WO1986005246A1 - Method for tensioning springs made from spring band steel - Google Patents

Method for tensioning springs made from spring band steel Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1986005246A1
WO1986005246A1 PCT/DE1986/000063 DE8600063W WO8605246A1 WO 1986005246 A1 WO1986005246 A1 WO 1986005246A1 DE 8600063 W DE8600063 W DE 8600063W WO 8605246 A1 WO8605246 A1 WO 8605246A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
clamping
spring
tensioning
intermediate layers
thickness
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/DE1986/000063
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Joachim Huhnen
Original Assignee
Robert Bosch Gmbh
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Robert Bosch Gmbh filed Critical Robert Bosch Gmbh
Publication of WO1986005246A1 publication Critical patent/WO1986005246A1/en

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F1/00—Springs
    • F16F1/02—Springs made of steel or other material having low internal friction; Wound, torsion, leaf, cup, ring or the like springs, the material of the spring not being relevant
    • F16F1/18—Leaf springs
    • F16F1/26—Attachments or mountings

Definitions

  • the invention is based on a clamping of. Feathers made of spring band according to the genus of the main claim.
  • the intermediate layers provided to reduce the additional stresses on the spring at the clamping point are designed as inserts made of plastic, rubber or soft non-ferrous metals. If these inserts are very soft, they flow out of the clamping point under the clamping pressure and the movements of the spring in the clamping point, in particular on the clamping edge facing the external force.
  • abrasion occurs in the clamping points.
  • the Movement of a leaf spring does not stop at the clamping edge, but extends over a length that corresponds to one to four times the material thickness of the spring band into the clamping point.
  • the abrasion effect on the pressure side of the spring is not harmful.
  • the abrasive effect occurs at least in the area in which the force acts, which together with the pressure force on the clamping edge forms the pair of forces that maintain the balance of the external spring stress.
  • this abrasive effect can occur up to the clamping edge, which means that the tension side of the spring in the clamping point is also exposed to an abrasive effect.
  • Abrasion marks which additionally occur under tensile stress, reduce the fatigue strength of the spring. This effect is exacerbated when friction rust occurs. It has been proven that a pairing of steel spring-filled plastic can lead to friction rust. In the case of alternating loads, the conditions for the springs become even more unfavorable, since every chafing point on the temporary pressure side becomes the tension side after a total of half an oscillation cycle.
  • the intermediate layers arranged between the clamping pieces and the spring which can preferably be formed from inserted Teflon foils, are pressed by the clamping pressure into the chamber-like depressions formed by the roughening process in the clamping surfaces of the clamping pieces and largely prevented from flowing away laterally by them. This ensures that the clamping length does not change or does not change noticeably even after the spring has been in operation for a long time.
  • the roughness of the clamping surfaces on the clamping pieces is at least 5% and at most 60%, preferably 7% to 15%, of the thickness of the intermediate layers.
  • the thickness of the intermediate layers or foils can expediently be approximately one twentieth to one fifth of the material thickness of the clamped spring.
  • FIG. 1 An embodiment of the invention is shown in the drawing and in the following description explained.
  • the figure shows an enlarged section through a leaf spring clamped on one side and its clamping point.
  • a leaf spring 1 made of band-shaped spring material is clamped at one end by two metallic clamping pieces 2 and 3, which are pressed against one another by a force P by means not shown. In operation, the leaf spring 1 is stressed at the free end by external forces F and F, alternating periodically.
  • the section of the leaf spring 1 lying in the clamping area acts as a crowbar in the micro-area, which lever the two clamping pieces 2 and 3 apart at the front clamping edge 4a and 4b. This causes abrasion on the top and bottom of the clamped leaf spring section.
  • thin foils 5. 6 are inserted between the clamping pieces 2, 3 and the leaf spring 1, which consist of a material which has a higher sliding ability than the material of the clamping pieces 2, 3 has.
  • the foils 5, 6 can preferably consist of Teflon and have a thickness of one twentieth to one fifth of the wall thickness of the leaf spring 1.
  • the clamping surfaces of the clamping pieces 2, 3 facing the leaf spring 1 or the foils 5, 6 are provided with a roughening, as is obtained, for example, by brief blasting with steel gravel or by fine knurling.
  • a roughening as is obtained, for example, by brief blasting with steel gravel or by fine knurling.
  • the films 5, 6 then adhere to the clamping surfaces so firmly and dimensionally stable that the film material cannot flow away from the edge zones of the clamping point or is only possible to a negligible extent.
  • the surface roughness is chosen so that even at extremely high clamping forces P, the foils are not completely pressed into the chamber-like recesses of the clamping surfaces, so that metallic contact of the clamping pieces 2, 3 with the leaf spring 1 is avoided with certainty.

