Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
  • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
  • A61K31/195—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group
  • A61K31/197—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group the amino and the carboxyl groups being attached to the same acyclic carbon chain, e.g. gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA], beta-alanine, epsilon-aminocaproic acid or pantothenic acid
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
  • A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
  • A61K31/235—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids having an aromatic ring attached to a carboxyl group
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
  • A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
  • A61K31/235—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids having an aromatic ring attached to a carboxyl group
  • A61K31/24—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids having an aromatic ring attached to a carboxyl group having an amino or nitro group
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
  • A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
  • A61K31/235—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids having an aromatic ring attached to a carboxyl group
  • A61K31/24—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids having an aromatic ring attached to a carboxyl group having an amino or nitro group
  • A61K31/245—Amino benzoic acid types, e.g. procaine, novocaine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
  • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
  • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
  • A61P27/06—Antiglaucoma agents or miotics
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C219/00—Compounds containing amino and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
  • C07C219/02—Compounds containing amino and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having esterified hydroxy groups and amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton
  • C07C219/04—Compounds containing amino and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having esterified hydroxy groups and amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated
  • C07C219/14—Compounds containing amino and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having esterified hydroxy groups and amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated having at least one of the hydroxy groups esterified by a carboxylic acid having the esterifying carboxyl group bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a method for the treatment of glaucoma. More particularly, the invention relates to a novel method of treatment of glaucoma or lowering of intraocular pressure by topically administering beta-adrenergic blocking agents to the eye.
• Glaucoma is a condition of the eye characterized by increased intraocular pressure. Untreated, the condition can eventually lead to irreversible retinal damage and blindness.
• Conventional therapy for glaucoma has involved topical administration of pilocarpine and/or epinephrine, administered to the eye several times daily.
• beta-blocking agents may also be used to lower intraocular pressure. Such use is described, for example, in reviews by W. P. Boger in Drugs, 18, 25-32 (1979) and by T. J. Zimmerman and W. P. Boger in Survey Ophthalmol. 23(b), 347 (1979).
• the use of beta-blockers for the treatment of glaucoma is also described in the patent literature. For example, U.S. Patent No.
• a method for the treatment of glaucoma or for lowering intraocular pressure in a mammal comprising topically administering to the eye of such mammal a beta-blocking compound of the formula:
• R represents lower alkyl of straight or branched carbon chains from 1 to about 1 0 carbon atoms; cycloalkyl of from 3 to about 7 carbon atoms ; alkenyl of from about 2 to about 1 0 carbon atoms ; alkynyl of from 3 to about 1 0 carbon atoms ; hydroxyalkyl of from 2 to about 7 carbon atoms ; aralkyl , wherein the alkyl portion contains from 1 to about 5 carbon atoms, and the aryl portion represents substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic or heterocyclic ring systems of from about 6 to about 10 carbon atoms; a group of the formula
• Z represents lower alkylene of straight or branched carbon chains of from 1 to about 10 carbon atoms , and R 1 is lower alkyl of from 1 to about 5 carbon atoms ; and Ar represents substituted or unsubstituted aromatic ; or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof .
• the above-mentioned short-acting beta-blocking compounds effectively reduce intraocular pressure in the eyes of mammals when topically administered . Because of their short-lived duration of action in the systemic circulation, toxic side-effects produced by their migration out of the eye are consequently reduced . It has further been discovered that certain of these compounds show an increased longevity of effect when present in the ocular fluid compared to the duration of their systemic effects . Consequently, the present invention resides in the treatment of glaucoma or lowering intraocular pressure with a beta-blocking compound which exhibits relatively long duration of action while in the ocular fluid, but which is subject to relatively rapid breakdown into inactive metabolites upon passage to the systemic circulation .
