USRE36571E - Low loss synchronous rectifier for application to clamped-mode power converters - Google Patents
Low loss synchronous rectifier for application to clamped-mode power converters Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- USRE36571E USRE36571E US09/039,106 US3910698A USRE36571E US RE36571 E USRE36571 E US RE36571E US 3910698 A US3910698 A US 3910698A US RE36571 E USRE36571 E US RE36571E
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- power converter
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
- H02M7/02—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal
- H02M7/04—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
- H02M7/12—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M7/21—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M7/217—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
- H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
- H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
- H02M3/33576—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements having at least one active switching element at the secondary side of an isolation transformer
- H02M3/33592—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements having at least one active switching element at the secondary side of an isolation transformer having a synchronous rectifier circuit or a synchronous freewheeling circuit at the secondary side of an isolation transformer
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
- Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes
Definitions
- This invention relates to switching type power converters and in particular to forward and flyback converters having a clamp-mode topology.
- Self synchronized rectifiers refer to rectifiers using MOSFET rectifying devices having control terminals which are driven by voltages of the windings of the power transformer in order to provide the rectification of the output of the transformer.
- Use of synchronous rectifiers has been limited however by the inefficiency of these rectifiers in buck derived converter topologies. Efficiency is limited due to the nature of switching of buck derived converters (i.e buck, buck-boost, boost converters including forward and flyback topologies) and due to the variability of the transformer reset voltages in the forward type converters. This variability of reset voltage limits the conduction time of one of the MOSFET rectifiers, diminishing the effectiveness and efficiency of the rectifier. This is because the rectifying devices do not conduct for the full switching period and the gate drive energy of one of the rectifiers is dissipated.
- a synchronous rectifiers is combined with a clamped-mode buck derived power converter.
- a hybrid rectifier includes a MOSFET rectifying device active in a first cyclic interval of the conduction/nonconduction sequence of the power switch.
- a second rectifying device embodied in one illustrative embodiment as a low forward voltage drop bipolar diode rectifying device is active during an alternative interval to the first conduction/nonconduction interval.
- the gate drive to the MOSFET device is maintained continuous at a constant level for substantially the all of the second interval by the clamping action of the clamping circuitry of the converter. This continuous drive enhances the efficiency of the rectifier.
- the bipolar rectifier device may also embodied as a MOSFET device in a rectifier using two MOSFET devices.
- the subject rectifier may be used in both forward and flyback power converters.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic of a forward converter, of the prior art, having a synchronous rectifier
- FIG. 2 is a voltage waveform of the secondary transformer winding of the converter of FIG. 1;
- FIG. 3 is a schematic of a clamped-mode forward converter with a synchronous rectifier embodying the principles of the invention
- FIG. 4 is a voltage waveform of the secondary transformer winding of the converter of FIG. 3;
- FIG. 5 is a schematic of another version of a clamped-mode forward converter with a synchronous rectifier embodying the principles of the invention
- FIG. 6 is a schematic of another version of a clamped-mode forward converter with a synchronous rectifier and a center tapped secondary winding embodying the principles of the invention
- FIG. 7 is a schematic of a clamped-mode flyback converter with a synchronous rectifier embodying the principles of the invention.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic of another version of a clamped-mode forward converter with a synchronous rectifier and a center tapped secondary winding embodying the principles of the invention.
- a DC voltage input V in at input 100, is connected to the primary winding 110 of the power transformer by a MOSFET power switch 101.
- the secondary winding 102 is connected to an output lead 103 through an output filter inductor 104 and a synchronous rectifier including the MOSFET rectifying devices 105 and 106.
- Each rectifying device includes a body diode 108 and 107, respectively.
- the input voltage is applied across the primary winding 110.
- the secondary winding 102 is oriented in polarity to respond to the primary voltage with a current flow through the inductor 104, the load connected to output lead 103 and back through the MOSFET rectifier 106 to the secondary winding 102.