Abstract

A method for tensioning springs made from spring band steel, preferably leaf springs, whereby intermediate layers (5, 6) are arranged between metal tensioning elements (2, 3) and the tensioning region of the spring (1) in order to reduce the additional loading of the spring (1) caused by the tensioning. The material used for the intermediate layers (5, 6), preferably teflon, has a higher sliding capability than the material of the tensioning elements (2, 3) and the tensioning surfaces of the tensioning elements (2, 3) are provided with a roughness such as can be obtained, for example, by subsequent blasting with a granular or sharp-edged blasting material. As a result, the formation on the spring (1) of rust caused by friction and the lateral escape of the intermediate layers (5, 6), preferably produced in the form of foil, especially on the forward tensioning edge, is prevented.

Description

Einspannung von Federn aus FederbandClamping springs from spring band
Stand der TechnikState of the art
Die Erfindung geht aus von einer Einspannung von. Federn aus Federband nach der Gattung des Hauptanspruchs. Bei den bekannten Einspannungen dieser Gattung sind die zur Minderung der zusätzlichen Beanspruchungen der Feder an der Einspannstelle vorgesehenen Zwischenschichten als Beilagen aus Kunststoff, Gummi oder weichen Nichteisenmetallen ausgebildet. Wenn diese Beilagen sehr weich sind, fließen sie unter dem Einspanndruck und den Bewegungen der Feder in der Einspannstelle, insbesondere an der der angreifenden äußeren Kraft zugekehrten Einspannkante, aus der Einspannstelle heraus. Der für die Federrate ( = Federkonstante) maßgeb ende Einspannpunkt wandert dadurch von der Einspannkante gegen den mittleren Bereich der Einspannstelle weg. Das hat zur Folge, daß bei gleichen Federwegen wie kurz nach Herstellung der Federeinspannung die Federraten und -kräfte kleiner werden. Wenn zur Vermeidung dieses Effektes härtere oder fasergefüllte Kunststoffe oder härtere Nichteisenmetalle verwende werden, tritt in den Einspannstellen Scheuerwirkung auf. Die Bewegung beispielsweise einer Blattfeder hört nämlich nicht an der Einspannkante auf, sondern erstreckt sich auf eine Länge, die der ein- bis vierfachen Materialstärke des Federbandes entspricht, in die Einspannstelle hinein.The invention is based on a clamping of. Feathers made of spring band according to the genus of the main claim. In the known clamps of this type, the intermediate layers provided to reduce the additional stresses on the spring at the clamping point are designed as inserts made of plastic, rubber or soft non-ferrous metals. If these inserts are very soft, they flow out of the clamping point under the clamping pressure and the movements of the spring in the clamping point, in particular on the clamping edge facing the external force. The clamping point decisive for the spring rate (= spring constant) thus moves away from the clamping edge towards the central area of the clamping point. As a result, the spring rates and forces become smaller with the same spring travel as shortly after the spring clamping has been produced. If harder or fiber-filled plastics or harder non-ferrous metals are used to avoid this effect, abrasion occurs in the clamping points. The Movement of a leaf spring, for example, does not stop at the clamping edge, but extends over a length that corresponds to one to four times the material thickness of the spring band into the clamping point.
Bei einer nur schwellend in einer Richtung belasteten Feder ist die Scheuerwirkung auf der Druckseite der Feder nicht schädlich. Auf der Zugseite der Feder tritt die Scheuerwirkung aber mindestens in dem Bereich auf, in dem die Kraft angreift, die zusammen mit der Druckkraft an der Einspannkante das Kräftepaar bildet, welches der äußeren Federbeanspruchung das Gleichgewicht hält. Bei sehr elastischer Einspannung kann diese Scheuerwirkung bis nahe zur Einspannkante auftreten, wodurch also auch die Zugspannungsseite der Feder in der Einspannstelle einer Scheuerwirkung ausgesetzt ist. Scheuerstellen,, die zusätzlich zτι Zugbeanspruchungen auftreten, setzen die Dauerschwingfestigkeit der Feder herab. Verstärkt wird dieser Effekt, wenn Reibungsrost auftritt. Dabei ist es erwiesen, daß auch eine Paarung Stahlfeder - gefüllter Kunststoff zu Reibungsrost führen kann. Bei Wechselbeanspruchungen werden die Verhältnisse für die Federn noch