WO1990003095A1 - Dispositif generateur d'arc electrique - Google Patents

Dispositif generateur d'arc electrique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1990003095A1
WO1990003095A1 PCT/AU1989/000396 AU8900396W WO9003095A1 WO 1990003095 A1 WO1990003095 A1 WO 1990003095A1 AU 8900396 W AU8900396 W AU 8900396W WO 9003095 A1 WO9003095 A1 WO 9003095A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
arc
electrode
electrodes
power source
control
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/AU1989/000396
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Ashley Grant Doolette
Walter Tilman Oppenlander
Subramania Ramakrishnan
Original Assignee
Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation
Siddons Ramset Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation, Siddons Ramset Limited filed Critical Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation
Priority to DE68926787T priority Critical patent/DE68926787T2/de
Priority to EP89910405A priority patent/EP0436576B1/fr
Priority to US07/663,916 priority patent/US5227603A/en
Publication of WO1990003095A1 publication Critical patent/WO1990003095A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/48—Generating plasma using an arc
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • H05H1/3452—Supplementary electrodes between cathode and anode, e.g. cascade
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/42—Plasma torches using an arc with provisions for introducing materials into the plasma, e.g. powder, liquid

Definitions

  • ELECTRIC ARC GENERATING DEVICE This invention is concerned with the generation of .electric arcs and is particularly although not exclusively concerned with plasma torches for spraying, arc heaters and arc furnaces.
  • an electric arc is to be understood as an electric discharge in a gaseous medium sustained between spaced electrodes by the passage of relatively large currents and characterised by low voltage drops at the cathode.
  • the properties of the electric arc are influenced by a number of parameters such as the arc current, the fluid dynamics, the containment, the electrode material temperature and shape, the external magnetic fields (if used), and the gas in which the arc burns.
  • the gas in an electric arc attains very high temperatures (6000 - 30000 K) and for that reason electric arcs have been proposed for use in a variety of industrial processes and applications which require very high temperatures.
  • an electric arc at a current of hundreds of amperes is allowed "to burn between two electrodes within a chamber which may be identified as a plasma torch, or an arc heater, or an arc reactor.
  • Gas of suitable composition is forced to flow through the arc region of the heater so that the thermal energy liberated by the arc is transferred to the gas to- produce a high-temperature gas stream at the exit of the arc heater.
  • This high-temperature gas produced by the arc heater can be used for the treatment of materials at high temperatures or the treatment of surfaces.
  • U.S. patent 3,832,519 ( estinghouse) is directed to an electric arc reactor which has been considered useful in the destruction of hazardous waste at high temperatures.
  • the APG (“NOVA") advanced plasma gun developed by Metco and which is the subject of U.S. Patent 4,780,591, is another example of an arc heater used for melting and spraying of powders.
  • the material to be treated is injected into the region of the electric arc within an arc reactor to increase the resident time of the material in a high- temperature environment.
  • Patent application PCT/AU89/00216 entitled “Electric Arc Reactor” describes a method of injecting material into the core of an electric arc.
  • Effective and broad ranging control of arc power is important in devices such as plasma spraying torches, arc heaters and arc reactors for material treatment to attain high process efficiency and quality.
  • the ability to select any of a variety of methods and location of material feed is also important, but the majority of prior devices only provide for injection of material near the exit of the device and therefore away from a location at which direct interaction with the arc would be possible. If material is fed in such a way that interaction of the material with the electric arc takes place, then a control of the power distribution within the arc region is important. That will also apply when the material is fed further downstream into the arc flame.
  • the main method of control of arc power is achieved by operating the arc at different levels of arc current and/or by changing the composition and the flow rate of the gas in which the arc burns.
  • the main control parameter is the arc length which is effected by moving mechanically one of the electrodes of the arc with respect to the other while maintaining the arc current to be the same.
  • Arc heaters have also been proposed in which arc lengthening is achieved by the use of electrical switches during the start-up of the heater, and an example of such a heater is the well known Tioxide torch.
  • the invention also contemplates an improved method of treating material by controlling the interaction of the material with or influence by an electric arc, and the nature of that method, in its various possible forms, will be apparent from the following description.
  • an electric arc generating device including, a first electrode, at least two further electrodes, supply means for connecting an electrical power source between said first electrode and any one or more of said further electrodes so as to cause an arc to be generated between said first electrode and a said further electrode, and control means which is operative to repetitively change the path of said arc between said first electrode and said further electrodes and thereby control the distribution of power within the arc zone, said control means including electrical means which imposes an electrical influence on said arc path.
