US9694686B2 - Multifunctional monitoring of electrical systems - Google Patents

Multifunctional monitoring of electrical systems Download PDF

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Publication number
US9694686B2
US9694686B2 US14/917,046 US201414917046A US9694686B2 US 9694686 B2 US9694686 B2 US 9694686B2 US 201414917046 A US201414917046 A US 201414917046A US 9694686 B2 US9694686 B2 US 9694686B2
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voltage
connection
voltmeter
control unit
voltage source
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US20160193926A1 (en
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Simon Abraham
Friedrich Ramme
Frank Nguyen-Luong
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Vitesco Technologies GmbH
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Continental Automotive GmbH
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/0023—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train
    • B60L3/0069—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to the isolation, e.g. ground fault or leak current
    • B60L11/12—
    • B60L11/1803—
    • B60L11/1864—
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L15/00—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/007—Physical arrangements or structures of drive train converters specially adapted for the propulsion motors of electric vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/0023—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/0023—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train
    • B60L3/0046—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to electric energy storage systems, e.g. batteries or capacitors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/0023—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train
    • B60L3/0061—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to electrical machines
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/12—Recording operating variables ; Monitoring of operating variables
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/10—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines
    • B60L50/15—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines with additional electric power supply
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/51—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells characterised by AC-motors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/18—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules
    • B60L58/21—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules having the same nominal voltage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W20/00—Control systems specially adapted for hybrid vehicles
    • B60W20/50—Control strategies for responding to system failures, e.g. for fault diagnosis, failsafe operation or limp mode
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/52—Drive Train control parameters related to converters
    • B60L2240/527—Voltage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • B60L2240/547—Voltage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2270/00—Problem solutions or means not otherwise provided for
    • B60L2270/20—Inrush current reduction, i.e. avoiding high currents when connecting the battery
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R27/00—Arrangements for measuring resistance, reactance, impedance, or electric characteristics derived therefrom
    • G01R27/02—Measuring real or complex resistance, reactance, impedance, or other two-pole characteristics derived therefrom, e.g. time constant
    • G01R27/025—Measuring very high resistances, e.g. isolation resistances, i.e. megohm-meters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/005—Testing of electric installations on transport means
    • G01R31/006—Testing of electric installations on transport means on road vehicles, e.g. automobiles or trucks
    • G01R31/025—
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/50—Testing of electric apparatus, lines, cables or components for short-circuits, continuity, leakage current or incorrect line connections
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/50—Testing of electric apparatus, lines, cables or components for short-circuits, continuity, leakage current or incorrect line connections
    • G01R31/52—Testing for short-circuits, leakage current or ground faults
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/64—Electric machine technologies in electromobility
    • Y02T10/645—
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
    • Y02T10/7005—
    • Y02T10/7061—
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/7072—Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
    • Y02T10/7077—
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S903/00—Hybrid electric vehicles, HEVS
    • Y10S903/902—Prime movers comprising electrical and internal combustion motors
    • Y10S903/903—Prime movers comprising electrical and internal combustion motors having energy storing means, e.g. battery, capacitor
    • Y10S903/904—Component specially adapted for hev

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the technical field of monitoring and control of electrical systems, particularly of electrical systems in a motor vehicle with electric or hybrid drive.
  • Hybrid or electric vehicle denotes vehicles that are driven entirely or partly by electric power.
  • the power normally comes from an energy storage system, the electrical connection of which to other power circuits either needs to be permanently isolated or can be dynamically switched.
  • Such vehicles require a series of monitoring and control functions in order to monitor safety-relevant parameters and to actuate the system as appropriate.
  • the power circuit to be connected (electric motor) is a high capacitive load
  • a precharge process is frequently provided that allows a low-wear switching process. This involves the load side being briefly connected to the source via a series resistor.
  • the short time window means that a level-dependent switch controller is necessary.
  • the present invention is based on the object of providing improved and simple monitoring of the electrical system of a motor vehicle that is driven entirely or partly electrically.