ungünstiger, da hierbei jede Scheuerstelle an der temporären Druckseite nach insgesamt einem halben Schwingspiel zur Zugseite wird.With a spring that only swells in one direction, the abrasion effect on the pressure side of the spring is not harmful. On the traction side of the spring, the abrasive effect occurs at least in the area in which the force acts, which together with the pressure force on the clamping edge forms the pair of forces that maintain the balance of the external spring stress. With very elastic clamping, this abrasive effect can occur up to the clamping edge, which means that the tension side of the spring in the clamping point is also exposed to an abrasive effect. Abrasion marks, which additionally occur under tensile stress, reduce the fatigue strength of the spring. This effect is exacerbated when friction rust occurs. It has been proven that a pairing of steel spring-filled plastic can lead to friction rust. In the case of alternating loads, the conditions for the springs become even more unfavorable, since every chafing point on the temporary pressure side becomes the tension side after a total of half an oscillation cycle.
Aus diesen Beobachtungen und Erkenntnissen heraus ergibt sich die Aufgabe, die bekannte Federeinspannung so weiterzubilden, daß das Material der Zwischenschichten nicht aus der Einspannstelle herausfließen kann und daß dennoch eine Reibungsrostbildung sicher vermieden ist. Vorteile der ErfindungFrom these observations and findings, the task arises to further develop the known spring clamping in such a way that the material of the intermediate layers cannot flow out of the clamping point and that, nevertheless, the formation of friction rust is reliably avoided. Advantages of the invention
Diese Aufgabe ist mit einfachen Mitteln durch die kennzeichnenden Merkmale des Hauptanspruchs gelöst. Die zwischen den Spannstücken und der Feder angeordneten Zwischenschichten, die vorzugswei s e aus eingelegten Folien aus Teflon gebildet sein können, werden durch den Einspanndruck in die durch den Aufrauhvorgang gebildeten kammerartigen Vertiefungen in den Spannflächen der Spannstücke hineingedrückt und durch diese an einem seitlichen Wegfließen weitgehend gehindert. Dadurch ist sichergestellt, daß sich die Einspannlänge auch nach längerem Betrieb der Feder nicht oder nicht merklich verändert.This object is achieved with simple means by the characterizing features of the main claim. The intermediate layers arranged between the clamping pieces and the spring, which can preferably be formed from inserted Teflon foils, are pressed by the clamping pressure into the chamber-like depressions formed by the roughening process in the clamping surfaces of the clamping pieces and largely prevented from flowing away laterally by them. This ensures that the clamping length does not change or does not change noticeably even after the spring has been in operation for a long time.
Durch gezielte Versuche hat es sich als vorteilhaft herausgestellt, daß die Rauhtiefe der Spannflächen an den Spannstücken mindestens 5 % und höchstens 60 %, vorzugsweise 7 % bis 15 % , der Dicke der Zwischenschichten beträgt. Die Dicke der Zwischenschichten bzw. Folien kann zweckmäßig etwa ein Zwanzigstel bis ein Fünftel der Materialstärke der eingespannten Feder betragen.Through targeted tests, it has proven to be advantageous that the roughness of the clamping surfaces on the clamping pieces is at least 5% and at most 60%, preferably 7% to 15%, of the thickness of the intermediate layers. The thickness of the intermediate layers or foils can expediently be approximately one twentieth to one fifth of the material thickness of the clamped spring.
Bei 1 mm dicken Blattfedern, die mit einer Flächenpressung von 33 N/mm eingespannt waren und die bis an ihre Elastizitätsgrenze und bis an die Grenze ihrer Dauerschwingfestigkeit beansprucht wurden, haben sich 0,1 mm dicke Folien aus Teflon und eine mittlere Rauhtiefe von 0,015 μm an den Spannstücken gut bewährt.For leaf springs 1 mm thick, which were clamped with a surface pressure of 33 N / mm and which were stressed to their elastic limit and to the limit of their fatigue strength, there were 0.1 mm thick foils made of Teflon and an average roughness depth of 0.015 μm well proven on the clamping pieces.
Zeichnungdrawing
Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung ist in der Zeichnung dargestellt und in der nachfolgenden Beschreibung näher erläutert. Die Figur zeigt vergrößert einen Schnitt durch eine einseitig eingespannte Blattfeder und deren Einspannstelle.An embodiment of the invention is shown in the drawing and in the following description explained. The figure shows an enlarged section through a leaf spring clamped on one side and its clamping point.
Beschreibung des AusführungsbeispielsDescription of the embodiment
Eine aus bandförmigen Federmaterial bestehende Blattfeder 1 ist an einem Ende durch zwei metallische Spannstücke 2 und 3 eingespannt, welche durch nicht gezeigte Mittel mit einer Kraft P gegeneinander gepreßt sind. Im Betrieb ist die Blattfeder 1 am freien Ende durch äußere Kräfte F und F, periodisch wechselnd beansprucht.A leaf spring 1 made of band-shaped spring material is clamped at one end by two metallic clamping pieces 2 and 3, which are pressed against one another by a force P by means not shown. In operation, the leaf spring 1 is stressed at the free end by external forces F and F, alternating periodically.
Der im Einspannbereich liegende Abschnitt der Blattfeder 1 wirkt dort im Mikrobereich gewissermaßen als Brechstange, die die beiden Spannstücke 2 und 3 an der vorderen Einspannkante 4a bzw. 4b auseinanderhebelt. Dabei tritt eine Scheuerbeanspruchung an der Oberseite und der Unterseite des eingespannten Blattfederabschnittes auf. Um diese Beanspruchung so gering wie möglich zu halten und die Bildung von Reibungsrost zu verhindern, sind zwischen die Spannstücke 2, 3 und die Blattfeder 1 dünne Folien 5. 6 eingelegt, die aus einem Material bestehen, welches eine höhere Gleitfähigkeit als das Material der Spannstücke 2, 3 hat. Die Folien 5, 6 könne vorzugsweise aus Teflon bestehen und eine Dicke von ein Zwanzigstel bis ein Fünftel der Wandstärke der Blattfeder 1 haben.The section of the leaf spring 1 lying in the clamping area acts as a crowbar in the micro-area, which lever the two clamping pieces 2 and 3 apart at the front clamping edge 4a and 4b. This causes abrasion on the top and bottom of the clamped leaf spring section. In order to keep this stress as low as possible and to prevent the formation of friction rust, thin foils 5. 6 are inserted between the clamping pieces 2, 3 and the leaf spring 1, which consist of a material which has a higher sliding ability than the material of the clamping pieces 2, 3 has. The foils 5, 6 can preferably consist of Teflon and have a thickness of one twentieth to one fifth of the wall thickness of the leaf spring 1.
Die der Blattfeder 1 bzw. den Folien 5, 6 zugekehrten Spannflächen der Spannstücke 2, 3 sind mit einer Aufrauhung versehen, wie sie beispielsweise durch kurzzeitiges Strahlen mit Stahlkies, oder durch feine Kreuzrändelung erhalten wird. Durch diese nachträgliche Be handlung der Spannstücke 2, 3 sind an deren Spannflächen der Rauhtiefe entsprechende kammerartige Ausnehmungen gebildet, in welche das Material der Folien 5, 6 durch die Einspannkraft P hineingedrückt ist. Die Folien 5, 6 haften danach so fest und formstabil an den Spannflächen an, daß ein Wegfließen des Folienmaterials aus den Randzonen der Einspannstelle nicht oder nur noch in einem vernachlässigbaren Umfang möglich ist. Die Rauhtiefe ist so gewählt, daß selbst bei extrem hohen Einspannkraften P die Folien nicht vollständig in die kammerartigen Ausnehmungen der Spannflächen eingedrückt werden, so daß eine metallische Berühung der Spannstücke 2, 3 mit der Blattfeder 1 mit Sicherheit vermieden ist. The clamping surfaces of the clamping pieces 2, 3 facing the leaf spring 1 or the foils 5, 6 are provided with a roughening, as is obtained, for example, by brief blasting with steel gravel or by fine knurling. Through this subsequent loading action of the clamping pieces 2, 3 are formed on the clamping surfaces of the roughness corresponding chamber-like recesses into which the material of the foils 5, 6 is pressed by the clamping force P. The films 5, 6 then adhere to the clamping surfaces so firmly and dimensionally stable that the film material cannot flow away from the edge zones of the clamping point or is only possible to a negligible extent. The surface roughness is chosen so that even at extremely high clamping forces P, the foils are not completely pressed into the chamber-like recesses of the clamping surfaces, so that metallic contact of the clamping pieces 2, 3 with the leaf spring 1 is avoided with certainty.