• R represents lower alkyl of straight or branched carbon chains from 1 to about 10 carbon atoms; cycloalkyl of from 3 to about 7 carbon atoms; alkenyl of from 2 to about 10 carbon atoms; alkynyl of from 2 to about 10 carbon atoms; hydroxyalkyl of from 2 to about 7 carbon atoms; aralkyl, wherein the alkyl portion contains from about 1 to about 5 carbon atoms and the aryl portion represents substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic or heterocyclic ring systems of from 6 to about 10 carbon atoms, such as benzyl, phenethyl, 3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl, 1,1-dimethyl- 2-(3-indolyl) ethyl, and the like; and Ar represents substituted or unsubstituted aromatic, including monocyclic, polycyclic and heterocyclic ring systems.
• Aromatic (Ar) substituents may include lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower alkoxy, halogen, acetamido, amino, nitro, lower alkylamino, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, cyano, methylenedioxy, acyloxy, wherein the acyl portion is a straight or branched chain alkanoyl of from 1 to about 7 carbon atoms or aroyl of from 6 to about 10 carbon atoms, optionally substituted by halogen, lower alkoxy, lower alkyl, acetamido, cyano or hydroxy, and groups of the formula
• R 1 is lower alkyl, aryl or aralkyl and n is an integer from 0 to about 10.
• the compounds described herein are not limited to any particular stereoisomeric configuration. Such compounds may be administered as their pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts, e.g., as the hydrochloride, sulfate, phosphate, oxalate, gluconate, tartrate, et cetera.
• R is lower alkyl of from 1 to about 5 carbon atoms, such as isopropyl, n-butyl, t butyl, n-pentyl, and the like; alkynyl of from 3 to about 5 carbon atoms, such as propargyl, dimethylpropargyl and the like; hydroxyalkyl of from 2 to about 5 carbon atoms, such as hydroxy-t-butyl and the like; or aralkyl wherein the alkyl portion contains from 1 to about 3 carbon atoms and the aryl portion contains from 6 to about 10 carbon atoms, such as benzyl, phenethyl, 3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl and the like; and Ar is unsubstituted phenyl, or phenyl substituted with lower alkyl of from 1 to about 5 carbon atoms, fluoro, chloro, nitro, hydroxy, amino, acyloxy, wherein the acyl portion is alkanoyl,
• R 1 is lower alkyl of from 1 to about 5 carbon atoms, and n is an integer from 0 to about 5.
• R is selected from the group consisting of isopropyl, t-butyl, hydroxy-t-butyl, dimethylpropargyl, and 3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl
• Ar is unsubstituted phenyl or phenyl substituted with methyl, fluoro, chloro, nitro, hydroxy, amino, acyloxy such as acetoxy, isobutyryloxy, pivaloyloxy, benzoyloxy or 4- methoxybenzoyloxy.
• the compounds described herein may be prepared by a number of synthetic methods, depending upon the particular structure desired.
• the compounds of this invention are advantageously administered topically to the eye in the form of a solution, ointment, or solid insert such as is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,195,085.
• Formulations may contain the active compound, preferably, in the form of a soluble acid addition salt, in amounts ranging from about 0.01% to about 10% by wt., preferably, from about 0.5% to about 5% by wt.
• Unit dosages of the active compound can range from about 0.001 to about 5.0 mg., preferably from about 0.05 to about 2.0 mg. The dosage administered to a patient will depend upon the patient's needs and the particular compounds employed.
• Carriers used in the preparations of the present invention are preferably non-toxic pharmaceutical organic or inorganic compositions such as water; mixtures of water and water-miscible solvents, such as lower alcohols; mineral oils; petroleum jellies; ethyl cellulose; polyvinylpyrrolidone and other conventional carriers.
• the pharmaceutical preparations may also contain additional components such as emulsifying, preserving, wetting and sterilizing agents.
