WO1983004245A1 - Dispositif d'homogeneisation et four de production de verre - Google Patents

Dispositif d'homogeneisation et four de production de verre Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1983004245A1
WO1983004245A1 PCT/US1983/000305 US8300305W WO8304245A1 WO 1983004245 A1 WO1983004245 A1 WO 1983004245A1 US 8300305 W US8300305 W US 8300305W WO 8304245 A1 WO8304245 A1 WO 8304245A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
glass
liquid
flow
tank
furnace
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1983/000305
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Justice N. Carman
Original Assignee
Carman Justice N
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Carman Justice N filed Critical Carman Justice N
Publication of WO1983004245A1 publication Critical patent/WO1983004245A1/fr

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
    • C03B5/02—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture in electric furnaces, e.g. by dielectric heating
    • C03B5/033—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture in electric furnaces, e.g. by dielectric heating by using resistance heaters above or in the glass bath, i.e. by indirect resistance heating
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
    • C03B5/12—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture in shaft furnaces
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
    • C03B5/16—Special features of the melting process; Auxiliary means specially adapted for glass-melting furnaces
    • C03B5/18—Stirring devices; Homogenisation
    • C03B5/182—Stirring devices; Homogenisation by moving the molten glass along fixed elements, e.g. deflectors, weirs, baffle plates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
    • C03B5/16—Special features of the melting process; Auxiliary means specially adapted for glass-melting furnaces
    • C03B5/18—Stirring devices; Homogenisation
    • C03B5/193—Stirring devices; Homogenisation using gas, e.g. bubblers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
    • C03B5/16—Special features of the melting process; Auxiliary means specially adapted for glass-melting furnaces
    • C03B5/225—Refining
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
    • C03B5/16—Special features of the melting process; Auxiliary means specially adapted for glass-melting furnaces
    • C03B5/23—Cooling the molten glass
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
    • C03B5/16—Special features of the melting process; Auxiliary means specially adapted for glass-melting furnaces
    • C03B5/26—Outlets, e.g. drains, siphons; Overflows, e.g. for supplying the float tank, tweels
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B7/00—Distributors for the molten glass; Means for taking-off charges of molten glass; Producing the gob, e.g. controlling the gob shape, weight or delivery tact
    • C03B7/08—Feeder spouts, e.g. gob feeders