Claims

Ansprüche Expectations
1. Einspannung von Federn aus Federband, mit gegeneinander gepreßten Spannstücken und zwischen diesen und der Feder angeordneten Zwischenschichten aus einem Material, welches die durch die Einspannung verursachten zusätzlichen Beanspruchungen der Feder mindert, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die der Blattfeder (1) zugekehrten Spannflächen der Spannstücke (2, 3) mit einer Aufrauhung versehen sind, wie sie durch nachträgliches Strahlen mit körnigem bzw. scharfkantigem Strahlgut oder durch feine Kreuzrändelung oder dgl. erhalten wird, und daß die belastungsmindernden Zwischenschichten (5, 6) ans einem Material bestehen, welches eine höhere Gleitfähigkeit als das Material der Spannstücke (2, 3) hat.1. Clamping of springs from spring band, with clamping pieces pressed against each other and intermediate layers arranged between these and the spring made of a material which reduces the additional stresses of the spring caused by the clamping, characterized in that the clamping surfaces of the clamping pieces facing the leaf spring (1) (2, 3) are provided with a roughening, as is obtained by subsequent blasting with granular or sharp-edged blasting material or by fine cross-knurling or the like, and in that the load-reducing intermediate layers (5, 6) consist of a material which has a higher Slidability as the material of the clamping pieces (2, 3) has.
2. Einspannung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Rauhtiefe der Spannflächen an den Spannstücken (2, 3) mindestens 5 % und höchstens 60 %, vorzugsweise 7 % bis 15 % der Dicke der Zwischenschichten (5, 6) beträgt.2. clamping according to claim 1, characterized in that the roughness of the clamping surfaces on the clamping pieces (2, 3) is at least 5% and at most 60%, preferably 7% to 15% of the thickness of the intermediate layers (5, 6).
3. Einspannung nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Zwischenschichten durch eingelegte Folien ( 5 , 6) gebildet sind. 3. Clamping according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the intermediate layers are formed by inserted films (5, 6).
4 . Einspannung nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Dicke der Folien (5, 6) etwa ein Zwanzigstel bis ein Fünftel der Materialstärke der eingespannten Feder ( 1 ) beträgt.4th Clamping according to claim 3, characterized in that the thickness of the foils (5, 6) is approximately one twentieth to one fifth of the material thickness of the clamped spring (1).
5. Einspannung nach Anspruch 3 oder 4 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die eingelegten Folien (5, 6) aus Teflon bestehen 5. clamping according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that the inserted foils (5, 6) consist of Teflon
PCT/DE1986/000063 1985-03-08 1986-02-19 Method for tensioning springs made from spring band steel WO1986005246A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DEP3508283.6 1985-03-08
DE19853508283 DE3508283A1 (en) 1985-03-08 1985-03-08 CLAMPING OF SPRING BANDS