  • a method of operating an electric arc generating device having a first electrode and at least two further electrodes, including the steps of connecting an electrical power source to said electrodes so as to cause an arc to be generated between the first electrode and one of said further electrodes, controlling the distribution of power within said arc by repetitively changing the path of said arc, and at least contributing to said control by repetitively modifying the influence of said power source on one or more of said further electrodes.
  • a device is characterised in that the electric arc can be generated between different electrodes within a group of three or more electrodes.
  • one electrode forms the cathode and there are two or more anodes which are individually controllable electrically as required.
  • the fundamental feature of the invention is the use of three or more electrodes and controlled activation of those electrodes in such a way that the path and the distribution of the electric current flowing from the electric arc to the external power source are varied to control the total arc power and its distribution within the electric arc.
  • gases and material such as powders and liquids, can be fed into the arc or the region of the arc in various ways and at various locations.
  • Such feed may involve directing material laterally into the arc column at a location between the ends of that column, and that can be effected through passageways provided between the electrodes.
  • material may be introduced into the device at either end of the arc, and the direction of introduction can be lateral or axial.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of one embodiment of the invention
  • Figure 2 is a diagrammatic representation based on Figure 1 showing changes in the arc path
  • Figure 3 is a diagrammatic representation of another embodiment of the invention
  • Figure 4 is a diagrammatic representation of yet another embodiment of the invention.
  • the device of Figure 1 includes a core electrode 1 which, by way of example, functions as a cathode and is of generally conical form, and two or more annular ring electrodes 2, 3 and 4, each of which has the potential to function as an anode in the particular example shown.
  • the electrodes 1, 2, 3 and 4 are arranged in substantially coaxial relationship as shown and the ring electrodes 2, 3 and 4 are arranged in axially spaced relationship.
  • the core electrode 1 could be axially spaced from the nearest ring electrode 2, but in the example shown, it intrudes into the ring electrode 2. It is possible that one of the electrodes of the device is a consumable electrode in the form of wire, for example, which is replenished by a suitable electrode-feeding system. Appropriate cooling means can be provided for each of the electrodes 1 to 4.
  • the core electrode 1 could be of rod-like form and contain a cavity as described in patent application PCT/AU89/00216 entitled "Electric Arc Reactor". In that regard, the disclosure of the specification of that earlier application is to be understood as being imported by cross reference into the present specification.
  • the electrode 1 could be a ring electrode. Any configuration of electrodes which permits changing of the arc path and employment of suitable gas/material flow, could be adopted.
  • An axial feed passage 5 is shown extending through the core electrode 1 of the Figure 1 device. That passage 5 can be used to inject gas and/or other material into and through the central openings 6 of the ring electrodes 2, 3 and 4.
  • the arrow 7 represents feed of gas and/or other material into the passage 5, and the block 8 represents means which may be provided to permit regulation of the rate of flow of gas and/or other material into the passage 5.
  • Feed passages for gas and/or other material may be provided between any two adjacent electrodes 2, 3 and 4, and the arrows 9 represent the feed of material into such passages. Those passages may be additional to, or alternative to, the passage 5, and it will be convenient to hereinafter refer to those passages as lateral feed passages. Gas and/or other material can also be introduced into the device at a location beyond the last ring electrode 4 in the group as is represented by arrows 10. Gas fed into the device at a location before the last ring electrode 4 emerges as a jet from the central opening of that electrode 4.
  • passive spacers may be located between each two adjacent ring electrodes, in which event the aforementioned lateral feed passages may be formed through such spacers.
  • the gas composition to be used with the device may vary according to the use application of the device, but could be argon, nitrogen, air, or any mixture of inert and reactive gases. The material from which the electrodes are made will need to be selected to suit the circumstances of use.
  • each injection or feed introduction point can be used at each injection or feed introduction point as referred to above.
  • the injection be substantially uniform around the axis of the device and in a direction having a tangential component so as to induce swirl in the gas stream. That swirl characteristic tends to cause the point of attachment between the arc and each electrode to rotate about the relevant surface of the electrode, thereby reducing localised heating and erosion of the electrode.
  • the swirling action also assists in stabilising- the arc column and mixing of the injected material and its interaction with the arc.
  • the device may include means whereby an axial magnetic field can be generated so as to assist the rotation of the points of arc attachment to the electrodes.
  • Material to be treated by the device can be of any suitable form.