Definitions

  • This invention relates to homogenizing viscous liquids and removing bubbles therefrom, and more particularly it relates to glass making furnace apparatus.
  • Plastics and most foods must be homogeneous on a macroscopic scale which requires blending or ultrasonic mixing.
  • Some plastics, pharmaceuticals and particularly optical glass become homogeneous on the molecular or atomic scale only with time for diffusion, a phenomena which is quite temperature dependent.
  • Glass must be homogeneous at all of these levels, that is, the molecular, microscopic, macroscopic and bulk scales; dimensionally this means from a few tens of angstroms through the micrometer range and larger. Homogeneity in glass is accomplished in three general ways; first the constituent materials are usually dry mixed by blending and often by also milling, secondly, after mixing during melting by convection stirring sometimes enhanced by various means of agitation, and thirdly by diffusion.
  • Furnace lining materials normally are also a mixture of metallic oxides.
  • the solution of the lining changes the glass composition and properties, creating inhomogeniety, stones and cords and eventually destroys the lining.
  • the fining temperature is increased the glass viscosity decreases thereby allowing bubbles to rise faster and chemical reactions to proceed faster to allow the fining time to be reduced.
  • the increased temperature also increases the erosion rate of the furnace lining to increase inhomogeniety and reduce furnace life.
  • erodable furnace wall materials can be substantially eliminated by the use of a crucible with nonerodible walls such as platinum (often alloyed with iridium or rhodium). Precision glass formulations are made this way but only small sized furnaces are feasible because of the cost of the platinum. Tungsten, rhenium and molybdenum are less expensive but oxidize at glass melting temperatures in the presence of oxygen, however, when submerged beneath liquid glass little or no oxidation or other chemical reaction takes place. Molybdenum is used routinely as an electrode material in electrically heated glass tanks. Graphite and silicon carbide are the other principal materials which are substantially unreactive with glass and are used in glass processing apparatus.
  • Platinum is often used to prevent erosion only at certain key areas in the furnace or in specialized apparatus.
  • a chamber or crucible as well as a feeder are fashioned of an alloy of platinum or other material capable of withstanding the high temperature glass.
  • a reservoir or holding chamber receives molten glass from a melter positioned above the crucible, with the melter receiving marbles of prefined glass from a hopper.
  • the liquid glass passes a combination of baffles which reverse the direction of flow upwardly and over a baffle thus enhancing the removal of gases evolved from the glass.
  • U.S. Patent No.3,337,675 Manufacture of Glass, issued August 22, 1967,to Descarsin, discloses another apparatus utilizing noble metal crucibles, such as platinum.
  • Another furnace apparatus is shown and described in U.S. Patent No. 3,358,066, Apparatus for Melting and Feeding Heat-Softenable materials, issued December 12, 1967, to Tiede et al.
  • This furnace is designed for producing elements of glass and is constructed of platinum with bushing tips being provided for passage of the glass therethrough.
  • the apparatus employs a stirrer or impeller for mixing the glass to provide a homogeneous mixture.
  • Other apparatus used in manufacturing glass are shown in U.S. Patent No.
  • Geffchen, et al discloses that platinum, tungsten and molybdenum do not react with glass when used as electrodes in heating glass by the Joule effect at frequencies between 500 and 1000 hertz.
  • U. S. Patent No.3,015,191 issued January 2, 1962 to P. bay discloses the use of gas bubbling as a means of stimulating circulation in large glass furnaces but does not employ the bubbling technique for the direct mixing of the glass, which technique is very effective.
  • the furnace comprises a feed hopper and melting chamber contained within one pressurized system, the pressure being used to force the glass through its guided flow path and finally through a homogenizer.
  • the pressurized gas is a mixture of argon and about 10% hydrogen used to protect the tungsten parts from oxidation.
  • the gas enters and flows through three areas, the feed hopper, the melting chamber and an array of bubblers where it mixes the glass.
  • the gas from all three sources is exhausted through a condenser-filter and a pressure control valve 32 connected between the feed-hopper and the melting chamber.
  • the feed hopper normally only refilled once per day, feeds premixed constituent materials into the melting tank at a continuous rate or a rapidly intermittent one.
  • the melting tank is divided into two zones, an upper zone receives and heats the constituent materials to a temperature well above the melting point. It passes the partially melted material over a baffle arrangement designed to cause the release of most of the unwanted gases.
  • This upper zone includes a heat salvage system and provides the array of bubblers which mix the constituents on a macroscopic level by creating turbulence as the bubbles rise.
  • the fluid leaves the first or upper zone as it reaches its maximum temperature but is heated still further as it passes through a first part of the homogenizer zone and reaches its final maximum temperature just as it reaches the homogenizer.
