an ionic conductivity; that it has, according to a first embodiment, a solid consistency and has a plastic or viscoelastic deformability; that it has, according to a second embodiment, a fluid consistency; that it is conformable in a continuous thin layer; and that it has at least the functions not only to participate in writing or erasing an image point or image segment, but also to allow the passage of electric current between the working electrode and the counter-electrode during writing and during erasure and this by cathodic reduction of depositable metal ions which it contains, in combination with the working electrode, (writing phase); by anodic oxidation and reincorporation in the original state of the metal ions produced by this oxidation, in combination with the working electrode, (erasure phase); and finally by transporting in each direction, respectively, electric charges in ionic form, between the working electrode and the counter electrode, in an amount equal to the electric charges injected in electronic form to the
- An electrochromic light modulation, reflection or transmission process implemented by the improved cell and the improved material thus described comprises the following combination of phases: at least one such improved material is produced; at least one layer of at least one improved material with a thickness of between a few microns and several tens of microns is produced; the electrodes of the cell are placed in contact with the faces of said layer of improved material; during at least one writing phase, of a certain duration, a negative electrical voltage is applied to the working electrode with respect to that of the counter electrode, so that during this writing phase are written at least one image point or image segment; during at least one erasing phase, subsequent to a writing phase, an electric current is passed between the electrodes, the direction of which is opposite to that of the electric current of the phase writing, so that, during this erasing phase, the previously written image point or image segment is erased; the process being repetitive and possibly comprising several pairs of a writing phase and an erasing phase.
- the image point or image segment written is a surface delimited by a remarkably sharp outline, corresponding to the intersection of the orthogonal projections, on the screen surface of the cell, of the areas of the two electrodes and of the layer of improved material.
- the written image point or segment of image reproduces exactly the shape of the counter electrode, although it is formed at a certain distance from the latter, without any fuzzy or diffuse outline being observed, whatever the aspects previously described.
- the image point or image segment, once written, does not diffuse beyond its outline and is not diluted by the uncoloured or densified periphery.
- the delimitation of the contour of each image point or image segment which can be reduced to the intersection of the areas of a transparent electrode and of a counter electrode both elongated and of perpendicular general directions between them, the improved material having an area encompassing at least this intersection, lends itself to all the aspects that can be obtained for the image point or image segment for constructions of extreme simplicity and makes it possible to obtain very small image points or image segment as well as reducing to a minimum the intervals between the adjacent image points or image segment.
- the optical density or the reflectivity of the image point or image segment are uniform within its contour up to large dimensions of this image point or image segment, of the order from one to several square centimeters, without special precautions.
- a suitable geometry of the zones or points of supply or withdrawal of current that is to say zones of supply of electric current to the electrode of work and, possibly, on the counter-electrode 4, is necessary to ensure a current density sufficiently uniform to obtain a uniform optical density or reflectivity.
- the writing process can be implemented in such a way as to present a well-defined and high-value electrical voltage threshold, that is to say by applying an electrical writing voltage below this threshold to a cell. elementary, the image point or image segment is not written.
- a write voltage voltage threshold is essential for the multiplex addressing of a matrix display device.
- the erasure of the image point or written image segment is obtained by circulating in the elementary cell a current of opposite direction to that of the write current (write phase), which is obtained in particular generally either by applying to the electrodes an electric voltage in the opposite direction to that of the writing voltage; either, in the case where the cell has an electromotive force, by simple short circuit.
- the modulation method according to the invention makes it possible reversibly and repeatedly to write and erase image points or image segments.
- an image point is written by cathodic reduction in the region of the working electrode interface improved layer of material, of metal ions present in the layer of improved material of metal or metal alloy which electrocrystallizes according to modes individuals exhibiting remarkable characteristics of specular reflectivity or optical density, uniformity, contour precision, reflection or gray scale and absence of diffusion or dilution, etc. described above.
- the image point or image segment is deleted by anodic oxidation of the deposit of metal or metal alloy thus formed.
- the improved material is therefore already characterized at least by this dual function of ensuring this writing and of enabling this erasure.
- the metallic deposit formed in the interfacial region is capable of being redissolved by anodic oxidation, without it remaining residual deposit and without the massive reinjection of the metal ions produced by this oxidation into the improved material does not produce parasitic or harmful phenomena or processes (such as for example a local flocculation or "salting out" of the film-forming polymer).
- the cathodic deposition of metal or alloy according to the particular modes of electrocrystallization observed and its dissolution by anodic oxidation are obtained with layers of electrolytic material containing, according to the case, a single metal or several metals taken from most of the cathodically depositable metals alone or codepositive with several, or still not depositable alone, but codeposable with others, starting from an aqueous solution of their simple or complex ions or d '' a combination of them, in particular: zinc, cadmium, lead, silver, copper, iron, cobalt, nickel, tin, indium, platinum, palladium, gold, bismuth, antimony, tellurium, manganese, thallium, selenium, gallium, arsenic, mercury, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, associated with a large number of water-soluble film-forming polymer resins.
- halides of metals or non-electrodeposible cations preferably alkaline
- water-soluble salts in predominant concentration
- halide anions in substantially exclusive proportion
- This is for example the case of copper (I), indium (III), gold (I), silver (I), bismuth (III), lead (II), antimony (III), mercury (II), the use of which can thus be considerably extended in the improved material.
- the improved material without disadvantage for obtaining the optical densification of the image point or image segment with the characteristics mentioned above as well as without disadvantage for its erasure, contains, in addition to the electrodepositable cations already mentioned, metal ions or non-electrodepositable cations from an aqueous solution in proportion such that the salts of the latter are at a concentration by weight at least equal to that of the former.
- a layer of improved material according to the invention is generally a continuous layer, that is to say a non-granular, transparent or substantially transparent layer. Depending on the nature of the ions it contains, it can be colorless or colored. In the case where the elementary cell operates in transmission, in which case the counter-electrode is also a transparent electrode, the layer of improved material is left in this transparent or substantially transparent form and as faintly colored as possible, unless it also constitutes a color filter, for example for making colored dormers with variable transmission or color display devices.
- a masking and / or contrasting pigment compatible with the other constituents of the improved material such a pigment has the effect of masking the counter-electrode if the latter does not constitute a background of satisfactory color and / or contrast, to attenuate a possible colored tint of the improved material if such a coloration exists due to the composition and is not desirable and to constitute a background offering the most desirable contrast, for example with the black aspect or with the specular aspect of the written image point or image segment.
- a white pigment such as titanium dioxide, especially in the rutile and anatase crystalline forms, dispersed in particulate form in the layer of improved material or in only a fraction of the thickness of this layer makes it possible to obtain a particularly white background.
- a black pigment such as carbon black makes it possible to obtain a particularly black background.
- colored pigments can be used, alone or as a mixture, with a white pigment.
- the color of a colored pigment or dye present in the improved material gradually fades to black with practically no residual coloring when the optical density of an image point or segment d is gradually increased. 'picture. Everything happens as if the reflected or transmitted colored radiation (as the case may be) is filtered by the neutral gray screen produced by the written image point or image segment.
- This remarkable feature allows the realization of multi-color display devices by three-color additive synthesis with three electrolytic materials each colored according to one of the three primary colors.
