US9372183B2 - Method and apparatus for the discrimination of the cell load in milk - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for the discrimination of the cell load in milk Download PDF

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US9372183B2
US9372183B2 US14/580,524 US201414580524A US9372183B2 US 9372183 B2 US9372183 B2 US 9372183B2 US 201414580524 A US201414580524 A US 201414580524A US 9372183 B2 US9372183 B2 US 9372183B2
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milk
cells
impedance
particles
analysis
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Marco Di Berardino
Grit Schade-Kampmann
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AMPHASYS AG
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/483—Physical analysis of biological material
    • G01N33/487—Physical analysis of biological material of liquid biological material
    • G01N33/48707—Physical analysis of biological material of liquid biological material by electrical means
    • G01N33/48735—Investigating suspensions of cells, e.g. measuring microbe concentration
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01J—MANUFACTURE OF DAIRY PRODUCTS
    • A01J5/00—Milking machines or devices
    • A01J5/013—On-site detection of mastitis in milk
    • A01J5/0131—On-site detection of mastitis in milk by analysing the milk composition, e.g. concentration or detection of specific substances
    • A01J5/0132—On-site detection of mastitis in milk by analysing the milk composition, e.g. concentration or detection of specific substances using a cell counter
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01J—MANUFACTURE OF DAIRY PRODUCTS
    • A01J5/00—Milking machines or devices
    • A01J5/013—On-site detection of mastitis in milk
    • A01J5/0133—On-site detection of mastitis in milk by using electricity, e.g. conductivity or capacitance
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/10—Investigating individual particles
    • G01N15/1023—Microstructural devices for non-optical measurement
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/10—Investigating individual particles
    • G01N15/1031—Investigating individual particles by measuring electrical or magnetic effects
    • G01N15/1056—
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/02—Food
    • G01N33/04—Dairy products
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/483—Physical analysis of biological material
    • G01N33/487—Physical analysis of biological material of liquid biological material
    • G01N33/48785—Electrical and electronic details of measuring devices for physical analysis of liquid biological material not specific to a particular test method, e.g. user interface or power supply

Definitions

  • the present invention refers to a method for the discrimination of cells from other particles, as well as of different types of cells in raw milk samples by impedance microflow cytometry.
  • BCC bacterial
  • SCC somatic cell counts
  • Somatic cells are white blood cells known as leukocytes (lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes and macrophages) and originate from the animal's udder. The number of these cells can increase in response to bacterial infections, which can cause mastitis.
  • milk of uninfected cows has less than 100,000 cells/ml, values higher than 300,000 cells/ml indicate infected cows, while values of more than 1,000,000 cells/ml are typical for sick cows.
  • the threshold value for human consumption or for further processing into food products for human consumption is below 400,000 cells/ml in Europe, but can be higher in the US.
  • cows with SCC higher than 300,000 cells/ml are regarded as infected (Smith, K.
  • SCC measurements are performed daily on pooled milk from many animals at the dairy product manufacturer's laboratory after unloading the milk truck, and not from individual cows.
  • the main reason is because testing of individual animals at each milking would be too expensive. This also means that milk from a sick cow is diluted and averaged down by the healthy animals. Thus, sick animals might remain undetected or discovered to be sick in a later stage, without affecting the overall milk quality rating.
  • farmers are compensated for the average rating of the milk load. Dairy product manufacturers, however, would rather prefer to compensate each farmer according to the daily delivered quality of his milk, which is currently not feasible.
  • the expensive analyses relate mainly to the currently available technologies, which are either based on optical or electrical measurements.
  • Optical measurements need first the cells to be labelled before the analysis, which therefore usually requires costly chemical reagents or disposables.
  • Electrical measurements are based on an impedance analysis, with which, however, other non-cellular milk particles interfere and must be removed by several centrifugation steps. These devices can therefore not be used at the farmer's site. Thus, many efforts are undertaken in order to simplify analysis methods and reduce analysis costs. Label-free technologies are preferred methods, since these normally do not require reagents and disposables and concurrently simplify sample preparation procedures.
  • the electrical tools used so far are so-called Coulter counters, which can count cells and discriminate them by size.
  • milk particles lipid vesicles
  • somatic cells behave differently in terms of the dielectric properties of their cell interior, as predicted by Cheung et al. in IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY FLOW CYTOMETRY: ON-CHIP LABEL-FREE CELL DIFFERENTIATION, Cytometry A (2005), 65A, 124-132.
  • Impedance analysis on single cells in a frequency range up to 0.1 MHz has been shown to allow for splitting the amplitude and phase angle components and to permit the discrimination of cells from non-cellular particles as well as discrimination of live/dead cells (Conrad et al. in IMPEDIMETRIC AND OPTICAL INTERROGATION OF SINGLE CELLS IN A MICROFLUIDIC DEVICE FOR REAL-TIME VIABILITY AND CHEMICAL RESPONSE ASSESSMENT, Biosensors and Bioelecrtronics (2008), 23, 845-851).
  • the device used for this analysis is trapping single cells prior to measuring the impedance signal and thus not suitable neither for cell density determination nor for the analyisis of thousands of cells in a short period of time.