  • an apparatus for monitoring and controlling electrical systems in a motor vehicle with electric or hybrid drive has the following: (a) a first AC voltage source for providing an AC voltage between a first connection and a reference connection, (b) a second AC voltage source for providing an AC voltage between a second connection and the reference connection, (c) a first voltmeter for recording a first voltage between the first connection and the reference connection, (d) a second voltmeter for recording a second voltage between the second connection and the reference connection and (e) a control unit that is set up to control the first AC voltage source and the second AC voltage source and to obtain the first voltage from the first voltmeter and the second voltage from the second voltmeter, the control unit additionally being set up to (i) ascertain a first insulation resistance for a first assembly, which is connected to the first connection, and/or a second insulation resistance for a second assembly, which is connected to the second connection, relative to an electrical potential connected to the reference connection, (ii) ascertain a
  • the described apparatus is based on the insight that the three functions for ascertaining insulation resistance, precharge state and switching state can be performed by a single apparatus having a central control unit and two independent sets of in each case an AC voltage source and a voltmeter. Hence, the described apparatus allows efficient and inexpensive monitoring of multiple parameters in the electrical system of a motor vehicle with electric or hybrid drive, particularly without the use of single, dedicated monitoring devices for each monitoring function.
  • AC voltage source denotes particularly a generator for producing an AC voltage having prescribed values for amplitude, frequency and phase.
  • first connection denotes, in particular, single electrical contact points or connection points in a circuit.
  • voltagemeter denotes an apparatus for recording an electrical voltage, particularly an electrical DC voltage and/or an electrical AC voltage, between two contact points.
  • control unit denotes particularly a central unit having a processor, a memory and interfaces.
  • insulation resistance denotes particularly the nonreactive resistance component between a contact point of an assembly and a reference potential.
  • charge state of a capacitive load denotes particularly the ratio between a present voltage on the load and the voltage that the capacitive load has in the fully charged state.
  • switching state denotes particularly the state of a switch, that is to say whether the switch provides a connection or no connection between two contact points.
  • the control unit may be implemented as a standalone unit or as part of another unit.
  • the control unit is particularly set up to actuate the first and second AC voltage sources such that they provide respective AC voltages.
  • the control unit may particularly transmit single values for amplitude, frequency and phase to each AC voltage source.
  • the control unit is additionally set up to obtain measured voltages from the first and second voltmeters.
  • the voltage measurements may be output as digital signals or as analog signals from the voltmeters. In the latter case, the control unit may convert the signals obtained into digital signals.
  • the control unit can ascertain and store a respective DC voltage component and/or a respective AC voltage component of the first and second voltages.
  • the control unit is additionally set up to perform three monitoring functions.
  • the first of these monitoring functions is ascertainment of an insulation resistance for a first and/or second assembly that is/are connected to the first connection.
  • the reference used for the insulation resistance measurement is the electrical potential of the reference connection.
  • the second monitoring function is ascertainment of a precharge state for a capacitive load that is connected to the first connection and is precharged by a power supply connected to the second connection.
  • the third monitoring function is ascertainment of the switching states for one or more switches that is or are arranged between two assemblies in order to selectively connect them to one another and isolate them from one another, one of the assemblies being connected to the first connection and the other assembly being connected to the second connection.
  • the relevant assembly or assemblies or capacitive load and power supply need to be connected to the first and second connections. This can be accomplished by means of electronic switches, for example.
  • the described apparatus allows monitoring of insulation resistance and switching states for various assemblies and of the precharge state of a capacitive load in a motor vehicle with electric or hybrid drive.
  • control unit is additionally set up to ascertain the first insulation resistance on the basis of the first voltage ascertained by the first voltmeter and/or to ascertain the second insulation resistance on the basis of the second voltage ascertained by the second voltmeter.
  • control unit is additionally set up to ascertain the precharge state on the basis of a difference between the second voltage ascertained by the second voltmeter and the first voltage ascertained by the first voltmeter.