- a black background gradually disappears when the reflectivity of an image point or image segment with specular appearance is gradually increased.
- the improved material according to the invention can comprise, as the case may be, the ions of a single metal or of several metals taken from among most of the cathodically depositable metals alone or co-depositable with several. It is thus possible, depending on the case, to change the conditions for obtaining the deposit of only one of these metals and / or to modify the particulars of writing or erasing and / or the appearance of such a deposit or else obtain by cathodic reduction an alloy which may have an appearance and / or writing and / or erasing characteristics and / or characteristics combining those of the metals deposited individually, but also have an appearance and / or characteristics and / or completely new peculiarities of writing and erasing, for example, with regard to memory (i.e. the persistence of coloring, specular reflection, densification or clouding of the image point or image segment in it absence of electric voltage imposed on the elementary cell).
- memory i.e. the persistence of coloring, specular reflection, densification or clouding of the image point or
- the water-soluble mixture of salts is hygroscopic and preferably deliquescent in the presence of atmospheric humidity.
- a layer or a film of improved material of a few microns to several tens of microns thick, not enclosed in a sealed enclosure, permanently maintains, up to very low atmospheric humidity, a high ionic electrical conductivity which allows the elementary modulation cell to operate with a voltage of a few Volts at most.
- This high ionic electrical conductivity is due to the fact that with hygroscopic salts, the layer of improved material retains a certain amount of water in equilibrium with atmospheric humidity.
- This internal water in which the salts are dissolved in very high concentration, provides the layer of improved material with a significant ionic conductivity which varies with atmospheric humidity but remains high until its lowest contents, with a value which depends on the degree of hygroscopicity or deliquescence of the salt combination chosen.
- this preferred mode of composition of the improved material it is possible to avoid sealing in a strictly watertight manner the improved elementary light modulation cell, unlike most of the electrochromic display devices of the prior art, which represents a considerable simplification of the manufacture of the cell or of the device and a reduction in its cost. Indeed, we can tolerate to a very large extent the effect of atmospheric moisture penetration into the cell and that of a loss of water contained in the layer of electrolytic material.
- Protective insulation of the cell or device is desirable or even necessary, in the event of the light modulation cell operating in extreme and / or aggressive atmospheres and / or corrosive, in order to limit or prevent access from the external environment to the components of the cell or of the device.
- the impact on the structure, the manufacturing problems and the costs is very different from that of the obligation to have to ensure each cell or group of cells or device a seal or a strictly waterproof protection capable of ensuring and to keep a strictly watertight protective insulation despite the thermal or mechanical constraints to which the cell or device may be subjected.
- a layer of improved material according to the invention by an appropriate choice of constituents and composition, has a solid consistency in the absence of external stresses applied, and exhibits, under the effect of such stresses, a plastic or viscoelastic behavior (whose characteristics depend in particular on the nature of the polymer resin, the degree of crosslinking). This behavior is of great importance. On the one hand, it allows the layer of improved material to be conformed to the flatness defects of one and / or the other electrode, as well as to a lack of parallelism between the two electrodes ensuring excellent physical contact and electric despite these faults.
- the latter remain linked and good physical and electrical contact remains ensured even if a global or local deformation affects the cell or the light modulation device thanks to the convenience of the improved material.
- this plastic or viscoelastic behavior increases the lifespan, that is to say the number of write-erase cycles accessible. It is known that the write and erase reactions of an electrochromic device cause local deformations and constraints due to the morphological changes associated with these electrochemical reactions.
- the physical properties mentioned above of the improved material of solid consistency with plastic or viscoelastic deformability make it possible to considerably simplify the construction of a cell or device for modulating light, to reduce the demands on the constituent materials and components and to allow the production in particular of very large display panels. Indeed, it is not necessary to provide a specific spacer intended to maintain a rigorous parallelism and precise spacing between the working electrode and the counter-electrode.
- a layer of improved material deposited by industrial application or coating techniques generally known in themselves such as an air knife, wire bar, squeegee, extrusion, calendering, screen printing, in particular is sufficient to constitute the spacer. and to define a spacing of sufficient precision.
- the support for the transparent working electrodes can be without disadvantage, for example, a plate of drawn glass.
- Very large surface display panels comprising a multiplicity of elementary display cells
- An improved material according to the invention by another suitable choice of the constituents and of the composition, has a fluid consistency.
- a fluid consistency is obtained in particular by the use of low molecular weight polymer resins and other conditions.
- a fluid consistency of the improved material makes it possible to use it, for example, in small light modulation devices where the two electrodes of each cell are rigid, by filling the intervals between the electrodes of the cells already formed.
- the improved material of solid consistency according to the invention exhibits adhesive properties and more specifically a tacky feel (known as "tack") or contact tack (known as a "pressure sensitive adhesion”).
- tacky feel known as "tack”
- contact tack known as a "pressure sensitive adhesion”
- resins can in particular and not be limited to hydroxyethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, or equivalent.
- the tacky surface may be greatly reduced or nonexistent; in these cases, the layer of improved material is advantageously formed in a composite manner with three superimposed layers, the two outer layers of which are formulated with the aid of a suitable resin and contain no crosslinking agent or contrasting pigment, or little enough to not not affect the sticky feel, the inner layer may be devoid of this sticky feel.
- an electrochemical reaction combined with that which occurs at the working electrode: an anodic oxidation if the other is a cathodic reduction, and vice versa.
- an auxiliary redox couple capable of reversibly passing from one of its terms to the other by electrochemical redox; in the absence of such a reversible auxiliary redox couple, the oxidation and reduction at the counter-electrode may involve the degradation of materials constituting the cell and / or the generation of gaseous species which disturb operation.
- the improved material according to the invention already intrinsically contains at least a first auxiliary redox couple which is precisely the redox couple which is used at the working electrode: the pair of metal ion (s) -metal or alloy.
- a first auxiliary redox couple which is precisely the redox couple which is used at the working electrode: the pair of metal ion (s) -metal or alloy.
- the same term of torque is present at the working electrode and the counter electrode, while the operation requires the presence of conjugate terms.
- An auxiliary redox couple of this type allows satisfactory operation by reflection if a masking pigment which conceals the counter electrode is incorporated into the improved material.
- transmission operation with an improved material which has remained transparent and a transparent counter electrode
- the improved material according to the invention can also contain, intrinsically, a second auxiliary redox couple whose reduced form is on the one hand water-soluble in the presence of the other water-soluble constituents of the material, and, on the other hand, colorless or slightly colored at the concentrations used.
- An auxiliary redox couple of this type allows satisfactory operation both in transmission and in reflection, avoiding in transmission the drawback mentioned above.
- the intrinsic presence of this second auxiliary redox couple in the improved material can have two origins: either when a simple or complex metal ion cathodically reducible in metal, introduced as such in the electrolytic material, can reversibly pass to a more oxidized degree Student ; this is the case, for example of
- Fe (II) ⁇ —> Fe (0) creates at the same time the auxiliary redox couple Fe (II) ⁇ —> Fe (III); either when one of the anions of the water-soluble mixture of salts of the electrolytic material can switch reversibly to a higher degree of oxidation: this is particularly the case for halide anions: for example, the presence of the chloride anion or the bromide anion creates at the same time auxiliary redox couples such as 2C1 " Cl 2 , 3Br ⁇ Br 3 "
- halide of metals or non-electrodeposible cations preferably alkali
- halide anions in substantially exclusive proportion gives these halide anions have a high complexing power making it possible to dissolve degrees of oxidation which would otherwise be sparingly soluble, insoluble or unstable, in particular in concentrated solution.