  • that material can be in the form of wire or the like, solid particles or liquid droplets, and in either case the material can be introduced suspended in a gas stream introduced at any one of the injection points referred to above. Injection into the arc can be achieved in the manner described in the cross referenced patent application PCT/AU89/00216. Furthermore, the type and form of the material can be different at each injection point.
  • An appropriate power source 11 is provided to enable the activation of the electrodes as shown diagrammatically in Figure 1 and control means 12 is provided for controlling individually the current drawn by the electrodes 2, 3 and 4.
  • control means 12 includes means for controlling the power source 11 and further means for controlling a number of current control elements 13, each of which is connected to a respective one of the ring electrodes 2, 3 and 4.
  • the current control element 13 connected to each ring electrode 2, 3 and 4 can be in the form
  • control elements 13 connected to the ring electrodes 2, 3 and 4 are controlled in such a way that the current flowing in each of the individual element 2, 3 and 4 is adjusted to yield a desired current distribution and hence a power distribution in the device.
  • the power source 11 may be a constant-current type power source to maintain the required overall current through the device, or the source may be suitably controlled to give an optimum overall power.
  • the ring electrodes 2, 3 and 4 may be operated as cathodes or anodes of the electric arc by connecting them to either the negative or the positive terminal of the power source 11.
  • FIG 2 shows, in diagrammatic form, the consequences of the control system shown in Figure 1.
  • an arc 14 may be generated between the electrodes 1 and 2, and suitable operation of the control means 12 can create a change in the electrical influence on the arc 14 such that its path is shifted.
  • the downstream root 15 of the arc 14 can be caused to shift from the electrode 2 to the electrode 3, and subsequently to the electrode 4 if desired.
  • the extent of the arc path is thereby changed as shown in broken line in Figure 2.
  • control means 12 By suitable operation of the control means 12, it is possible to achieve rapid and repetitive changes in the arc path and thereby effectively control the power and power density distribution within the electrical arc device. That power distribution may be controlled in terms of space (extent of influence) and/or time (frequency and timing of change) . In some circumstances, it may be desired to maintain a predetermined level of power and/or extent of distribution over a period of time, and that can be achieved by repetitive changing of the arc path to compensate for changes in power level and/or distribution which would otherwise occur. Suitable control parameters may be imposed on the control means 12 through a suitable source 16 as shown diagrammatically in Figure 1.
  • Change in arc path need not be controlled solely by electrical influence as described above.
  • the rate of flow of gas and/or material through the device, and particularly through the zone of the arc 14, can have an influence on the extent of the arc. Consequently, variation of that flow rate can be a factor in controlling changes in the arc path.
  • the flow rate can be adjusted by operation of the regulator means 8 ( Figure 1). That same means 8, or similar means, can be used to regulate the flow rate at the material feeds 9 and 10.
  • the change in arc path can be sudden or progressive according to requirements. In the latter case, it may happen that the arc 14 is split, at least temporarily, so as to have two paths.
  • one path of the split arc may extend to the electrode 2 and the other path may extend to the electrode 3. That is, there will be two downstream root attachments 15 which are spaced apart in the axial direction of the device, and a single upstream root attachment 17 ( Figure 2) .
  • Figure 3 shows, in diagrammatic form, an arrangement which is a variation of that shown in Figure 1.
  • Components of that variation which correspond to components of the Figure 1 arrangement, will be given like reference numerals, but in the number series 100 to 199.
  • Insulating means 119 is provided between adjacent electrodes in the Figure 3 arrangement, and passages for the material feeds 109 can be provided in some or all of those insulating means 119.
  • the control of the current distribution between the ring electrodes 102, 103, 104 and 118 is achieved by the use of appropriate switching means 113 which can operate at either a slow rate or at a rapid rate in comparison with the thermal times associated with the arc, or the material being treated by the device, so that the arc is kept in a substantially quasi-static condition.
  • Initiation of the arc is effected by applying a suitable trigger voltage between the core electrode 101 and the adjacent ring electrode 102.
  • the electrode 102 is rendered active by connecting that electrode to the power source 111 with the respective switch means 113 in a closed position.
  • the respective switch means 113 connected to each of the other ring electrodes 103, 104 and 118, may be left in a closed or an open position depending on material/gas flow conditions through the device. Immediately after arc initiation, the arc will burn between the core electrode 101 and the ring electrode 102.
  • the arc can be transferred to burn between the core electrode 101 and any one of the other ring electrodes 103, 104 and 118, by closing the respective switch means 113 connected to the required ring electrode and opening the switch means 113 connected to the ring electrode 102.
  • the switch means 113 connected to the ring electrode 104 is closed and the switch means 113 connected to ring electrode 102 is then opened.
  • the direction of gas flow through the device, the electrical conductivity of the hot gas, the voltage of the power source 111 and any overvoltages created by inductances in the system assist the arc transfer to the required ring electrode.