  • the homogenizer consists of a conical stack of tungsten rings held in place by a group of pins which also position washer-spacers between the rings, thereby providing very narrow slits typically 100 micrometers wide and up to a hundred or more meters long. As the glass passes through these slits its velocity of flow is greatly increased in the central portion relative to the rate near the walls thereby causing high shear mixing or turbulence. This mixing is on a microscopic scale which combines with diffusion to provide a highly homogeneous liquid glass.
  • a heat salvage passageway is provided. It directs the glass along the inside wall of a thermally conductive member having a large area including an array of fins which extend into the inflowing constituent materials.
  • the partially cooled glass enters the transfer tube near the top of the passageway and proceeds downward to one of several alternative processing systems with the type depending on the nature of the product being manufactured.
  • the transfer tube may pass through a flow control valve and terminate in a precious metal extrusion nozzle which directs the hot glass into quenching means for making frit or to a spinnerette for making glass wool for insulation. More commonly the hot glass empties into a heat exchanger to cool it to a working temperature and then passes it into a conditioning reservoir for processing into gobs, tubing, rod or fiber.
  • This new kind of valve consists of a thermally conductive transfer tube around which means of cooling and means of heating are provided. As the wall of the transfer tube is cooled a cooler and more viscous layer of glass (or other viscous fluid) builds along the inner side of the tube which, in effect reduces the inside diameter of the tube restricting flow but does not necessarily affect the temperature of the glass that does pass. In many cases thermal control is used to adjust the approximate rate of flow but because of its long response time, pressure adjustments are used for the fine tuning and quick response.
  • a heat exchanger is used in most forehearth arrangements because homogenizer operating temperatures are most efficient when operated at much higher than the working temperature commonly required to make any product.
  • the heat exchanger can take several forms but the essential requirement is a pressurizable tank including an array of tungsten or molybdenum baffles to interrupt the otherwise smooth flow of glass and to transmit heat from the inner region of the heat exchanger to the surface.
  • This surface, the tank wall is made of molybdenum or tungsten and is gas cooled.
  • This nonoxidizing gas may be the same mixture of argon and hydrogen used in the melting chamber and is normally returned through a cooler and pump for recirculation.
  • the forehearth may, and usually does include a conditioning reservoir. Glass coming from the heat exchanger through a flow control valve enters the conditioning tank through a trap to avoid creating any bubbles and to assure that the "new" glass stays near the surface and is lowered into the extrusion cavity or cavities slowly. These cavities may be independently heated so that the surface of tubing, gobs or cane material is hotter than the inner glass or is at least maintained at the optimum temperature.
  • a final feature included in this forehearth is an extrusion nozzle made of platinum having a vertically oscillating plunger in conjunction with it to produce gobs. By including a bell, tubing is produced. Description of the Drawing
  • Figure 1 is a cross sectional view of furnace apparatus extending from bottom of the feed-hopper to the transfer tube for the hot refined glass.
  • Fig.2 is an enlarged cross section through homogenizer rings.
  • Fig. 3 is a cross section througjh the homogenizer showing the separation of bubbles and the suction zone.
  • Fig. 4 shows in enlarged detail a cross section of the water cooled pressure chamber, support system, heater and homogenizer
  • Fig. 5 shows an enlarged cross section of the flow control valve and extrusion nozzle; and Fig. 6 shows a cross section of the heat exchanger and conditioning tank.
  • Fig. 1 is shown a cross-sectional view of that portion of the furnace between the bottom of the feed hopper and the exit point of the hot refined glass.
  • the feed hopper 10 is not shown because it may take a variety of known forms.
  • the primary feature that it must have is the ability to retain a gas pressure up to at least 20 atmospheres. It is connected to the opening 12 leading to the melting tank 15 through a bellows 11 which isolates the vibration from the hopper feed mechanism so that it does not disturb the pressure chamber 14.
  • the furnace itself is divided into two zones 15 and 16 each supplied with heat energy by heaters 17 and 18 which are independently controlled.
  • the space between the walls of the pressure chamber 14 and the heat shield pack 36 is filled with thermal insulation material.
  • the incoming constituent material 19 enters the chamber through the quartz tube 20 and can be observed through the branch from it that extends toward the window 21.
  • the incoming material builds up on the material being heated and receives energy from two sources, the heat salvage prod 22 below and the conical heater 23 from above.
  • the inner surface 24 of the heater is made of platinum or a platinum alloy so that the reactive constituents which are melting along the periphery of the solid-liquid interface 25 cannot attack it as they would a less inert meterial.