- This is for example the case of copper (I), indium (III), gold (I), which make it possible to constitute in the improved material the auxiliary redox couples Cu (I) ⁇ —> Cu ( II), In (I) ⁇ —> In (III) and Au (I) ⁇ —> Au (III).
- auxiliary redox couples such as 2C1 ⁇ ⁇ —> Cl 2 or 3Br ⁇ ⁇ —> Br ⁇ 3 are naturally present intrinsically
- Such presence of an auxiliary redox couple in the electrolytic material corresponds to a preferred composition of the particularly improved material.
- a very large number of materials, in particular commercially available materials, can thus directly be suitable as counter-electrode materials, in particular materials using semiconductors, carbon or graphite, cited in French patent FR-A-2618567.
- the improved material can be associated with a counter-electrode itself having redox couple properties, for example a counter-electrode formed of an anodically oxidizable metal in a reversible manner (such as, for example, lead to which the redox couple corresponds.
- a counter-electrode itself having redox couple properties
- a counter-electrode formed of an anodically oxidizable metal in a reversible manner such as, for example, lead to which the redox couple corresponds.
- Pb ⁇ —> Pb0 2 or even a counter-electrode covered with a layer of an oxide or solid compound capable of evolving reversibly between two different degrees of oxidation.
- An improved material according to the invention is a continuous material, that is to say non-granular, transparent, contrastable and opaque in its mass, of solid consistency and having plastic or viscoelastic deformability or of fluid consistency having a permanent ionic conductivity that it is moreover capable of preserving even if it is exposed to the atmosphere, and still capable of having a solid contact adhesive, which material, shaped into a layer or thin film, preferably of a few microns to several tens of microns thick, and placed in contact with a first electrode or working electrode, transparent, on one side and a second electrode or counter-electrode on the opposite side, constitutes and comprises both the electrochromic material, the electrolyte and an auxiliary redox couple of the light modulation cell thus constituted, and possibly the spacer, means for cohesion of the cell and means for maintaining the internal electrical contacts.
- an electrochromic material As an electrochromic material, it is liable to undergo, on contact with the transparent working electrode, a reversible change in color and / or optical density. By cathodic reduction, a metal or metal alloy is formed at the interface, thus appearing as a mirror, darkening or opacification and constituting an image point or image segment having a remarkable set of characteristics. By anodic oxidation, the metal or alloy is redissolved into metal ions, thus reconstituting the initial appearance of the medium. As an electrolyte, it has a high ionic conductivity due to its nature as a highly concentrated aqueous solution, a conductivity which it retains permanently even without strictly tight sealing in a preferred embodiment. As an auxiliary redox couple, it allows a reversible electrochemical reaction to be carried out at the counter electrode, which takes place at the same time at the working electrode.
- Such an improved material according to the invention consists at least of a homogeneous mixture of solid consistency comprising a mixture of at least:
- the proportions of the water-soluble salts are selected so that the weight proportion of the salt or mixture of salts of at least one metal or non-electrodepositable cation is at least equal to that of the salt or mixture of salts of at least one metal which can be reversibly cathodically deposited and anodically oxidized from an aqueous solution of one of its simple or complex ions, and which can comprise, in addition as necessary and not in a limited manner: at least one additional redox couple; at least one solid in particulate form dispersed in particular a contrasting pigment and / or masking at least one coloring agent; at least one acid; at least one crosslinking agent; at least one complexing agent; at least one dissolved or dispersed additive capable of improving the properties and the use of the improved material; at least one agent for forming and / or applying a layer or film of the improved material.
- these can be divided into at least two superimposed or nested layers each containing a different percentage of each constituent of the assembly.
- a layer or film of composite material according to the invention can be formed by superposition or nesting of at least two different improved materials.
- a composite layer comprising a non-adhesive film but mechanically very solid, constituted for example with a resin such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose crosslinked in the film, and one or two external layers less mechanically solid but contact adhesives, constituted for example with polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxyethylcellulose.
- the material consists of at least two improved materials each as defined above.
- the metals which can be used have already been mentioned. It is possible to use, as the case may be, a single metal or several metals taken from the cathodically depositable metals at 69 starting from an aqueous solution and the metals which do not deposit or do not deposit individually, but co-deposit with some of the preceding metals: Tungsten, Molybdenum, in particular. 5
- the metallic salts which can be used are ionic compounds in which the metal is present in the form of a cation or incorporated into a cationic complex, the anions of these compounds and other conditions, in particular of pH, being
- Suitable anions can be found for example from the following: chloride, nitrate, sulphate, borate, fluoride, iodide, bromide, fluoborate, fluosilicate, fluogallate,
- halide anions chloride, bromide, iodide, fluoride
- a deliquescent mixture of salts is generally obtained from individually deliquescent salts, but mixtures can be deliquescent without all of their constituents being so, and they can be more deliquescent, that is to say crystallize at a certain lower relative humidity than the most deliquescent of them.
- the presence, in the improved material, in combination with other metal ions, of copper ions even in very low relative concentration, is particularly advantageous, in particular as regards the ease of electrodeposition and redissolution, the reversibility of the process write-erase, the aspect of the deposit and the lifetime, ie the reversibility of the processes. It has surprisingly been found that the effect on the lifetime, in particular on the number of write-erase cycles, is further multiplied by giving, according to the invention to the halide anions a proportion substantially exclusive with respect to all of the anions and to the weight ratio of all of the water-soluble salts to the water contained a high value. This multiplication could result from the solubilization of copper (I). However, the invention is not linked to this hypothesis.
- a high ratio of the water-soluble (anhydrous) salts to the water contained in the improved material preferably greater than 0.5 and more preferably still greater than 1, has a favorable effect on all of the electro ⁇ optical characteristics of the cell.
- the initially water-soluble film-forming polymer resins which can be used include resins capable of forming true aqueous solutions and also resins capable of forming a colloidal dispersion in water. Mention may be made, by way of nonlimiting and purely indicative examples, of polymers such as polyoxyethylene, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose ethers such as, for example, hydroxyethylcellulose and carboxymethylcellulose, sodium alginate, gelatin, gum arabic, polyacrylamide, tragacanth, guaranate, polyethylene glycol, starch and its derivatives, polymers with basic functional groups, in particular quaternary ammonium, especially polyvinylpyridines, polyvinylamine, polymers with basic functional groups , especially carboxylic, in particular sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylic and polymethacrylic acids and their derivatives, in particular sulfonic, in particular polystyrene sulfonic and polyethylene sulfonic acids and their derivative
- polymer resins which give the improved material of solid consistency, contact adhesion properties (tacky contact or tacky contact), such as, for example, in a nonlimiting and purely indicative manner, the hydroxyethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, in particular, either to form a single layer or film, or to form at least one outer layer of a composite film.