  • the extent of the change in the arc path length may be such that it is necessary to transfer the arc sequentially from an upstream ring electrode to an adjacent downstream electrode so as to guard* against extinction of the arc.
  • the arc burning between the core electrode 101 and a ring electrode located in the downstream region of gas flow can be transferred back or retracted to a ring electrode located in a region upstream of the arcing electrode by closing the switch means connected to the new arcing electrode and if necessary, opening the switch means connected to the old, downstream, arcing electrode.
  • the switch means 113 connected to ring electrode 103 is closed; and the switch means 113 connected to ring electrode 104 may be opened or left closed depending upon the gas flow conditions.
  • Additional transfers and consequent extension or retraction of the arc column can be achieved in a device having more than three ring electrodes.
  • the switching between ring electrodes can be achieved in such a sequence as to produce a required current distribution within the arc.
  • the distribution of power released in the arc varies thereby providing a means of controlling the arc power and its other properties such as temperature, pressure, etc.
  • the device can be operated in at least two basic modes of controlled operation. In one mode (termed for convenience as the slow mode of operation), the arc can be allowed to burn on any one of the ring electrodes for a duration (of approximately 0.1 second or longer), which is large in comparison with the thermal time constant of the arc, before it is transferred to any other ring electrode.
  • This type of control provides a means to control the power of the arc in the device in a stepwise manner. It is to be understood, however, that the transfer of the arc from one ring electrode to another can be effected extremely rapidly by the use of electronic switching means even under the slow mode of operation.
  • Suitable control of the power source can also be used in conjunction with the transfer of the arc between ring electrodes within the device. The transfer of the arc between electrodes within the device and the control of the power source can be linked to a higher level control to achieve a required power distribution and total power.
  • the second mode of operation (termed for convenience as the fast mode of operation) is effected by transferring the arc between all or only a few of the ring electrodes of the device at a rate rapid enough so that the dwell time of the arc at any particular ring electrode is smaller than the thermal time constant of the arc plasma.
  • the power distribution and the power of the arc can be controlled by varying the dwell time of- the arc on any particular ring ' electrode.
  • dwell time of the arc on a ring electrode implies the duration of current flow from the arc to the ring electrode during one transfer.
  • the arc plasma in the device While operating in the fast mode of operation, the arc plasma in the device is near a quasi-static condition and the average current drawn by the electrodes and hence the average power of the arc are varied by varying the arc dwell times on the different ring electrodes of the device. It is to be understood that the power source can also be controlled in conjunction with the fast operation of the device.
  • the two modes described above represent the two extreme ways of switched operation which are substantially different.
  • the plasma properties temperature, density, flow, speed, viscosity, etc.
  • the advantage of this mode is that repetitively altering conditions can be produced if desired which can be of advantage for the injection of powder into the arc, for example.
  • the fast mode essentially produces a quasi steady state of the plasma parameters and their distributions which can be changed by varying the dwell times as described.
  • the device can be operated under a variety of different modes of operation including a mode which makes use of the two basic modes of operation described above.
  • the rate of gas flow through the device is increased to supersonic level so that associated shock fronts or waves are produced.
  • rapid transitions between subsonic and supersonic flow conditions can be achieved by altering the electrical power input by way of a switching technique.
  • shock fronts produced in the foregoing manner could be beneficial in producing thick and dense coatings.
  • Figure 4 shows another embodiment of the invention which may be used to produce hot gas for material treatment or for use in surface treatment such as plasma spraying. Since the device shown in Figure 4 is essentially the same as that shown in Figure 3, the same reference numerals will be used.
  • the device shown in Figure 4 has a number of coaxially arranged ring electrodes 102, 103, 104 and 118 separated from each other by suitable insulators 119.
  • this device uses only one switch means 113 to transfer the current from one ring electrode to the other.
  • This device can be operated in both the slow and fast modes of operation. In the fast mode of operation, the arc is transferred between the two active ring electrodes 102 and 118 at a high frequency and the control of the arc power is effected by varying the ratio of the period during which the switch 113 remains closed to the period during which the switch 113 remains open.
  • a feed-back control system to maintain the arc power at a required value can be built.
  • Other types of feed-back control schemes to suit the application can also be built.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Discharge Heating (AREA)
  • Arc-Extinguishing Devices That Are Switches (AREA)
  • Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Plasma Technology (AREA)
  • Arc Welding Control (AREA)