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1986005246A1 true WO1986005246A1 (en) 1986-09-12

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ID=6264616

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/DE1986/000063 WO1986005246A1 (en) 1985-03-08 1986-02-19 Method for tensioning springs made from spring band steel

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EP (1) EP0214193A1 (en)
JP (1) JPS62502134A (en)
DE (1) DE3508283A1 (en)
WO (1) WO1986005246A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102010061648A1 (en) * 2010-12-31 2012-07-05 Tobias KELLER Bending spring arrangement for use in load vehicle, has bending spring fixed in end region, and receiving element arranged in deflection region such that bending spring is spaced from end region during load conditional deflection of spring

Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE6926815U (en) *
DE496607C (en) * 1929-04-27 1930-04-24 Gustav Roehr Storage of the central part of the rocker arm springs in the box-like frame longitudinal beams of motor vehicles
DE954118C (en) * 1941-11-28 1956-12-13 Siemens Ag Arrangement to prevent spring breakage on the clamping device for the springs, in particular leaf springs
GB779916A (en) * 1954-01-27 1957-07-24 Herbert Dreithaler Method of lining concrete and like structures
US2932503A (en) * 1956-08-28 1960-04-12 American Machine & Metals Springs
DE1826867U (en) * 1959-10-29 1961-02-16 Waggon Und Maschb G M B H BRACKET FOR HANDLE SPRINGS ON THE FRAME OR HOUSING OF VIBRATION, BALANCING, OR VIBRATING MACHINES.
CH510828A (en) * 1968-02-24 1971-07-31 Kempf Gmbh Karl Sliding body
FR2144403A5 (en) * 1971-07-01 1973-02-09 Kupplungs Triebwerksbau
DE2255839A1 (en) * 1971-12-03 1973-06-07 Ford Werke Ag FASTENING DEVICE
DE7013793U (en) * 1970-04-15 1973-10-04 Joern Dipl-Ing SPRING ELEMENT, IN PARTICULAR FOR THE ELASTIC MOUNTING OF MOTORS.

Patent Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE6926815U (en) *
DE496607C (en) * 1929-04-27 1930-04-24 Gustav Roehr Storage of the central part of the rocker arm springs in the box-like frame longitudinal beams of motor vehicles
DE954118C (en) * 1941-11-28 1956-12-13 Siemens Ag Arrangement to prevent spring breakage on the clamping device for the springs, in particular leaf springs
GB779916A (en) * 1954-01-27 1957-07-24 Herbert Dreithaler Method of lining concrete and like structures
US2932503A (en) * 1956-08-28 1960-04-12 American Machine & Metals Springs
DE1826867U (en) * 1959-10-29 1961-02-16 Waggon Und Maschb G M B H BRACKET FOR HANDLE SPRINGS ON THE FRAME OR HOUSING OF VIBRATION, BALANCING, OR VIBRATING MACHINES.
CH510828A (en) * 1968-02-24 1971-07-31 Kempf Gmbh Karl Sliding body
DE7013793U (en) * 1970-04-15 1973-10-04 Joern Dipl-Ing SPRING ELEMENT, IN PARTICULAR FOR THE ELASTIC MOUNTING OF MOTORS.
FR2144403A5 (en) * 1971-07-01 1973-02-09 Kupplungs Triebwerksbau
DE2255839A1 (en) * 1971-12-03 1973-06-07 Ford Werke Ag FASTENING DEVICE

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Publication number Publication date
JPS62502134A (en) 1987-08-20
EP0214193A1 (en) 1987-03-18
DE3508283A1 (en) 1986-09-11

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