- the water is in such quantity that on the one hand the electrolytic material retains its solid consistency in the absence of external constraints, on the other hand its relationship to the water-soluble salts, as was previously indicated.
- the metal cations which are not electrodepositable from an aqueous solution can be taken in a nonlimiting and purely indicative way among the alkalis, the alkaline-earths, aluminum, beryllium, most of the rare earths and, in a way general cations very reducing metals which are not electrodepositable in aqueous solution. They also include non-reducible cations in a metal, such as for example the ammonium ion, quaternary ammonium ions, in particular.
- the water-soluble salts of these cations must be understood as water-soluble in the presence of the other water-soluble salts of the material, that is to say chosen such that the mixture of all the salts present in the material is water-soluble.
- the alkalines and preferably lithium are found to be particularly advantageous.
- One or more solids can be homogeneously dispersed in the improved material in particulate form, in particular to improve or modify the mechanical properties, the appearance of the written image point or segment, the scattering and reflection of light.
- a solid is a masking and / or contrasting pigment having the functions of: masking the counter-electrode if it does not constitute a background of satisfactory color and / or contrast and constituting a background offering the most desirable contrast with the black or specular aspect of the image point or written image segment (for example, masking the black appearance of a carbon-containing counter-electrode and substituting for it a contrasting background, most often white, for an image point black); attenuate a possible parasitic color tint of the improved material by drowning it; and possibly create a particular colored contrasting background, with a view to producing colored light modulation devices; more specifically, create three colored backgrounds, each according to one of the three fundamental colors of the additive three-color synthesis with a view to producing multi-color display devices.
- a remarkably stable white pigment in most electrolytic media according to the invention and having a very high covering power as well as a high whiteness index is titanium dioxide, mainly in the rutile and anatase crystalline forms.
- the pigment can be used in cooperation with a colored pigment, either as a mixture or as an overlay in a composite layer of improved material, which makes it possible to modify the saturation of the color and / or to benefit for a colored background from the high covering power.
- titanium dioxide Such colored pigments are, for example, zinc chromium, minium, cobalt blue, chromium oxide, in particular. It is likewise possible to combine titanium dioxide and a soluble dye.
- a stable black pigment is carbon, especially in the form of carbon black.
- the level of pigment dispersed in the improved material can vary within wide limits, preferably between 0.1 and 50 parts by weight of pigment. for part of film-forming polymer resin.
- the improved material may comprise one or more dissolved or dispersed dyes, in order to produce colored filters with variable transmission or transparency for devices modulation such as colored skylights with variable transmission or transparency and colored display devices; more specifically with a view to producing three colored filters each according to one of the three fundamental colors of the additive three-color synthesis for the constitution of multi-color display devices.
- dyes in particular of the type used for gouaches and watercolors, can be used subject to their absence of chemical interaction with the other constituents of the improved material.
- the improved material can comprise, if necessary, one or more additional auxiliary redox couples, the reduced form of which is on the one hand water-soluble in the presence of the other water-soluble constituents of the material, and on the other hand, colorless or slightly colored with concentrations used, having in particular the functions of modifying the write voltage threshold, improving the reversibility of the write-erase process and increasing the number of possible cycles.
- additional auxiliary redox couples the reduced form of which is on the one hand water-soluble in the presence of the other water-soluble constituents of the material, and on the other hand, colorless or slightly colored with concentrations used, having in particular the functions of modifying the write voltage threshold, improving the reversibility of the write-erase process and increasing the number of possible cycles.
- metallic species having two degrees of oxidation the reduced form of which is soluble or soluble, according to the invention, for example by co plexation with halide anions.
- the improved material may further comprise an acid in an amount sufficient to maintain the pH at a suitable value and prevent hydrolysis and / or precipitation of the metallic species present and / or gelation or syneresis or flocculation of the resin in the improved material.
- an acid in an amount sufficient to maintain the pH at a suitable value and prevent hydrolysis and / or precipitation of the metallic species present and / or gelation or syneresis or flocculation of the resin in the improved material.
- the improved material of solid consistency may also comprise a crosslinking agent for the polymer resin, in order to reinforce its mechanical qualities, in particular the hardness and cohesion, of the layer of improved material.
- crosslinking agents for polymer resins such as polyfunctional compounds and resins, for example glyoxal, dimethylolurea, an epoxy compound, a carbodiimide, an isoxazole, dialdehyde starch, in particular.
- resins having for example carboxylic groups such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose
- polyvalent cations such as Zr (IV), Sn (IV), Al (III), in particular.
- the cation weight can preferably vary between 0.01 and 0.5 parts for a part of resin.
- crosslinking can be obtained spontaneously without the need to add an additional crosslinking agent.
- the conditions for using the crosslinking agent are chosen so that the crosslinking is carried out after constitution and application of the layer of improved material.
- a sufficiently low concentration associated with the presence of a volatile acid prevents significant crosslinking until the acid has not been removed by evaporation.
- the crosslinking of the resin reduces the adhesion capacity by contact of the layer of electrolytic material according to a preferred structure of the layer of improved material, a crosslinked layer, mechanically solid and coherent, but non-adhesive, is associated with one or two layers. less strong but adhesive external formed with a suitable resin not crosslinked.
- the improved material may also comprise a complexing agent (such as, for example, tartaric acid, citric acid, the oxalate anion, in particular) which can help to dissolve certain metal salts and / or facilitate co -deposition of several ions in a metal alloy.
- a complexing agent such as, for example, tartaric acid, citric acid, the oxalate anion, in particular
- the improved material may also comprise one or more compounds, substances, dissolved or dispersed constituents capable of improving the stability of the improved material and / or its optical, mechanical, electrical properties and / or the appearance and / or other characteristics of the image point or image segment, the reversibility of the write-erase process, the lifetime in particular, the number of cycles accessible without degradation, the write and erase speeds, the memory, the threshold of electrical writing voltage and electro-optical characteristics, and in particular the appearance of the dot-image.
- the improved material may also include one or more thin layer application agents of the improved material such as, for example, surfactants, plasticizers, in particular.
- the improved material may optionally contain residues of preparation, application or preservative agents specific to a particular method of manufacture or of application in a layer or film of the improved material or of a composition for forming the improved material.
- a particular preferred method of manufacturing the improved material of solid consistency and its implementation work in layers or thin films in elementary light modulation cells comprises the constitution of a fluid formative composition comprising at least the constituents of the improved material and a supplement of water, the latter in quantity such that the fluid formative composition has a fluidity suitable for the application or formation in a layer on at least one of the electrodes of an elementary light modulation cell and the treatment - in particular drying, heat treatment - optionally until obtaining solid consistency.
- fluid formative composition is meant a composition having, spontaneously or under the effect of applied external constraints, such as those necessary for its application in a layer, the properties of a fluid material, capable of constituting the improved material in its solid consistency. spontaneously by interruption of external constraints, by evaporation of an excess of water and / or volatile substances or also by induction of a solid consistency by various means and treatments.
- the fluid forming composition also includes the improved material in its final composition as long as it remains deformable without breaking continuously in the presence of applied external stresses.
- a fluid forming composition of the improved material is obtained by dissolving the water-soluble constituents and dispersing the insoluble constituents in water, optionally followed by the evaporation of part of this water or, on the contrary, by dilution by adding of water until the correct viscosity is obtained.