  • the heater 23 may be made of molybdenum wire of known design supported by an alumina muffle 26.
  • the inverted cone shape at this top surface tends to reduce the tendency for bridging over of packed starting materials.
  • the heat salvage prod.22 does not extend above the liquid level and is chemically unaffected by the melting glass; its other features will be described later.
  • the glass is gradually melted as it moves downward until it reaches the zone separator 27. At that level, baffles 28 and 29 redirect the glass upward as it passes over the array of bubbler holes 30.
  • a mixture of argon with a few percentage points of hydrogen included, is forced into the glass through feed pipes from a source 31 and bubbles up through the glass for agitating and stirring as it goes. The agitation as the bubbles break through the surface serves the additional purpose of dislodging adherent lumps of unmelted material that might otherwise contribute to bridging.
  • argon containing some hydrogen is fed into the pressure chamber 14 at the same level as the bubbler gas inlet.
  • the flow of both these sources of inert gas must enter with enough pressure to maintain the elevated operating pressure in the furnace.
  • the gases pass up around the quartz tube 20, into the recyclable filter 32 and out through the pressure control valve 33.
  • a third source of nonoxidizing gas flushes through the feed hopper particularly for a short period just after refilling.
  • the top the glass passes over baffle 29, reverses direction and descends along the inside surface of the melting tank 13 through which the glass receives heat from heater 17. It continues down that wall into the second zone where heater 18 brings the glass to its maximum temperature as it passes the end of baffle 34.
  • Fig.2 The detailed construction of the homogenizer is shown in Fig.2 as being a construction of a series of large rings 41 held in place by three or more pins 43 extending through holes in the rings and locating the washer-spacers 42 used to precisely separate the rings to establish the width of the slits.
  • Fig. 3 illustrates the bubble separation function of the homogenizer.
  • a series of bubbles 45 approximately 100 micrometers diameter are shown as they might pass along the outside of the homogenizer 35.
  • the line 44 delineates the region of suction into the slit as the glass enters. If the center of any bubble is within that line it would go through the slit but as one can see this. can not happen unless the bubble is very small, in this case 64 micrometers. In most cases any bubble less than about 100 micrometers diameter is unstable because the surface tension of the liquid creates enough pressure in the bubble to cause the gas therein to diffuse into the liquid making the bubble disappear.
  • Homogenizer dimensions can vary widely, however it is instructive to show one example with typical dimensions; the outside diameter of the largest ring is 300 mm and of the smallest 100 mm; the rings are 1 mm thick and the distance from the outer to the inner diameter is 3 mm thick.
  • the 12 pins holding the rings are 1.2 mm in diameter and the spacers are 80 micrometers thick, 1.5 mm inside diameter by 3 mm outside diameter. If the pressure drop through such a homogenizer is 10 atmospheres and the glass viscosity is 20 poise, 500 kilograms per hour will normally pass through. Also while the homogenizer is described for use in making glass, this invention would be effective in many other applications such as in medicine for separating bubbles from body fluids, in mixing paint, etc.
  • the "low pressure' zone 36 inside the homogenizer represents the only exit for the liquid glass with the transfer tube forming an exit conduit 37 extending almost to the top of the heat salvage prod or passageway 22.
  • the hot glass must therefore move upwards along the inner surface of the prod to pass heat energv through the highly conductive tungsten wall to the relatively cool constituent ingredients being heated on the outside of the prod.
  • the arrangement of high conductivity baffles 28 are used to increase the rate of heating the constituent materials as they are forced through the first zone 15.
  • FIG 4 is a section view of the mechanical system which supports the melting tank 13, its contents and the homogenizer.
  • Conical support member 40 typically made of tungsten not only supports the weight of the melting tank but also the gas pressure load above it extending through the homogenizer. If that gas pressure is 20 bars at 300 millimeter diameter, the homogenizer carries a load of about 15,000 kilograms. Thus the total load on the tank bottom is about 20,000 kilograms.
  • the conical support member 40 must perform the second function of bridging the large thermal gap between the glass melting tank 13 at as much as 2000 degrees and its periphery which is connected to the chamber bottom 46 which is cooled by circulating water 47 at less than 100 degrees, the metallic bond being at a somewhat higher temperature.
  • this conical support member 40 must withstand the additional forces due to thermal expansion.
  • the wall thickness of the tungsten cone must be minimized. For a 350 millimeter diameter melting tank the tungsten is ideally 3 millimeters thick.
  • FIG. 5 shows the essential features necessary to the operation of the forehearth for the production of glass frit or glass wool.
  • the transfer tube 37 brings the glass from a molten source under pressure through a flow control valve 50 and out from a pressurizable chamber 51 through an extrusion nozzle 93.