  • the capacitive load is usually precharged by switching in a resistor between power supply and load in order to limit the precharge current.
  • the difference between the ascertained second voltage and the ascertained first voltage is therefore dependent on the voltage across this resistor and therefore provides a simple way of computing the precharge state.
  • control unit is additionally set up to output a control signal to a precharge switch when the difference between the second voltage ascertained by the second voltmeter and the first voltage ascertained by the first voltmeter reaches a precharge threshold value.
  • the precharge threshold value can particularly correspond to a precharge state of approximately 85% to 95%, particularly 90%.
  • the control device outputs a control signal to the precharge switch, for example in order to bypass a precharge resistor and couple the load directly to the power supply.
  • the described apparatus can contribute, in a simple manner, to its being switched on at the correct time, that is to say when precharging the load has been performed.
  • control unit is additionally set up to ascertain the switching states by actuating the first and second AC voltage sources, so that the AC voltage provided by the first AC voltage source is inverted in relation to the AC voltage provided by the second voltage source, and to compare the difference between the second voltage ascertained by the second voltmeter and the first voltage ascertained by the first voltmeter with a switching state threshold value.
  • the first and second AC voltage sources are actuated by the control unit such that they provide AC voltages having the same amplitude and frequency but having a phase difference of 180°.
  • the switching state of the observed switch can then be ascertained on the basis of the difference between the second voltage and the first voltage by comparison with the switching state threshold value.
  • the switching state of the switch is ascertained as connected when the difference between the second voltage ascertained by the second voltmeter and the first voltage ascertained by the first voltmeter is below the switching state threshold value, and the switching state of the switch is ascertained as not connected when the difference between the second voltage ascertained by the second voltmeter and the first voltage ascertained by the first voltmeter is above the switching state threshold value.
  • the difference between the voltage is large (equal to twice the amplitude of the two provided AC voltages) when the switch is in the unconnected state, that is to say when it does not connect the two assemblies to one another, since in this case the first AC voltage source and the second AC voltage source cannot influence one another.
  • comparison of the difference between the respective AC voltage components of the first voltage and the second voltage provides a simple way of stipulating whether a switch that is situated between the first connection and the second connection is switched on or switched off.
  • the same principle can furthermore be used to ascertain a switching state for a further switch that can connect the two assemblies but is not installed directly between the first connection and the second connection. This is then accomplished by evaluating a difference between the respective DC voltage components of the first and second voltages. If this difference is small (below a further threshold value), the further switch connects the two assemblies, and if the difference is large (above the further threshold voltage), then the further switch does not connect the two assemblies.
  • the apparatus additionally has a third AC voltage source for providing an AC voltage between a third connection and the reference connection and a third voltmeter for recording a third voltage between the first connection and the reference connection, the control unit additionally being set up to control the third AC voltage source and to obtain the third voltage from the third voltmeter.
  • the described apparatus can be extended, according to the invention, by adding further pairs of AC voltage sources and voltmeters that are connected to the control unit, and controlled thereby, in the same way as the previously described first, second and third AC voltage sources and first, second and third voltmeters.
  • any number of measurement channels can be provided that can be used in pairs to ascertain switch states.
  • a method for monitoring and controlling electrical systems in a motor vehicle with electric or hybrid drive by means of an apparatus which apparatus has a first AC voltage source, a second AC voltage source, a first voltmeter, a second voltmeter, a first connection, a second connection, a reference connection and a control unit.