- the formative composition may also contain substances intended to facilitate its application or layer formation, such as for example surfactants, plasticizers.
- the fluid formative composition may contain agents which retard crosslinking, such as, for example without limitation, complexing agents, in particular; it can contain, to prevent hydrolysis of soluble salts in the event of extensive dilution, for example acids, in particular volatile acids.
- agents which retard crosslinking such as, for example without limitation, complexing agents, in particular; it can contain, to prevent hydrolysis of soluble salts in the event of extensive dilution, for example acids, in particular volatile acids.
- Such substances can be partially or completely removed from the layer of improved material, for example by evaporation if they are volatile, or on the contrary remain in the layer of said material.
- a remarkable feature of this possible method of manufacturing the improved material is that it makes it possible to conveniently adjust the viscosity of the forming composition between extreme limits, ranging from that of a liquid close to water to that of a paste. solid in the absence of external constraints. It is thus possible to adjust the viscosity to a value suitable for the chosen mode of application or formation in a thin layer, which can be taken from the techniques known per se of application or formation in layers, such as for example : screen printing, air knife, wire rod (known as "coating bar”), squeegee, extrusion, hardened, in particular, more generally all of the techniques known as "thick films".
- the formative composition is applied in a layer of thickness preferably between a few microns and several hundred microns depending in particular on its water content, so as to obtain a layer of improved material of thickness preferably between a few microns and several tens of microns, up to about a hundred, on at least one of the electrodes of the elementary light modulation cell. It is optionally dried (by hot air, infrared, exposure to the ambient atmosphere, in particular) until the material of solid consistency is obtained in its final composition. It can also be the subject, optionally of an additional treatment, for example a heat treatment, for example to obtain or accelerate the crosslinking of the resin.
- an additional treatment for example a heat treatment, for example to obtain or accelerate the crosslinking of the resin.
- the layer of improved material can be implemented in the elementary improved light modulation cell by application or formation of this layer in contact with one of the electrodes, followed by application of the other electrode in contact with the face. free of layer.
- the cohesion of the cell is ensured by the simple adhesion of the layer of improved material to each of the two electrodes.
- the direct formation of the material in a layer on a substrate such as one of the electrodes from a coated fluid forming composition and then dried can provide a natural adhesion to this substrate which can be much stronger than that of a layer of material that you train independently first and then join.
- the fluid forming composition can be coated or applied to an electrode in a single layer or in several consecutive layers with intermediate or simultaneous drying.
- the different layers can be identical to each other, but each layer can also be constituted with a different percentage of the total constituents, the whole containing them all. It is also possible to apply consecutive layers of improved material of different compositions. A layer of improved material with a composite structure is thus obtained.
- a lower layer can be formed, that is to say applied directly to the substrate with an easily crosslinkable water-soluble resin such as, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (and a crosslinking agent) and the upper layer with a resin providing a tacky or tacky contact feel such as, for example, hydroxyethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, etc.
- the composite layer of improved material thus formed adheres to the electrode on which it has been formed, has a high solidity and has a contact adhesive which allows, in possible mode of construction of the elementary modulation cell to constitute the latter by applying the second electrode on the sticky free surface of the composite layer to which it adheres.
- a first layer simple or composite
- a second layer simple or composite
- the layer of improved material may, in certain constructions, be common to all the elementary cells and occupy the entire surface of screen. In other constructions of the device, it can be distributed according to a surface configuration of layer portions, that is to say divided into independent portions of layer or layers of reduced area distributed over the screen, each specific to a cell. elementary or else each specific to a particular restricted group of elementary cells (for example common to cells of the same row or of the same column in a matrix display device). Obtaining such configurations with high resolutions is particularly easy with the present method of manufacturing layers of improved material, in particular thanks to the techniques of masks, stencils, silk screens, in particular, used in so-called "deposition" methods.
- thick films ". It is also possible, in a variant of the method, to constitute the layer of improved material on a temporary substrate, made of a non-stick material such as polytetrafluoroethylene, then to transfer it to one or the other of the two electrodes.
- a light modulation cell comprises, at least, in combination:
- a first electrode transparent or substantially transparent, and electronically conductive
- a second electrode spaced transversely from the working electrode and electronically conductive
- zones for supplying the electric current to the working electrode and the counter-electrode able in particular to allow on the one hand to apply to the working electrode a negative electric voltage relative to that of the counter-electrode, and, on the other hand, passing between the electrodes a current whose direction is opposite to that of the electric current resulting from the application of the previous voltage.
- An elementary light modulation device comprises at least: .
- a first electrode (working electrode) transparent or substantially transparent, and electronically conductive, optionally carried by a first substrate, or front substrate, transparent;
- Electric current leads in contact with the electric current areas
- An elementary device may further comprise means for masking and / or masking the periphery of the optically colorable zone (image point or image segment), if these means are not already intrinsically created by the components of the elementary device. It may also include means for isolating and protecting the components from the ambient atmosphere and / or means for maintaining the cohesion of the device and / or the permanence of the internal electrical contacts.
- An autonomous light modulation device comprises at least one such elementary device and generally a plurality, (in particular in the case of a display device) and in addition the extension to one or more connectors or one or more zones of electrical connection of the elementary devices and of the mechanical carrying means giving the device structural rigidity, all of which makes it possible to use this device as an autonomous unit.
- the complementary components of the autonomous device are in particular: mechanical support or substrates, case, encapsulation, internal connections, connector (s) or connection area (s), printed circuit, as has already been described.
- the extrinsic components or constituents of the different elementary devices can be combined and / or combined.
- Such an autonomous device for modulating light, in particular for display, using an improved material of solid consistency only comprises solid materials.
- the plastic or viscoelastic deformability or complacency of the electrolytic material of solid consistency allows it to marry a general curvature, if it exists, as well as local faults, and to provide the excellent physical and electrical contact necessary for operation. This is how, for example, transparent electrodes deposited on an ordinary drawn glass plate, suitable for the production of display devices.
- the adhesion of the layer of material improved at each electrode is enough to maintain the cohesion of the elementary cell and the quality and permanence of the electrical contact.
- the combination of the properties of plastic or viscoelastic deformability, of contact tacky of the improved material of solid consistency and of absence of the need for strictly waterproof sealing allows large panels not to be affected in their integrity or in their operation by the thermal and mechanical constraints mentioned.
- the working electrode consists of a material having both electronic conduction properties and substantial optical transparency, such as, for example, a thin layer, generally from a few tens to a few thousand Angstroms thick, d 'gold, tin oxide ("TO"), indium oxide, mixed tin and indium oxide (“ITO”), or equivalent, this list is not exhaustive and only indicative.
- a thin layer is generally deposited on a transparent substrate such as a glass plate or a plastic sheet which can then constitute a front substrate of the elementary device, and can even constitute a single front substrate of all of the working electrodes.
- a transparent substrate such as a glass plate or a plastic sheet which can then constitute a front substrate of the elementary device, and can even constitute a single front substrate of all of the working electrodes.
- individual of an autonomous device when the latter comprises a multiplicity of image points and / or image segments.
- the individual working electrodes are constituted by a configuration of transparent conductive thin layer portions deposited on such a single front substrate or are configured by selective attack of a single layer.