- Continuity of current flow in the inductor 104, when the power switch 101 is non-conducting, is maintained by the current path provided by the conduction of the MOSFET rectifier 105.
- An output filter capacitor 111 shunts the output of the converter.
- Conductivity of the MOSFET rectifiers is controlled by the gate drive signals provided by the voltage appearing across the secondary winding 102. This voltage is shown graphically by the voltage waveform 201 in FIG. 2.
- the secondary winding voltage V ns1 charges the gate of MOSFET 106 to bias it conducting for the entire interval T 1 .
- the MOSFET 105 is biased non conducting during the T 1 interval.
- the conducting MOSFET rectifying device 106 provides the current path allowing energy transfer to the output during the interval T 1 .
- the gate of MOSFET rectifier 106 is charged in response to the input voltage V in . All of the gate drive energy due to this voltage is dissipated.
- the voltage V ns1 across the secondary winding 102 reverses polarity just as the time interval T 2 begins. This voltage reversal initiates a reset of the transformer magnetizing inductance, resonantly discharges the gate of MOSFET rectifier 106 and begins charging the gate of MOSFET rectifier 105. As shown by the voltage waveform of FIG. 2, the voltage across the secondary winding 102 is not a constant value, but is rather a variable voltage that collapses to zero in the subsequent time interval T 3 , which occurs prior to the subsequent conduction interval of the power switch 101.
- This voltage is operative to actually drive the rectifier 105 conducting over only a portion of the time interval T 2 which is indicated by the cross hatched area 202 associated with the waveform 201 in FIG. 2. This substantially diminishes the performance of the rectifier 105 as a low loss rectifier device. This is aggravated by the fact that the body diode 108 of the rectifier 105 has a large forward voltage drop which is too large to efficiently carry the load current.
- the loss of efficiency of the synchronous rectifier limits the overall efficiency of the power converter and has an adverse effect on the possible power density attainable. Since the synchronous rectifier 105 does not continuously conduct throughout the entire switching period, a conventional rectifier diode (e.g. connected in shunt with rectifier 105) capable of carrying the load current is required in addition to MOSFET rectifier 105. This inefficiency is further aggravated by the gate drive energy dissipation associated with the MOSFET rectifier 106. This gate drive loss may exceed the conduction loss for MOSFET rectifier 106, at high switching frequency (e.g. >300 kHz).
- the efficiency of a forward converter with synchronous rectification is significantly improved according to the invention by using a clamp circuit arrangement to limit the reset voltage and by using a low forward voltage drop diode in the rectifying circuitry.
- a clamp circuit arrangement to limit the reset voltage and by using a low forward voltage drop diode in the rectifying circuitry.
- FIG. 3 Such an arrangement is shown in the schematic of FIG. 3.
- the power MOSFET device 101 is shunted by a series connection of a clamp capacitor 321 and a MOSFET switch device 322.
- the conducting intervals of power switch 101 and MOSFET device 322 are mutually exclusive.
- the duty cycle of power switch 101 is D and the duty cycle of MOSFET device 322 is 1-D.
- the voltage inertia of the capacitor 321 limits the amplitude of the reset voltage appearing across the magnetizing inductance during the non conducting interval of the MOSFET power switch 101.
- the diode 323 of the synchronous rectifier, shown in FIG. 3, has been substituted for the MOSFET device 106 shown in the FIG. 1. Due to the dissipation of gate drive energy the overall contribution of the MOSFET rectifier 106 in FIG. 1 is limited.
- the clamping action of the clamping circuitry results in the constant voltage level 402 shown in the voltage waveform 401, across the secondary winding 102, in the time period T 2 .
- This constant voltage applied to the gate drive of the MOSFET rectifier 105 drives it into conduction for the entire T 2 reset interval. In this arrangement there is no need for a bipolar or a body diode shunting the MOSFET rectifier 105.
- the diode 323 may be a very efficient low voltage diode which may be embodied by a low voltage diode normally considered unsuitable for rectification purposes.