  • the described method involves the following: (a) control, by means of the control unit, of the first AC voltage source in order to provide an AC voltage between the first connection and the reference connection, (b) control, by means of the control unit, of the second AC voltage source in order to provide an AC voltage between the second connection and the reference connection, (c) recording of a first voltage between the first connection and the reference connection, (d) recording of a second voltage between the second connection and the reference connection, and (e) on the basis of the recorded first voltage and/or the recorded second voltage: (i) ascertainment of a first insulation resistance for a first assembly, which is connected to the first connection, and/or of a second insulation resistance for a second assembly, which is connected to the second connection, relative to an electrical potential connected to the reference connection, (ii) ascertainment of a precharge state for a capacitive load that is connected to the first connection and that is precharged by a power supply connected to the second connection, and (iii) ascertainment of the switching states for one or more switches
  • the described method is fundamentally based on the same insight as has been explained above in connection with the first aspect, namely that the three functions for ascertaining insulation resistance, precharge state and switching state can be performed by operating a single apparatus having a central control unit and two independent sets of in each case an AC voltage source and a voltmeter.
  • a motor controller for a motor vehicle with electric or hybrid drive for the use of a method according to the second aspect and/or one of the exemplary embodiments above is described.
  • This motor controller allows simple and central monitoring of the electrical system of the motor vehicle.
  • a computer program is described that, when executed by a processor, is set up to perform the method according to the second aspect and/or one of the exemplary embodiments above.
  • the computer program may be implemented as a computer-readable instruction code in any suitable programming language, such as in JAVA, C++ etc.
  • the computer program may be stored on a computer-readable storage medium (CD-Rom, DVD, Blu-ray disk, removable drive, volatile or nonvolatile memory, installed memory/processor, etc.).
  • the instruction code can program a computer or other programmable devices, such as particularly a controller for a motor of a motor vehicle, such that the desired functions are performed.
  • the computer program can be provided in a network, such as the Internet, for example, from which it can be downloaded by a user when required.
  • the invention can be implemented either by means of a computer program, i.e. a piece of software, or by means of one or more special electrical circuits, i.e. in hardware or in any hybrid form, i.e. by means of software components and hardware components.
  • FIG. 1 shows an overview diagram of an electrical system in a motor vehicle with electric or hybrid drive that can be monitored and controlled according to the invention.
  • FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of an apparatus according to the invention for monitoring and controlling the electrical system shown in FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic overview diagram of an electrical system 100 in a motor vehicle with electric or hybrid drive that can be monitored and controlled according to the invention.
  • the electrical system 100 has a load 105 and an electrical power supply 110 .
  • the load 105 contains an electric machine for driving a motor vehicle and is highly capacitive.
  • the capacitance of the load is represented schematically as CL and typically has a value of around 1000 ⁇ F.
  • the electrical power supply 110 contains an energy store in the form of a high-voltage battery 112 , switches K 1 and K 3 for connecting and isolating the connection between high-voltage battery 112 and load 105 , a precharge resistor Rv and a switch K 2 for switching the precharge resistor Rv in and out.
  • the high-voltage battery 112 provides a voltage of approximately 360 V, for example.
  • the electrical power supply 110 additionally has connections 114 and 115 for the load 105 and connections 116 and 117 for the high-voltage battery 112 .
  • the line 120 shows a region of the system 100 that is relevant to insulation resistance monitoring relative to other electrical systems in a vehicle, such as a vehicle power supply system.
  • the line 121 shows a region of the system 100 that is relevant to precharge state monitoring and control.
  • the line 122 shows a region of the system 100 that is relevant to switching state monitoring.
  • FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of an apparatus 230 according to the invention that can be used for monitoring and controlling the electrical system 100 shown in FIG. 1 , for example.
  • the apparatus 230 has a first AC voltage source 232 a , a first voltmeter 234 a and a first connection 236 a , which, together with a reference connection 237 , form a first measurement channel.
  • the apparatus 230 additionally has a second AC voltage source 232 b , a second voltmeter 234 b and a second connection 236 b , which, together with the reference connection 237 , form a second measurement channel.
  • the apparatus 230 additionally has a control unit 238 that is connected to the AC voltage sources 232 a and 232 b and to the voltmeters 234 a and 234 b .
  • the control unit contains processor, memory and interfaces and is set up to control the AC voltage sources 232 a and 232 b and to obtain measured voltage values from the voltmeters 234 a and 234 b .