- the "NESA" glass from PPG INDUSTRIES consisting of a thin layer of tin oxide deposited on a glass plate, is an example of a transparent electrode and of a substrate which can be used in the invention.
- the counter electrode is constituted as the working electrode of a conductive and transparent material if the light modulation device is intended to operate by transmission or transparency. If it is a thin layer deposited on a transparent substrate of glass or plastic, the latter may constitute a single backing substrate for all of the counter-electrodes of a modulation device when this includes a multiplicity of image points and / or image segments. In this case, in the same way as the individual working electrodes, the individual counter-electrodes are formed by a configuration of thin transparent conductive layer portions deposited on such a single backing substrate or are configured by selective attack of a single layer. .
- the modulation device already comprises a single front substrate capable of forming a mechanical support for the device, it may be advantageous, in particular not to introduce any additional rigidity, to have counter-electrodes that are mechanically independent of each other. others and therefore not to constitute a single backing substrate.
- the counter electrode need not be transparent if the light modulation device is intended to operate by reflection. It then suffices for it to have electronic conduction properties. A very large number of homogeneous or composite materials with electronic conduction are likely to be suitable.
- counter-electrode materials are used which are in the form of sheets and thin layers, and preferably have in this form a certain flexibility or deformability.
- counter-electrode material a material, homogeneous or composite, from which it is possible to form a surface configuration of counter-electrodes.
- a material may for example be a flexible sheet of pyrolitic graphite, a plastic material charged with carbon or metal particles, a conductive paste for screen printing, a sheet of material plastic or glass, one side of which is covered with a thin layer of a transparent semiconductor oxide.
- Thin metallic sheets, flexible sheets of pure graphite can be used, for example, as a counter-electrode material.
- graphite or carbon (“RVC” and graphite “RVG” felts, carbon fabrics “TCM” and graphite “TGM” from Carbone-Lorraine, etc.), this list not being exhaustive and only indicative.
- composite conductive materials such as sheets of plastics or of elastomers (polyvinyl chloride, polyolefins, silicones, etc.) loaded with particles, fibers or flakes of substances having electronic conductivity, for example, metals: copper, silver, nickel, in particular (such as Tecknit "Conmax” sheets loaded with nickel, in particular), semiconductors: tin oxide, indium oxide, in particular, graphite or carbon (such as sheets “Condulon” from Pervel Industries, “Cabelec” from Cabot, “Abbey 100” from Abbey Plastics Corporation, Polyisobutylene loaded with graphite by Niklaus Branz, in particular).
- metals copper, silver, nickel, in particular (such as Tecknit "Conmax” sheets loaded with nickel, in particular)
- semiconductors tin oxide, indium oxide, in particular, graphite or carbon (such as sheets “Condulon” from Pervel Industries, “Cabelec” from Cabot, “Abbey 100" from Abbey Plastics Corporation
- an originally fluid conductive composition generally composed of a resin and a particulate electronic conductive filler and optionally a solvent, deposited on a substrate and then dried or polymerized, for example an ink.
- conductive paste serigraphable such as “Electrodag 423 SS” based on graphite from Acheson, "ACP-020J” based on copper and “TU-40S” based on graphite from Asahi Chemical, etc.
- a conductive varnish or conductive paint such as “Copalex 100” based on copper from Sho a Denko, “Electrodag 440AS” based on nickel and “Electrodag 5513” based on graphite from Acheson, “Acrylic-1” based on silver and “Latex 1000” based on carbon from Tecknit, "Electrodag 5406” from Acheson, etc.
- deposited in a thin layer by known techniques of serigraphy, spraying with spray, coating by blade air or helical wire rod, quenching, etc.
- an electrically insulating, impermeable or even porous or even perforated substrate for example, a thin sheet of electrically impermeable or perforated insulating plastic material or a sheet of a nonwoven of synthetic fibers.
- This arrangement can advantageously be implemented in a display device comprising a multiplicity of image points and / or image segments. It allows on a single insulating backing substrate, preferably in the form of a flexible thin sheet, to produce in a simple and economical manner. the entire configuration of the counter-electrodes using the thick film techniques mentioned above.
- This single insulating backing substrate can be permanent, that is to say constitute a definitive component of the display device.
- a counter-electrode of a device it is also possible, in another embodiment of a counter-electrode of a device, to deposit an originally fluid conductive composition using thick film techniques directly on the layer of improved material, itself possibly already beforehand. applied to the working electrode.
- a display device comprising a multiplicity of image points and / or image segments
- the preceding layer portions or reduced area layers forming a counter-electrode are mutually independent layer portions which may be, as the case may be. each specific to an elementary or common cell each to a particular restricted group of elementary cells, for example common to cells of the same row or of the same column.
- the foregoing fluid forming composition is prepared by dissolving the first six constituents in half of the total water. Hydroxyethylcellulose previously dissolved in the rest of the water is added thereto with stirring.
- This fluid forming composition has a viscosity suitable for being coated with a helical wire roller.
- a transparent electrode of mixed indium tin oxide ("ITO") adhering to a glass plate or to a transparent plastic plate or film several layers are successively applied, with intermediate air drying hot until solid, until a layer of improved material of about ten microns in total thickness is obtained; the extent of this layer, which is transparent and practically colorless, is limited to a disc of about 1 cm 2 in diameter.
- a second transparent electrode of mixed indium tin oxide is applied, also adhering to a glass plate, of dimensions greater than that of the improved material disc.
- the transmission light modulation cell thus obtained whose cohesion is ensured by the only adhesive properties of the layer of improved material, present in the zone defined by the disc of improved material higher optical transmission than in the peripheral zone which only has the two glass plates covered with "ITO"; this higher transmission is most certainly due to lower reflection losses at the electrode - improved material interfaces than at the electrode - air interfaces due to the higher refractive index of the improved material.
- a potential difference of 2.5 volts is applied between the transparent electrodes: a uniform progressive increase in the optical density of the cell is observed by transmission and by reflection on a surface exactly delimited by the disc of improved material.
- a uniform progressive increase in the optical density of the cell is observed by transmission and by reflection on a surface exactly delimited by the disc of improved material.
- By prolonging the application of the voltage it is possible to obtain in transmission the total opacification of the cell.
- a densification of the densified zone is observed until restoration of the transmission or initial transparency; arrived at this stage, it is necessary to remove the tension of erasure which would become a tension of writing and would initiate a new densification of the cell.
- the cell with variable transmission of light functions as a gray filter whose optical density can be varied continuously from the initial transmission or transparency by controlling the time during which the current is passed. It is observed that there is a voltage threshold of approximately 1.7 volts below which the cell is not densified. Such a threshold makes it possible, by applying to the cell an erasing voltage lower than this threshold, to lighten the cell without fear of re-initiating an increase in the optical density: the erasing voltage can be maintained without consequences beyond full enlightenment.
- this cell with variable light transmission can be operated in a temperature range from + 70 ° C to - 45 ° C, the extremes do not seem to constitute limits.
- a layer of improved material is applied to one of the transparent electrodes supported by its glass substrate and a second layer of improved material to the second transparent electrode supported by its glass substrate, and the cell is formed by joining the two half-cells by applying the two free faces against each other; the adhesion of the two layers together is sufficient to ensure the structural cohesion of the cell.