- the MOSFET switch 322 In the operation of the clamped mode forward converter the MOSFET switch 322 is turned off just prior to turning the MOSFET power switch on. Energy stored in the parasitic capacitances of the MOSFET switching devices 101 and 322 is commutated to the leakage inductance of the power transformer, discharging the capacitance down toward zero voltage. During the time interval T 3 shown in FIG. 4, voltage across the primary winding is supported by the leakage inductance. The voltage across the secondary winding 102 drops to zero value as shown in the FIG. 4. With this zero voltage level of the secondary winding, the output inductor resonantly discharges the gate capacitance of the MOSFET rectifying device 105 and eventually forward biases the the bipolar diode 323.
- the delay time T 3 is a fixed design parameter and is a factor in the control of the power switches 101 and 322, which may be switched to accommodate soft waveforms.
- This synchronous rectification circuit of FIG. 3 provides the desired efficiencies lacking in the arrangement of the circuit shown in FIG. 1.
- Control of the conductivity of the power switching devices 101 and 322 is by means of a control circuit 350, which is connected, by lead 351, to an output terminal 103 of the converter to sense the output terminal voltage.
- the control circuit 350 is connected, by leads 353 and 354, to the drive terminals of the power switches 101 and 322.
- the drive signals are controlled to regulate an the output voltage at output terminal.
- This control circuit 350 is suitable for application to the converters of FIGS. 5,6,7 and 8.
- FIG. 5 A modified version of the circuit of FIG. 3 is shown in the circuit schematic of the FIG.5.
- the converter of FIG. 5 is a clamped mode forward converter having two gated synchronous rectifying devices 105 and 106.
- the synchronized rectifying device 106 can be used without adversely affecting the converter efficiency at lower operating frequencies.
- the circuit of FIG. 6 is a clamped mode forward converter having a rectifier analogous to that of FIG. 3 in using one bipolar rectifying diode.
- the secondary winding is tapped creating two secondary winding segments 603 and 602.
- the converter of FIG. 7 operates in a flyback mode.
- the bipolar and synchronous rectifier device are in a reversed connection from the connection of FIG. 3 to accommodate the flyback operation.
- a small signal MOSFET device 813 is connected to couple the gate drive to the MOSFET rectifying device 105. This device may be controlled by the control drive lead 815 to limit the peak voltage applied to the gate of rectifier 105. The MOSFET synchronous rectifier is then discharged through the body diode of the MOSFET device 813.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
- Rectifiers (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (15)
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/039,106 USRE36571E (en) | 1993-04-29 | 1998-03-13 | Low loss synchronous rectifier for application to clamped-mode power converters |
US09/429,692 USRE37889E1 (en) | 1993-04-29 | 1999-10-27 | Low loss synchronous rectifier for application to clamped-mode power converters |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/054,918 US5303138A (en) | 1993-04-29 | 1993-04-29 | Low loss synchronous rectifier for application to clamped-mode power converters |
US08/225,027 US5528482A (en) | 1993-04-29 | 1994-04-08 | Low loss synchronous rectifier for application to clamped-mode power converters |
US09/039,106 USRE36571E (en) | 1993-04-29 | 1998-03-13 | Low loss synchronous rectifier for application to clamped-mode power converters |
Related Parent Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US08/054,918 Continuation US5303138A (en) | 1993-04-29 | 1993-04-29 | Low loss synchronous rectifier for application to clamped-mode power converters |
US08/225,027 Reissue US5528482A (en) | 1993-04-29 | 1994-04-08 | Low loss synchronous rectifier for application to clamped-mode power converters |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US09/429,692 Reissue USRE37889E1 (en) | 1993-04-29 | 1999-10-27 | Low loss synchronous rectifier for application to clamped-mode power converters |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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USRE36571E true USRE36571E (en) | 2000-02-15 |