Abstract

Le dispositif générateur d'arc électrique comprend une première électrode (1) et au moins deux autres électrodes (2, 3, 4). Une source de courant électrique (11) peut être connectée auxdites électrodes de façon à produire l'amorçage d'un arc entre la première électrode et l'une des autres électrodes. La répartition de puissance dans la zone de l'arc est régulée par changement itératif de la trajectoire de l'arc. Autrement dit, l'une des racines de l'arc peut rester attachée à la première électrode, alors que l'attache de l'autre racine est transférée entre au moins deux des autres électrodes sur une base itérative. La synchronisation et l'extension de chaque changement peut varier en fonction des circonstances d'utilisation. Les changements de trajectoire de l'arc sont dues au moins en partie à la modification itérative de l'influence de la source de courant sur l'une ou plusieurs des autres électrodes, mais la variation du débit de gaz/matière (7, 9, 10) traversant la zone (6) de l'arc peut constituer un autre facteur de régulation.
PCT/AU1989/000396 1988-09-13 1989-09-13 Dispositif generateur d'arc electrique WO1990003095A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE68926787T DE68926787T2 (de) 1988-09-13 1989-09-13 Vorrichtung zum erzeugen eines elektrischen bogens
EP89910405A EP0436576B1 (fr) 1988-09-13 1989-09-13 Dispositif generateur d'arc electrique
US07/663,916 US5227603A (en) 1988-09-13 1989-09-13 Electric arc generating device having three electrodes

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AUPJ038888 1988-09-13
AUPJ0388 1988-09-13

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1990003095A1 true WO1990003095A1 (fr) 1990-03-22

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/AU1989/000396 WO1990003095A1 (fr) 1988-09-13 1989-09-13 Dispositif generateur d'arc electrique

Country Status (6)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0436576B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2813398B2 (fr)
AT (1) ATE140118T1 (fr)
CA (1) CA1330831C (fr)
DE (1) DE68926787T2 (fr)
WO (1) WO1990003095A1 (fr)

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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EP0468110A1 (fr) * 1990-07-24 1992-01-29 Institut Elektroniki Imeni U.A. Arifova Akademii Nauk Uzbexkoi Ssr Traitement d'arc électrique de particules
EP0502829A1 (fr) * 1991-03-04 1992-09-09 PROEL TECNOLOGIE S.p.A. Dispositif à cathode creuse non chauffée pour la production dynamique de plasma
GB2276801A (en) * 1993-03-29 1994-10-05 Fmc Corp Multiple arc plasma initiating ignition/combustions in a cartridge for a projectile
EP0500491B1 (fr) * 1991-02-21 1995-10-18 Sulzer Metco AG Appareil de pulvérisation par plasma de matériaux en poudre ou gazeux
US6623433B2 (en) 1992-06-30 2003-09-23 Scimed Life Systems, Inc. Automated longitudinal position translator for ultrasonic imaging probes, and methods of using same
WO2004028221A1 (fr) * 2002-09-17 2004-04-01 Smatri Ab Dispositif de pulverisation plasma
US6996432B2 (en) 1992-06-30 2006-02-07 Scimed Life Systems, Inc. Automated longitudinal position translator for ultrasonic imaging probes, and methods of using same
JP2007184269A (ja) * 2005-12-21 2007-07-19 Sulzer Metco Us Inc プラズマとコールドスプレーとを組み合わせた方法および装置
JP2010521042A (ja) * 2007-02-02 2010-06-17 プラズマ テクノロジーズ リミテッド プラズマスプレー装置および方法
CN103997840A (zh) * 2014-05-30 2014-08-20 南京工业大学 手持便携式滑动弧低温等离子体的产生装置
CN103997841A (zh) * 2014-05-30 2014-08-20 南京工业大学 手持便携式滑动弧低温等离子体的产生装置
JP2015513764A (ja) * 2012-02-28 2015-05-14 スルザー メトコ （ユーエス） インコーポレーテッド 延長カスケード・プラズマガン