- the sodium carboxymethylcellulose is gradually crosslinked by the trivalent cations Bi (III) and divalent Cu (II) and is therefore crosslinked in the layer of improved material formed.
- This layer adheres to the surface on which it is formed but its free surface does not have contact tack.
- a layer of the above improved material is applied as in Example 1: each layer adheres to the corresponding transparent electrode, but does not have a sticky feel on its face free.
- a very thin layer of the fluid formative composition of Example 1 is then applied to the free face of one of these 2 layers, which is dried, and the two halves of the cell are combined, the cohesion of which is then maintained by with the contact adhesive of the last layer applied.
- the properties of the transmission cell thus formed are substantially the same as those of Example 1, with the exception of its open circuit memory, that is to say the duration of the persistence of densification after removal of the source of tension, which is much greater.
- the ratio in this improved material between the weight of the water-soluble salts and that of water is 0.56, the ratio between the weight of the salts of non-electrodepositable cations and that of the metals electrodepositable from an aqueous solution is 3.8 , and the halide anions represent 100% of the anions present.
- the pH of the improved material is about 3.5.
- a light modulation cell by transmission is manufactured with this improved material in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the characteristics of this cell are substantially the same as those of the previous one; however, the open circuit memory, that is to say the duration of the persistence of the densification after removal of the voltage source, is much greater.
- Example 4 The following fluid composition is prepared:
- the ratio between the weight of the salt of non-electrodepositable cations and that of the electrodepositable metals is 28, and the halide anions represent more than 95% of the anions present.
- a light modulation cell by transmission is manufactured with this improved material in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the characteristics of this cell are however different from those of the example 1 on several points.
- the cell presents by reflection a specular aspect, that is to say an aspect of mirror whose reflectivity increases with time during which the electric current is passed; this specular reflectivity is observed on each side of the cell, that is to say that the cell has a mirror appearance on each of its faces.
- specular aspect that is to say an aspect of mirror whose reflectivity increases with time during which the electric current is passed; this specular reflectivity is observed on each side of the cell, that is to say that the cell has a mirror appearance on each of its faces.
- the optical density increases with the current passage time as with the cell of Example 1, but it is significantly lower for the same electrical charge.
- the memory is very short. This modulation cell of the light therefore behaves like a semi-reflecting mirror with variable semi-reflection.
- hydroxyethylcellulose is replaced by the following water-soluble film-forming polymer resins:
- Example 6 The following composition is directly prepared
- This material which has the consistency of a thick syrup, is directly usable as an improved material.
- a drop of this material is deposited on a glass plate covered with "IT0" fitted with 12-micron thick shims, and this drop is crushed with a second glass plate covered from "ITO” until it comes to a stop on the holds.
- the transmission light modulation cell thus obtained has characteristics close to those of the cell of Example 1 with a larger memory.
- An improved, directly usable material is obtained, the consistency of which is that of a thick, flowable paste. We use it in the same way as the previous one, but in having to use much greater efforts for its deformation.
- This liquid composition is directly usable as an improved material.
- a matrix display device is constituted comprising a multiplicity of elementary cells for modulating light by transmission using two glass plates each covered with a transparent conductive layer of tin oxide ("TO"), this layer being configured in parallel strips of 250 microns wide with a pitch of 375 microns.
- the two plates are arranged so that the two arrays of bands are orthogonal; they are separated by a 12 micron thick joint and constitute a sealed cell.
- the cell is filled with the improved liquid material by suction using two openings which are then closed so as to constitute a strictly sealed cell.
- the square image point constituted by the intersection of the orthogonal projections of the two bands is selectively densified, without densifying the adjacent image points and without the densified image point diffusing or diluting in the adjacent image points.
- a matrix display panel by high resolution transmission has thus been constituted.
- Water 91.0 which corresponds to the improved material whose composition in equilibrium with an atmospheric relative humidity of 50% is:
- the ratio in this improved material between the weight of the water-soluble salts and that of water is 0.93
- the ratio between the weight of the non-electrodepositive cation salt and that of the electrodeposible metals from an aqueous solution is 3.35
- the halide anions represent 100% of the anions present.
- a 6 mm diameter disc is cut from the following thin flexible flexible counter electrodes:
- a layer of Demetron silver lacquer "200" is deposited on the back of each disc. These discs are then applied (with an interval between them) on the layer of improved material. Finally, connect the back of each disc to an edge of the glass plate using a self-adhesive copper tape "EZ" from Bishop resting on a self-adhesive polyester tape which isolates it from the layer of improved material. and the transparent electrode; this copper tape, which can be easily connected from the edge of the plate to an external voltage source, is electrically secured to the counter electrode using a drop of "200" silver lacquer. Finally, a peripheral bead of silver lacquer is applied to the periphery of the transparent electrode which makes it possible to connect the transparent electrode to the external source of voltage. Neither the counter electrodes nor the connections are visible or perceptible through the opaque white layer of improved material.
- the discs thus applied have a certain adhesion to the layer of improved material, but this adhesion is variable from one disc to another and irregular from one point to another of the same disc (which results in operation by heterogeneities of optical density). Pressure is then exerted on each disc to obtain and maintain satisfactory electrical contact.
- a difference in potential of 1.5 Volt between each disc-shaped counter-electrode and the transparent electrode is then applied to the reflection light modulation cells thus formed.
- the latter is negatively polarized with respect to the counter-electrode.
- a darkening of each cell is observed by reflection in an area exactly delimited by the projection of the disc constituting the counter-electrode.
- the optical density is uniform within each area and can be varied according to a continuous gray scale by modulating the time according to which the current is passed. We notice that at saturation, we get a printing ink black of particularly deep tone.
- a potential difference of opposite direction also of 1.5 Volts the optical density created is erased and the initial white appearance is restored. It is observed that the application of the erasing voltage can be extended beyond the total erasure without visible disadvantage.
- the density obtained for the same duration of application of the writing voltage varies according to the counter electrode, which indicates likely differences in impedance.
- Example 8 The tests of Example 8 are repeated, but by applying on the front (that is to say on the face intended to be in contact with the improved material) of each counter-electrode, before cutting the discs, a layer of ten microns of the improved material of example 1, according to the procedure of this example 1.
- the discs thus coated are then applied to the layer of improved material of Example 8 covering the transparent electrode on its glass substrate: this time, the discs remain bonded and the cohesion of the cells is maintained without it being necessary to apply pressure; similarly, without pressure applied externally, the operation of each cell is uniform.
- Example 8 The tests of Example 8 are repeated, but by applying to the front of each counter-electrode, before cutting the discs, a layer of the fluid formative composition of Example 8 until a layer of around 40 is obtained. microns after drying.
- hydroxyethylcellulose is replaced by the following water-soluble film-forming polymer resins:
- non-electro-depositable metal salts are likewise extended to lithium chloride and calcium bromide and to mixtures between them of these salts and lithium bromide. Improved materials are obtained whose behaviors in the light modulation cells are similar, the differences apparently being mainly related to memory.
- Example 12 The following fluid formative composition is prepared:
- the water is evaporated until it is in equilibrium with a relative humidity of approximately 50%.