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ID=21994375
Family Applications (5)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US08/054,918 Expired - Lifetime US5303138A (en) | 1993-04-29 | 1993-04-29 | Low loss synchronous rectifier for application to clamped-mode power converters |
US08/225,027 Ceased US5528482A (en) | 1993-04-29 | 1994-04-08 | Low loss synchronous rectifier for application to clamped-mode power converters |
US08/704,056 Expired - Lifetime US5872705A (en) | 1993-04-29 | 1996-08-28 | Low loss synchronous rectifier for application to clamped-mode power converters |
US09/039,106 Expired - Lifetime USRE36571E (en) | 1993-04-29 | 1998-03-13 | Low loss synchronous rectifier for application to clamped-mode power converters |
US09/429,692 Expired - Lifetime USRE37889E1 (en) | 1993-04-29 | 1999-10-27 | Low loss synchronous rectifier for application to clamped-mode power converters |
Family Applications Before (3)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US08/054,918 Expired - Lifetime US5303138A (en) | 1993-04-29 | 1993-04-29 | Low loss synchronous rectifier for application to clamped-mode power converters |
US08/225,027 Ceased US5528482A (en) | 1993-04-29 | 1994-04-08 | Low loss synchronous rectifier for application to clamped-mode power converters |
US08/704,056 Expired - Lifetime US5872705A (en) | 1993-04-29 | 1996-08-28 | Low loss synchronous rectifier for application to clamped-mode power converters |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US09/429,692 Expired - Lifetime USRE37889E1 (en) | 1993-04-29 | 1999-10-27 | Low loss synchronous rectifier for application to clamped-mode power converters |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
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US (5) | US5303138A (en) |
EP (2) | EP1052763B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2758137B2 (en) |
DE (2) | DE69434180D1 (en) |
Cited By (24)
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US6218891B1 (en) | 2000-07-28 | 2001-04-17 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Integrated circuit including a driver for a metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor |
US6243278B1 (en) | 2000-04-04 | 2001-06-05 | Tyco Electronics Logistics A.G. | Drive circuit for synchronous rectifier and method of operating the same |
US6278621B1 (en) * | 1996-07-18 | 2001-08-21 | International Power Devices, Inc. | Single ended forward DC-to-DC converter providing enhanced resetting for synchronous rectification |
US6304463B1 (en) * | 1999-05-07 | 2001-10-16 | Power-One, Inc. | Single-ended forward converter circuit with quasi-optimal resetting for synchronous rectification |
US6369408B1 (en) * | 1999-10-06 | 2002-04-09 | Agere Systems Guardian Corp. | GaAs MOSFET having low capacitance and on-resistance and method of manufacturing the same |
US6377477B1 (en) * | 1999-07-16 | 2002-04-23 | University Of Hong Kong | Self-driven synchronous rectifier by retention of gate charge |
US6396725B1 (en) | 2000-07-31 | 2002-05-28 | Mark E. Jacobs | System and method for improving control loop response of a power supply |
US6400580B1 (en) | 2000-10-10 | 2002-06-04 | Wayne C. Bowman | System and method for reducing a DC magnetic flux bias in a transformer and power converter employing the same |
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US5523940A (en) * | 1994-05-20 | 1996-06-04 | Micro Linear Corporation | Feedback control circuit for a synchronous rectifier having zero quiescent current |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US5528482A (en) | 1996-06-18 |
DE69434798D1 (en) | 2006-09-07 |
US5872705A (en) | 1999-02-16 |
EP0622891A2 (en) | 1994-11-02 |
EP1052763B1 (en) | 2004-12-08 |
DE69434180D1 (en) | 2005-01-13 |
EP1052763A1 (en) | 2000-11-15 |
JPH06327243A (en) | 1994-11-25 |
USRE37889E1 (en) | 2002-10-22 |
DE69434798T2 (en) | 2007-08-09 |
EP0622891B1 (en) | 2006-07-26 |
EP0622891A3 (en) | 1995-01-11 |
JP2758137B2 (en) | 1998-05-28 |
US5303138A (en) | 1994-04-12 |
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