• polyethylene glycols 200, 300, 400 and 600 carbowaxes 1,000, 1,500, 4,000, 6,000 and 10,000, bacteriocidal components such as quaternary ammonium compounds, phenylmercuric salts known to have cold sterilizing properties and which are non-injurious in use, thimerosal, methyl and propyl paraben, benzyl alcohol, phenyl ethanol, buffering ingredients such as sodium chloride, sodium borate, sodium acetates, gluconate buffers, and other conventional ingredients such as sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine, oleate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan roonopalmitylate, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, monothioglycerol, thiosorbitol, ethylenediamine tetracetic acid, and the like.
• bacteriocidal components such as quaternary ammonium compounds, phenylmercuric salts known to have cold sterilizing properties and which
• suitable ophthalmic vehicles can be used as carrier media for the present purpose including conventional phosphate buffer vehicle systems, isotonic boric acid vehicles, isotonic sodium chloride vehicles, isotonic sodium borate vehicles and the like.
• the method of treatment of this invention advantageously involves the topical administration of eye drops containing the active compound.
• Formulations for eye drops preferably include the active compound as a soluble acid addition salt in a properly buffered, sterile, aqueous isotonic solution.
• the compounds of the present invention are ester group-containing beta—blockers that have a selective, localized, beta-blocking effect in the eye after topical administration. Such compounds are thought to be rapidly metabolized by plasma and/or liver esterases into inactive by-products, upon entering the systemic circulation. It has been discovered that these same compounds are relatively stable in ocular fluids, i.e., lacrimal fluids and aqueous humor. Consequently, such compounds are useful for the treatment of glaucoma or for lowering intraocular pressure since they remain stable when topically applied to the eye but rapidly metabolize when subsequently absorbed into the systemic circulation.
• the compounds break down in the aqueous humor more rapidly than others. Such compounds may advantageously be employed when only a temporary reduction in intraocular pressure is desired, say for diagnostic procedures. Longer-acting compounds are generally used for effecting longer-term reductions in intraocular pressure, such as is desired when treating chronic glaucoma.
• the method of the present invention provides a very useful therapeutic alternative for the treatment of glaucoma or for lowering intraocular pressure.
• the in vitro studies hereinafter described indicate that the compounds used in the method of the present invention will undergo different rates of enzymatic hydrolysis depending on their location within the body (See Table I).
• compound of Example III is completely hydrolyzed within 60 minutes in both dog blood and liver homogenate while only 19% hydrolyzed after one hour in aqueous humor, and only 51.9% hydrolyzed after two hours.
• Compound of Example IV is less stable in aqueous humor, hydrolyzing 61.4% after one hour, 100% after two hours.
• Example I This example describes the synthesis of a compound of the formula:
• Example II This example describes the synthesis of a compound of the formula:
• Example III This example describes the synthesis of a compound of the formula:
• Example Ia The experiment of Example Ia was repeated in all essential details to produce the above compound, except the reactants t-butylamine and benzoyl chloride were substituted for isopropylamine and 2-chlorobenzoyl chloride, respectively.
• the compound was prepared as the acid addition salt.
• the compound was identified by NMR and IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and had a melting point of 105-106°C.
• Example Ia The experiment of Example Ia was repeated in all essential details to produce the above compound, except the reactants t-butylamine and 2-fluorobenzoyl chloride were substituted for isopropylamine and 2-chlorobenzoyl chloride, respectively.
• the compound was prepared as the free base.
• the compound was identified by NMR and IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and had a melting point of 97.5-98°C.
• Examples V-VIII The enzymatic hydrolysis rates of the compounds of Examples I-IV were examined in dog blood, liver homogenate, and aqueous humor. All of the compounds tested were synthesized in accordance with the previous examples. Acetonitrile was "HPLC" grade.
• Distilled water was used to dissolve the compounds and 0.01 N HCl was used to dissolve compounds requiring an acidic pH for dissolution.
• Fresh aqueous humor was collected from eyes of dogs using a 23 gauge needle while fresh dog blood was collected into heparinized Vacutainer® tubes.
• Fresh liver was homogenized in 0.9% NaCl using a Potter Elvehjem Teflon pestle and glass homogenizer making a 25% (W/V) homogenate.