  • the control unit actuates the first AC voltage source 232 a such that it provides an AC voltage having prescribed amplitude, frequency and phase between the first connection 236 a and the reference connection 237 .
  • the control unit actuates the second AC voltage source 232 b in the same way such that it provides an AC voltage having prescribed amplitude, frequency and phase between the second connection 236 b and the reference connection 237 .
  • the first voltmeter 234 a measures the electrical voltage (DC voltage component and AC voltage component) between the first connection 236 a and the reference connection 237 and transmits it to the control unit.
  • the second voltmeter 234 b measures the electrical voltage (DC voltage component and AC voltage component) between the second connection 236 b and the reference connection 237 and transmits it to the control unit.
  • the AC voltage sources 232 a and 232 b and the voltmeters 234 a and 234 b all have defined impedances with respect to the ground plane of the apparatus 230 .
  • the apparatus 230 can be used, by way of example, in conjunction with the system 100 shown in FIG. 1 for ascertaining insulation resistances, a precharge state for the load 105 , CL and switching states for the switches K 1 , K 2 and K 3 .
  • an insulation resistance can be ascertained for the system 100 relative to the vehicle power supply system (not shown) in a motor vehicle as follows: the connection 236 a is connected to a connection in the system 100 , for example the connection 115 , and the reference connection 237 is connected to a connection in the vehicle power supply system (for example ground).
  • the control unit 238 actuates the AC voltage source 232 a , so that the latter provides an AC voltage at an amplitude of 120 Vss and a frequency of 0.3 Hz between the connection 236 a and the reference connection 237 .
  • the voltmeter 234 a records the AC voltage drop between the connection 236 a and the reference connection 237 and transmits it to the control unit 238 .
  • the control unit 238 then computes the corresponding insulation resistance.
  • a similar measurement can be performed using the AC voltage source 232 b , the voltmeter 234 b and the connection 236 b.
  • the apparatus 230 can be used as follows in order to monitor and control a precharge process for the load CL (in FIG. 1 ).
  • the first connection 236 a is connected to the connection 115
  • the second connection 236 b is connected to the connection 117
  • the reference connection 237 is connected to ground (vehicle ground or GND).
  • the voltage across the precharge resistor Rv can be continuously ascertained by the voltmeters 234 a and 234 b and transmitted to the control unit 238 .
  • the precharge process is initiated by closing the two switches K 1 and K 2 with switch K 3 open.
  • the control unit can now track the precharge state and close the switch K 3 when a precharge state of 90% is reached, for example. This bypasses the precharge resistor Rv, and the switch K 2 can be isolated or opened again, so that the current provided for the load is no longer limited.
  • the apparatus 230 can also be used to ascertain a switching state for one or more of the switches K 1 , K 2 and K 3 in FIG. 1 .
  • the first connection 236 a is connected to the connection 117 and the second connection 236 b is connected to the connection 115 .
  • the control unit 238 actuates the first AC voltage source 232 a , so that it provides an AC voltage at an amplitude of 120 Vss and a frequency of 10 Hz between the connection 236 a and the reference connection 237 .
  • the control unit 238 simultaneously actuates the second AC voltage source 232 b , so that it provides an inverted AC voltage between the connection 236 b and the reference connection 237 , that is to say an AC voltage that is offset by 180° in comparison with the AC voltage between the connection 236 a and the reference connection 237 .
  • the control unit obtains the voltages (AC voltage components and DC voltage components) recorded by each of the voltmeters 234 a and 234 b and first of all computes the difference between the AC voltage components obtained, that is to say the difference in the respective positive and negative peak values of the voltages obtained. If this difference is above a prescribed threshold value, the switches K 1 , K 2 and K 3 are open. In a typical embodiment, the prescribed threshold value is approximately 5 V.
  • the difference between the DC voltage components is next computed and compared with a further threshold value.