- the improved material thus obtained has a consistency of toothpaste. It is possible to constitute cells and devices for modulating light by reflection with this material by laminating it in a layer of a few microns to a few tens of microns on a glass plate covered with a suitably configured transparent conductive layer, then by applying to the free face of the material a counter-electrode or a configuration of counter-electrodes, or even by crushing it between two of these plates.
- Lithium bromide 18.0 parts by weight Bismuth (III) chloride 5.2 Copper (II) chloride 0.01 Iron (III) chloride 0.01
- This liquid composition is directly usable as an improved material.
- a matrix display device is constituted comprising a multiplicity of elementary cells for modulating light by reflection using two glass plates each covered with a transparent conductive layer of tin oxide ("TO"), this layer being configured in parallel strips of 250 microns wide with a pitch of 375 microns.
- One of the plates has its conductive strips covered, for example by screen printing, with a layer of a few microns of carbon or of particulate graphite dispersed in a binder, such as for example graphite-based ink for screen printing "Electrodag 423 SS "by Acheson.
- the two plates are arranged so that the two arrays of bands are orthogonal; they are separated by a 12 micron thick joint and constitute a sealed cell.
- the cell is filled with the improved liquid material by suction using two openings which are then closed so as to constitute a cell sealed in a strictly watertight manner. This waterproof seal prevents the evaporation of water.
- the square image point formed by the intersection of the orthogonal projections of the two bands is selectively densified, without densifying the adjacent image points and without the densified image point diffusing or diluted in the adjacent image points.
- a matrix screen display by high resolution reflection has thus been constituted.
- the weight ratio between the salts of non-electrodepositable cations and the salts of electrodepositable cations being respectively 13, 28, 40, and 17.
- Light modulation cells are formed with these fluid forming compositions according to the methods described in Example 10, using the composite counter-electrodes 8.3.2. and 8.3.3. using a layer of particulate carbon or graphite dispersed in a binder, this layer being itself applied to an impermeable conductive support such as a flexible plastic sheet loaded with divided carbon.
- the cells thus formed appear all black, the improved materials all transparent not masking the carbonaceous counter-electrodes.
- each By applying a voltage of 1.5 volts between the electrodes of each cell, each develops a specular reflectivity, that is to say that each cell changes from a black appearance to a mirror appearance.
- the reflectivity increases with the passage time of the current.
- the specular reflectivity attenuates and disappears and we go back from the mirror aspect to the dense black aspect.
- the specular reflectivity developed depends on the improved material used: with B and especially D, we develop clear mirrors with high reflectivity having the appearance of a classic silver mirror; with C, we develop a dark mirror; with B, one passes according to the electrical conditions from a specular aspect to a non-specular shiny appearance.
- the lead chloride was substituted for the mercury (II) chloride with similar characteristics.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR90/14084 | 1990-11-13 | ||
FR9014084A FR2669121B1 (fr) | 1990-11-13 | 1990-11-13 | Materiau ameliore et cellule pour la modulation de la lumiere et procede de fabrication. |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1992009004A1 true WO1992009004A1 (fr) | 1992-05-29 |
Family
ID=9402132
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR1991/000879 WO1992009004A1 (fr) | 1990-11-13 | 1991-11-08 | Materiau et cellule electrochromique pour la modulation de la lumiere et procede de fabrication |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0510164A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JPH05503378A (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2073565A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2669121B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1992009004A1 (fr) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0592327A1 (fr) * | 1992-10-09 | 1994-04-13 | Alpine Polyvision Inc. | Procédé de formation sélective et de croissance différentielle d'une nouvelle phase solide par voie électrochimique. Application aux matrices de points-image |
WO2003001289A1 (fr) * | 2001-06-26 | 2003-01-03 | Sony Corporation | Dispositif d'affichage et son procede de fabrication |
CN112162440A (zh) * | 2020-09-25 | 2021-01-01 | 华南理工大学 | 一种电致变色器件及其制备方法与应用 |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1998014825A1 (fr) * | 1996-10-01 | 1998-04-09 | National Label Company | Appareillage et procede destines a l'assemblage de cellules electrochromiques |
US6111685A (en) * | 1997-12-19 | 2000-08-29 | Rockwell Science Center, Llc | Reversible electrochemical mirror (REM) with improved electrolytic solution |
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US4116535A (en) * | 1976-05-10 | 1978-09-26 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Picture display cell with memory effect |
EP0300915A1 (fr) * | 1987-07-24 | 1989-01-25 | ALPINE POLYVISION, Inc. | Matériau pour la modulation de la lumière et procédés de fabrication |
EP0392694A2 (fr) * | 1989-04-14 | 1990-10-17 | Ford Motor Company Limited | Dispositifs électrochromes comprenant des sels métalliques dans un conducteur ionique |
-
1990
- 1990-11-13 FR FR9014084A patent/FR2669121B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1991
- 1991-11-08 CA CA002073565A patent/CA2073565A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 1991-11-08 WO PCT/FR1991/000879 patent/WO1992009004A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1991-11-08 JP JP50118191A patent/JPH05503378A/ja active Pending
- 1991-11-08 EP EP19910920711 patent/EP0510164A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
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US4116535A (en) * | 1976-05-10 | 1978-09-26 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Picture display cell with memory effect |
EP0300915A1 (fr) * | 1987-07-24 | 1989-01-25 | ALPINE POLYVISION, Inc. | Matériau pour la modulation de la lumière et procédés de fabrication |
EP0392694A2 (fr) * | 1989-04-14 | 1990-10-17 | Ford Motor Company Limited | Dispositifs électrochromes comprenant des sels métalliques dans un conducteur ionique |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0592327A1 (fr) * | 1992-10-09 | 1994-04-13 | Alpine Polyvision Inc. | Procédé de formation sélective et de croissance différentielle d'une nouvelle phase solide par voie électrochimique. Application aux matrices de points-image |
FR2696845A1 (fr) * | 1992-10-09 | 1994-04-15 | Alpine Polyvision Inc | Procédé de formation sélective et de croissance différentielle d'une nouvelle phase solide par voie électrochimique. Application aux matrices de points-image. |
WO1994009476A1 (fr) * | 1992-10-09 | 1994-04-28 | Alpine Polyvision Inc. | Procede de formation selective et de croissance differentielle d'une nouvelle phase solide par voie electrochimique |
WO2003001289A1 (fr) * | 2001-06-26 | 2003-01-03 | Sony Corporation | Dispositif d'affichage et son procede de fabrication |
US7072091B2 (en) | 2001-06-26 | 2006-07-04 | Sony Corporation | Display element and production thereof |
CN112162440A (zh) * | 2020-09-25 | 2021-01-01 | 华南理工大学 | 一种电致变色器件及其制备方法与应用 |
CN112162440B (zh) * | 2020-09-25 | 2021-11-23 | 华南理工大学 | 一种电致变色器件及其制备方法与应用 |
Also Published As
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FR2669121B1 (fr) | 1993-03-12 |
JPH05503378A (ja) | 1993-06-03 |
FR2669121A1 (fr) | 1992-05-15 |
CA2073565A1 (fr) | 1992-05-14 |
EP0510164A1 (fr) | 1992-10-28 |
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