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US6114649A (en) * 1999-07-13 2000-09-05 Duran Technologies Inc. Anode electrode for plasmatron structure
DE19963904C2 (de) * 1999-12-31 2001-12-06 Gtv Ges Fuer Thermischen Versc Plasmabrenner und Verfahren zur Erzeugung eines Plasmastrahls
DE10210914C5 (de) * 2002-03-04 2009-02-12 GTV-Gesellschaft für thermischen Verschleiss-Schutz mbH Plasmabrenner und Verfahren zur Erzeugung eines Plasmastrahls
JP5403501B2 (ja) * 2008-06-13 2014-01-29 スタンレー電気株式会社 強誘電体膜の製造方法
US8492979B2 (en) * 2010-03-25 2013-07-23 General Electric Company Plasma generation apparatus
DE102012003306B4 (de) * 2012-02-18 2024-03-21 Amt Ag Vorrichtung zum Plasmabeschichten

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US3309550A (en) * 1964-03-06 1967-03-14 Westinghouse Electric Corp Multiple annular electrode gas arc heater with a magnetic arc spinner
FR2191394A1 (fr) * 1972-07-05 1974-02-01 Aerospatiale
AU4541372A (en) * 1971-11-02 1974-02-14 British Titan Ltd Process and apparatus for varying the position of the arc root in a plasma arc suitable for producing titanium dioxide pigments
US3863107A (en) * 1972-06-29 1975-01-28 Aga Ab Method and device for the striking of an arc in a reactor
US3869593A (en) * 1971-12-09 1975-03-04 British Titan Ltd Heating device

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3309550A (en) * 1964-03-06 1967-03-14 Westinghouse Electric Corp Multiple annular electrode gas arc heater with a magnetic arc spinner
AU4541372A (en) * 1971-11-02 1974-02-14 British Titan Ltd Process and apparatus for varying the position of the arc root in a plasma arc suitable for producing titanium dioxide pigments
US3869593A (en) * 1971-12-09 1975-03-04 British Titan Ltd Heating device
US3863107A (en) * 1972-06-29 1975-01-28 Aga Ab Method and device for the striking of an arc in a reactor
FR2191394A1 (fr) * 1972-07-05 1974-02-01 Aerospatiale

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Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0468110A1 (fr) * 1990-07-24 1992-01-29 Institut Elektroniki Imeni U.A. Arifova Akademii Nauk Uzbexkoi Ssr Traitement d'arc électrique de particules
EP0500491B1 (fr) * 1991-02-21 1995-10-18 Sulzer Metco AG Appareil de pulvérisation par plasma de matériaux en poudre ou gazeux
EP0502829A1 (fr) * 1991-03-04 1992-09-09 PROEL TECNOLOGIE S.p.A. Dispositif à cathode creuse non chauffée pour la production dynamique de plasma
US6996432B2 (en) 1992-06-30 2006-02-07 Scimed Life Systems, Inc. Automated longitudinal position translator for ultrasonic imaging probes, and methods of using same
US6623433B2 (en) 1992-06-30 2003-09-23 Scimed Life Systems, Inc. Automated longitudinal position translator for ultrasonic imaging probes, and methods of using same
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EP0436576B1 (fr) 1996-07-03
EP0436576A1 (fr) 1991-07-17
JPH04500741A (ja) 1992-02-06
CA1330831C (fr) 1994-07-19
JP2813398B2 (ja) 1998-10-22
DE68926787D1 (de) 1996-08-08
ATE140118T1 (de) 1996-07-15
DE68926787T2 (de) 1997-01-16
EP0436576A4 (en) 1991-10-16

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