  • the highly conductive walls of the tungsten or molybdenum transfer tube are cooled by jets of cool gas entering through an inlet duct 52 and the manifolds 53.
  • a tungsten mesh heater 54 surrounds the transfer tube leaving a plurality of normal open space slits 55 up the sides.
  • the gas jet manifolds 53 are arranged to blow through these slits between the heater segments.
  • the cooling gas remains primarily inside the heat shield pack 56 from which it is exhausted through duct 57 which passes through insulation 58 and chamber wall 59 to a heat exchanger (not shown) where it is recooled and a pump (not shown) returns it to the inlet duct 52.
  • the heater 54 can be activated in the case when glass ceases to flow, for any reason, and becomes solid in the transfer tube. Electric power to the heater may be easier to control than the gas cooling, in either case operation of both allows the other to function against a load.
  • the response time of this type of valve is relatively slow and it is usually helpful to fine tune the flow rate by controlling pressure in the furnace which has a fast response time.
  • the extrusion nozzle 93 is made of platinum unless the glass being processed has an excessive melting point, in which case either rhodium or iridium are used to resist oxidation from the air as the glass is exposed to it for the first time.
  • the conical shape of the support web 61 maximizes strength as it bridges the wide thermal difference between the hot glass and the chamber wall 59 cooled by water in the passage 62.
  • This web 61 has a relatively thin wall so as to minimize the heat transfer away from the glass.
  • the transfer tube 37 is supported from above whereas the extrusion nozzle is supported from below thereby making it necessary to provide the expansion joint 63 therebetween.
  • FIG. 6 a section view of one of the alternate forehearths which incorporates a glass heat exchanger 70, a conditioning reservoir 71 with multiple extrusion cavities 72 and the gob dispenser option 74 and finally extrusion nozzles 93.
  • the top section of the transfer tube 37 (not shown) delivers the hot glass 36 into the top of the glass heat exchanger 70 under modest pressure.
  • the heat exchanger itself consists of a cylindrical molybdenum tank 75 in which two types of baffles 76 and 77 disrupt the flow of the stream of glass and conduct the heat from it to the wall of the tank.
  • Baffles 76 are in sets of 6 or so which mate to maintain vertical orientation as their outer sides mate with the inside wall of the tank.
  • Baffles 77 lie horizontally separated by the vertical baffles 76. Alternately half of the horizontal baffles are discs to block flow down the center while the other half are rings which block flow along the outer periphery of the tank. The net result is a highly turbulent flow of molten glass with a minimum of static flow points.
  • the highly conductive wall of the cylindrical molybdenum tank 75 is cooled by jets of cool gas entering through an inlet duct 78 and a manifold 79.
  • a tungsten mash heater 80 surrounds the tank 75 leaving the normal open space slits 81 between the heater sections and up the sides in three places.
  • the cooling gas remains primarily inside the heat shield pack 56 from which it is exhausted through the duct 82 which passes through insulation 58 and the chamber wall 59 to a heat exchanger (not shown) where it is recooled and a pump (not shown) returns it to the inlet duct 78.
  • the heater 80 operates at a low level creating a load for the cooling system to work against to make temperature control more effective. It is also used to melt the glass in the heat exchanger any time that glass ceases to flow.
  • This conditioning reservoir consists of a trap in the center of a large tank 84 provided with a heater 85 and heat shields 86, and three extrusion cavities 87 fitted with a gobbing plunger 88 which is actuated by a controlled drive 89 operating through the pressure seal 90.
  • the drive 89 is controlled by a computer (not shown).
  • the extrusion cavities 87 are provided with independently controlled heaters 91 and heat shields 92 and fit by way of expansion joint 94 into the extrusion nozzles 93.
  • the trap 83 remains filled with glass at all times.
  • the flow of glass follows the arrows 95 bringing slowly moving glass into the level 96 of the tank 84 from which it slowly settles downward as it is conditioned, reaching a highly uniform and stabilized working temperature and viscosity.
  • the glass then enters the extrusion cavities 87, the walls of which are either held at a temperature to maintain the glass working temperature or held at a higher temperature so that a thin layer of hotter glass surrounds the glass as it is extruded, thereby compensating for the cooling effects encountered by the glass after leaving the nozzle.
  • the rate of flow through the extrusion cavities is controlled by a combination of geometry, temperature and pressure.
  • Adjustments in temperature have a slow response time and are used therefore primarily to get the optimum glass working temperature whereas pressure can be adjusted with a rapid response time and is the primary means of flow control through the extrusion nozzle.
  • the extrusion cavities can be fitted with nozzles to produce cane, tubing and fiber as well as the gobs that have been shown. Each of these configurations is well known in the industry.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Glass Compositions (AREA)