• a 0.5 ml aliquot of dog aqueous humor, blood, or liver homogenate was incubated with 12.5 ug (0.5 ml) of beta-blocker in a Dubnoff shaking metabolic incubator at37oC. for 60 and 120 minutes.
• Denatured tissue controls were prepared by adding 2.0 ml of acetonitrile into 0.5 ml of aqueous humor, blood, or liver homogenate to destroy esterase activities prior to addition of the beta-blockers. These controls were then incubated at 37oC. for 120 minutes. After 60 and 120 minutes, the incubations were terminated by addition of 2 ml of acetonitrile and immediately mixed using a Vortex® mixer to stop esterase activities.
• Table 1 summarizes the results of these experiments.
• the extent of hydrolysis is expressed in terms of the amount of each compound recovered after the incubation period relative to the amount of each compound recovered in the denatured tissue control.
• Most of the beta blockers were hydrolyzed very rapidly (2. 90% in 120 minutes) when incubated with dog blood and liver homogenate.
• all of the compounds tested were resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis by esterases in dog aqueous humor having hydrolysis rates of 19-61% in 60 minutes and 52-100% in 120 minutes.
• Example IX This example describes the synthesis of a compound of the formula:
• Example X This example describes the synthesis of a compound of the formula:
• the aldehyde obtained from the previous experiment was dissolved in ethanol. The resulting solution was cooled to 0°C. and sodium borohydride in a molar amount equal to the molar amount of the aldehyde was added.
• Example XI This example describes the synthesis of a compound of the following formula via Method I.
• Example XII was repeated in all essential detail to produce Examples XIII—XV described in Table 2 except that different benzyloxybenzoic acids were used to react with the 3-(t-butyl-amino)-1,2- propanediols. Each of the compounds was identified by NMR, IR and elemental analysis.
• Example XVI and XVII The procedure for the preparation of 3-t- butylamino-2-hydroxypropyl 3,4-dibenzyloxybenzoate in Example XII was repeated in all essential detail to produce Example XVII described in Table 2 except that 3,4-dipivaloyloxy benzoic acid was used to react with the 3-(tert-butylamino)-1,2-propanediol.
• the crude product of Example XVII was chromatographed on silica gel with 10% EtOH in EtoAc to give Example XVII.
• Example XVIII The intraocular pressure lowering effect of the compounds described in Examples I-IV and IX-XVII are demonstrated in rabbits with normotensive eyes.
• Sterile, isotonic saline solutions of each of the compounds prepared in procedures of Examples I-IV, IX- XVII are prepared by dissolving 10, 30 and 100 mg samples of each of the active compounds in 1 ml of saline to give 1%, 3% and 10% solutions with pH about 6.0-7.0. Free amines require one equivalent of HCl to effect dissolution.
• the intraocular pressure lowering effect of each compound is determined by treating the eyes of healthy rabbits with the above solutions. Three rabbits are used to evaluate the effect of each drug concentration. A standard dose of 50 ⁇ l of each drug solution is applied to one eye of each of the three rabbits.
• Intraocular presure of both eyes is measured with a pressure tonograph or a Mackay-Marg Tonometer before drug administration and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420 and 480 minutes after dosing.
• Control rabbits are treated similarly with sterile isotonic saline solution.
• Intraocular pressure lowering in the treated eyes is compared with the untreated eyes, with saline treated eyes and with predrug pressures. All of the test compounds show intraocular pressure lowering activity.
• Example XIX The experiment of Example XVIII is repeated in all essential details, except that rabbits which have corticosteroid induced ocular hypertension, as described by Bonomi, L., et al., Glaucoma, Eds. R. Pittscrick, A.D.S. Caldwell, Academic Press, New York, pp. 98-107 (1980), are substituted for the normotensive rabbits. Each of the test compounds exhibits intraocular pressure lowering activity in this model.

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