  • polystyrene beads can be discriminated from cells, a much higher frequency is required to do the same with milk particles, since these fat globules behave much more similar to cells when exposed to an electric field than polystyrene beads.
  • the object of the present invention is therefore to propose a simple and fast method and apparatus for analysing milk, and more precisely, for discriminating cells from lipid vesicles and enumerating them in the accuracy needed for milk quality control applications in the dairy industry and at milk production sites.
  • the method for the automatic discrimination and enumeration of particles, such as cells or fat globules, in milk of any animal, using high-frequency impedance measurements in a range between 0.1 and 30 MHz in a micro fluidic device comprises:
  • raw milk is passed first through a filter with a mesh size of 15-30 ⁇ m and then directly through a micro fluidic chip with channel dimensions around 20 to 40 ⁇ m, which is slightly larger than the normal size of somatic cells (6-18 ⁇ m), containing microelectrodes that generate a high-frequency AC field (100 kHz-30 MHz).
  • the impedance signal of raw milk as well as the impedance change caused by every single somatic cell and lipid vesicle crossing the established AC field is measured. About 1,000 to 10,000 cells/particles per second are analysed and about 10 to 100 ⁇ l are required per analysis, which takes less than one minute. It is important, that the method is performed by using raw milk, directly delivered from the animal. The analysis of the milk can be performed off-line or in the milk stream and the result of the analysis is delivered in real-time. No special sample preparation and thus time consuming measures are necessary.
  • the impedance value of the milk is determined and the micro fluidic device on said impedance value, if necessary, is calibrated.
  • Impedance analysis of cells or particles in a fluid usually depends on the dielectric properties of the cells on the one hand, but, on the other hand, also on the electric properties (conductivity) of the fluid.
  • the impedance signal of a cell is determined by subtracting it from the impedance signal of the fluid.
  • the fluid impedance influences signal amplitude and phase of the cell impedance. So, the same somatic or bacterial cell suspended in milk generates a different impedance change in milk with different intrinsic impedance values. For single analyses this is not an issue, since these values are analysed on a scatter plot and discrimination patterns set manually.
  • the particles are counted and the impedance of the particles is measured.
  • every single particle is detected by impedance analysis and its impedance signal recorded.
  • Enumeration (counting) of these cells provides on the one hand information about the cell content, and has on the other hand also the potential to assess the fat content of the milk.
  • Triggering with a certain parameter does not mean that only the triggering value is recorded. On the contrary, the complete information of every single particle or cell being recognised as such through the adjusted trigger is recorded comprising all components of the impedance signal.
  • a trigger parameter for noise extraction and particle recognition, respectively, and a trigger parameter for discrimination of cells from non-cellular milk particles are determined.
  • Conventional Coulter counters for example, simply measure a current pulse or voltage pulse caused by a particle that disturbs the applied electric field. The pulse height is proportional to the cell volume and used to analyse the particle size distribution. The distinction between particles and noise occurs by setting an appropriate pulse trigger value.
  • Impedance is a complex quantity that consists of a real (R) and an imaginary part (I), but so far, the impedance signal was never split into its components for cell analysis in milk. The reason of that is the fact that for DC and low frequency measurements the imaginary part is either non-existent or irrelevant, respectively.
  • the amplitude (A, absolute value of real and imaginary part) alone or in combination with the phase angle ( ⁇ , resulting from real and imaginary part), or any formula composed of these values (R, I, A, and ⁇ ) can also be used as trigger parameters, permitting more selective discriminations between large and small cells, non-cellular milk particles and cells, as well as between dead and living cells of the same type.
  • the trigger frequency can be varied. Normally, the trigger frequency is one of the selected measuring frequencies.
  • triggering with the amplitude will be selective for particle size and provide information about the size distribution of the particle population, while combining the trigger amplitude with a specific phase angle value can easily record either non-cellular milk particles or cells. Consequently, applying a specific trigger can provide a means of preselecting particles with particular properties and improve the performance of the micro fluidic system. For example, milk particles normally exceed by far the number of cells in raw milk. If one of these particles and a cell are simultaneously located in the detection area, the cell signal will be significantly influenced and either rejected as unusable or recorded for later analysis.
  • the absolute amplitude of the impedance signal is the main indicator of the cell dimension. This applies over a broad frequency range and extends to frequencies above 20 MHz. Other cellular parameters, such as membrane capacitance and cytoplasmic conductivity are expressed better through the phase angle value. At frequencies around 10 MHz the differences in the conductivity of the cell or particle interior as well as the composition of the outer membranes provide a means of discrimination for these particles if the phase value is considered.
  • the method also permits the impedance measurement of the particles at different frequencies, which thus allows for interrogating size, membrane capacitance and cytoplasmic conductivity simultaneously, and provides relevant information about the physiological status of the analysed cells.
  • the cells and/or non-cellular milk particles are selected according to their amplitude and/or phase angle values.
  • a detailed analysis can be performed by plotting the data on graphs representing the various impedance components and gating emerging cell populations against their impedance values, which can be simply R-, I-, A- and ⁇ -values, as well as more complex functions (polynomial gates for example).