Abstract

Four de production de verre dans lequel les constituants du verre sont introduits depuis une trémie (10) dans une chambre de fusion (15). Le verre en fusion s'écoule dans la chambre (16) et traverse un homogénéisateur (25) pour le mélange par cisaillement du verre et l'élimination des bulles. Une soupape de modulation d'écoulement (50) permet d'effectuer une régulation du débit du verre en fusion vers un ajutage d'extrusion (93).
PCT/US1983/000305 1982-05-24 1983-02-28 Dispositif d'homogeneisation et four de production de verre WO1983004245A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US38133182A 1982-05-24 1982-05-24
US381,331 1989-07-18

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1983004245A1 true WO1983004245A1 (fr) 1983-12-08

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0158974A1 (fr) * 1984-04-16 1985-10-23 Justice N. Carman Procédé et appareil pour la fabrication de quartz fondu et pour la formation d'un tube en verre
DE102006003521A1 (de) * 2006-01-24 2007-08-02 Schott Ag Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum kontinuierlichen Läutern von Gläsern mit hohen Reinheitsanforderungen
DE102006003520A1 (de) * 2006-01-24 2007-08-02 Schott Ag Kontinuierliches Läutern von Gläsern mit einem hochfrequenzbeheizten Aggregat
GB2450588A (en) * 2007-05-18 2008-12-31 Schott Ag Apparatus for production of high-melting glass materials having an iridium outlet

Citations (6)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US21863A (en) * 1858-10-19 Improvement in manufacturing car-wheels of cast-iron
US2465283A (en) * 1946-06-17 1949-03-22 Glass Fibers Inc Melting and drawing furnace
US3186823A (en) * 1962-01-04 1965-06-01 Corning Glass Works Melting apparatus
US3244493A (en) * 1951-05-09 1966-04-05 Bausch & Lomb Process and apparatus for making homogeneous gas-free optical glass
US3519412A (en) * 1966-04-19 1970-07-07 Boussois Souchon Neuvesel Sa Apparatus for melting and refining glass
US3938981A (en) * 1974-10-29 1976-02-17 Owens-Illinois, Inc. Method for removing gaseous inclusions from molten glass

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2453404C2 (de) * 1974-11-11 1985-04-04 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Wiederaufarbeitung von Kernbrennstoffen mbH, 3000 Hannover Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Verfestigung von radioaktiven Abfallstoffen

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US21863A (en) * 1858-10-19 Improvement in manufacturing car-wheels of cast-iron
US2465283A (en) * 1946-06-17 1949-03-22 Glass Fibers Inc Melting and drawing furnace
US3244493A (en) * 1951-05-09 1966-04-05 Bausch & Lomb Process and apparatus for making homogeneous gas-free optical glass
US3186823A (en) * 1962-01-04 1965-06-01 Corning Glass Works Melting apparatus
US3519412A (en) * 1966-04-19 1970-07-07 Boussois Souchon Neuvesel Sa Apparatus for melting and refining glass
US3938981A (en) * 1974-10-29 1976-02-17 Owens-Illinois, Inc. Method for removing gaseous inclusions from molten glass

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See also references of EP0108768A4 *

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0158974A1 (fr) * 1984-04-16 1985-10-23 Justice N. Carman Procédé et appareil pour la fabrication de quartz fondu et pour la formation d'un tube en verre
DE102006003521A1 (de) * 2006-01-24 2007-08-02 Schott Ag Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum kontinuierlichen Läutern von Gläsern mit hohen Reinheitsanforderungen
DE102006003520A1 (de) * 2006-01-24 2007-08-02 Schott Ag Kontinuierliches Läutern von Gläsern mit einem hochfrequenzbeheizten Aggregat
DE102006003521B4 (de) * 2006-01-24 2012-11-29 Schott Ag Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum kontinuierlichen Läutern von Gläsern mit hohen Reinheitsanforderungen
GB2450588A (en) * 2007-05-18 2008-12-31 Schott Ag Apparatus for production of high-melting glass materials having an iridium outlet
GB2450588B (en) * 2007-05-18 2013-02-20 Schott Ag Apparatus and method for the production of high-melting glass materials or glass ceramic materials

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0108768A4 (fr) 1986-03-20
EP0108768A1 (fr) 1984-05-23

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