  • the further threshold value is equal to the aforementioned prescribed threshold value, that is to say approximately 5 V. If the absolute value of the difference between the DC voltage components is above the further threshold value, the switch K 1 is closed, that is to say the connections 117 and 115 are connected indirectly. If the absolute value of the difference between the DC voltage components is below the further threshold value, then at least one of the switches K 2 and K 3 is closed, that is to say that the connections 117 and 115 are connected directly.
  • K 1 is closed, (ii) K 2 or K 3 is closed or (iii) K 1 , K 2 and K 3 are open. If it is detected that K 2 or K 3 is closed (ii), then additional measurements can establish whether the switch K 1 is closed or open. This can be accomplished by comparing the high voltages of source and sink, that is to say by comparing the voltages for the connections 116 and 114 . If these two voltages are the same, then the switch K 1 is also closed. If the voltages are different, then the switch K 1 is open.
  • insulation resistance and switch states can advantageously be monitored cyclically, so that immediate measures for handling dangerous situations can be used as a result of reduced insulation resistance or an incorrect position of or fault on a switch, for example by dint of output of a warning signal, disconnection of a supply voltage or the like.
  • any measurement channel can have its timing set, and to be operated, individually and in accordance with the impedance conditions.
  • a channel can be disconnected and isolated from the HV circuit, which improves the resulting overall insulation. The improved insulation allows longer-lasting vehicle operation.
  • insulation resistance measurement and switching state determination can be performed simultaneously. This allows faster state determination for the HV system.
  • the number of implementable channels is not limited on principle. (9) the switching state determination can be performed between all channels in pairs.
  • the described apparatus comprises a first and a second AC voltage source for an AC voltage between a respective first or second connection, on the one hand, and a reference connection, on the other.
  • a first and a second voltmeter record a first and a second voltage, respectively, between the first and second connections, on the one hand, and the reference connection on the other.
  • a control unit controls the AC voltage sources, obtains the voltages from the relevant voltmeters and ascertains a first and/or second insulation resistance for a first and/or second assembly that is connected to the relevant connection. This insulation resistance is relative to a potential connected to the reference connection.
  • a precharge state of a capacitive load connected to the first connection is ascertained, which capacitive load is precharged by a power supply connected to the second connection.
  • the switching state for at least one switch arranged between two assemblies is ascertained. The assemblies are connected to the first and second connections.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Testing Of Short-Circuits, Discontinuities, Leakage, Or Incorrect Line Connections (AREA)
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DE102013217748 2013-09-05
DE201310217748 DE102013217748B4 (de) 2013-09-05 2013-09-05 Multifunktionale Oberwachung elektrischer Systeme in einem Kraftfahrzeug
DE102013217748.8 2013-09-05
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US10913357B2 (en) 2015-12-22 2021-02-09 Volvo Truck Corporation Method and system for monitoring electrical insulation resistance in an electric system
CN109823180B (zh) * 2017-11-22 2022-04-26 上海汽车集团股份有限公司 一种动力电池的预充电路
CN109927555B (zh) * 2017-12-15 2021-01-19 比亚迪股份有限公司 牵引系统的上电控制方法、装置、存储介质和列车
DE102018116055B3 (de) * 2018-07-03 2019-10-31 Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren und Isolationswächter zur widerstandsadaptiven Isolierungsüberwachung
EP3988946A1 (en) * 2020-10-22 2022-04-27 Volvo Truck Corporation Measurement system and method for determining a status of a power system in a vehicle using the measurement system
JP7529988B2 (ja) * 2020-11-20 2024-08-07 株式会社デンソーウェーブ 産業用制御装置の出力モジュール
FR3133496A1 (fr) * 2022-03-14 2023-09-15 Psa Automobiles Sa Procede de controle d’un reseau haute tension avec batterie alimentant une machine electrique via un dispositif d’isolement a contacteurs
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DE102013217748B4 (de) 2015-04-02
WO2015032546A1 (de) 2015-03-12
US20160193926A1 (en) 2016-07-07
CN105492235B (zh) 2017-11-07
DE102013217748A1 (de) 2015-03-05

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