  • the methods can be implemented on a chip (for example as disclosed in EP 1 335 198 B1) comprising the required measurement channel with the electrodes and the necessary positioning of the particles in the measurement channel.
  • a chip for example as disclosed in EP 1 335 198 B1
  • Such a chip can discriminate single cells from non-cellular milk particles according to the different dielectric properties.
  • integration of specific trigger parameters can simplify cell discrimination and provide the required automation possibilities needed for a routine-based analysis.
  • the chip may be used either by determining the difference between two impedance measurements of two electrodes pairs through which the particles pass or by measuring the impedance between only one electrode pair.
  • a respective apparatus therefore comprises a micro fluidic device having an inlet and an outlet and a micro channel in between, with upper and lower electrodes in the micro channel forming a detection volume between the electrodes for milk particles passing through it; electrical means for connecting the electrodes with control means for generating an high frequency AC electric field between the electrodes and measuring the impedance between the electrodes with and without particles between the electrodes; input and monitoring means; means being adapted to determine the impedance value of the milk and to calibrate the micro fluidic device on said impedance value, if necessary; means being adapted to count the particles and measure the impedance of the particles; means to determine a trigger parameter for noise extraction and particle recognition, respectively; means being adapted to determine a trigger parameter for discrimination of cells from non-cellular milk particles; means being adapted to analyse the impedance values depending on the amplitude values and the phase angle values; and means being adapted to select the cells and/or non-cellular milk particles according their amplitude and/or phase angle values.
  • impedance flow cytometry is a label-free technology and milk does not need any pre-treatment prior to analysis, these methods can also occur in real time, if for example the technology is combined with automated milking devices.
  • real-time information could be sent via mobile technology directly to the dairy facility.
  • One advantage of the invention is discriminating and counting somatic cells from milk particles (consisting mainly of lipid vesicles) by high-frequency impedance analysis directly performed on untreated raw milk. Another advantage of this invention is that the method allows diagnosing the status of a mastitis infection directly after milking according to the analysis of the SCC. Another advantage of this invention is to allow a fast method for determining the BCC in raw milk directly after milking. In addition, viability of both somatic and bacterial cells can be determined without the need of any cell label. A further advantage is that the analysis can be obtained in real-time, directly after the raw milk has passed the micro channel.
  • FIG. 1 summarizes the results obtained from the analysis of raw milk deriving from 14 cows, 6 of which had more than 400,000 cells/ml. Impedance analysis of raw milk;
  • FIG. 2A shows the analysis of raw milk performed at 0.5 MHz
  • FIG. 2B the same sample used in FIG. 2A measured at 10 MHz;
  • FIG. 2C shows the analysis of uninfected milk (33,000 cells/ml).
  • FIG. 2D shows the analysis of slightly infected milk (390,000 cells/ml).
  • FIG. 2E shows the analysis of highly infected milk (840,000 cells/ml).
  • FIG. 2F shows the correlation between the SCC performed by impedance flow cytometry and optical counting performed after cell labelling with PI (propidium iodide);
  • FIG. 3 shows the outcome of an analysis for raw milk diagnosing the status of a mastitis infection of two infected cows
  • FIG. 4 shows an example of the potential of high-frequency impedance analysis
  • FIG. 5 a block diagram of the method
  • FIG. 6 a principle depiction of a micro fluidic chip with a micro channel and electrodes with the influence of low and high frequency on the particle between the electrodes;
  • FIG. 7 a measurement principle ( FIG. 7A ) and a block diagram of the apparatus ( FIG. 7B ).
  • the analysis according to FIG. 1 was performed with a chip with 40 ⁇ 40 ⁇ m sensing channel dimensions. Bright bar represent healthy, dark bar infected samples. The histograms show the mean values and standard deviations of the absolute impedance amplitudes in k ⁇ , which depend on the channel dimensions. The figure shows that the impedance values of raw milk with higher SCCs have lower impedance amplitudes. Thus, low impedance values of raw milk provide first qualitative indications of increased somatic cell count.
  • FIG. 2 shows the analysis of raw milk performed at 0.5 MHz and FIG. 2B the same sample with the same particles and cells measured at 10 MHz. The discrimination of milk particles and somatic cells is as expected more distinct at 10 MHz than at lower frequencies (arrow in FIG.
  • the main differentiation parameter is the phase angle of the impedance signal, a parameter that is not determined with conventional Coulter counters.
  • the somatic cell population can be easily gated out with linear or polygonal functions, separated from the milk particles and counted, as shown in FIG. 2B .
  • FIGS. 2C to 2E provide further evidence that the discrimination of milk particles from somatic cells is achievable with the selection of appropriate gating functions, which supply cell counts comparable to those obtained with conventional or more complex, optical state-of-the-art technologies.
  • IFC impedance flow cytometry
  • PI DNA labelling dyes
  • PI DNA labelling dyes
  • the method allows for diagnosing the status of a mastitis infection directly after milking according to the analysis of the SCC.
  • FIG. 3 shows the outcome of such an analysis for raw milk of two infected cows.
  • a larger sample of raw milk is analysed (about 50,000 to 100,000 cells).
  • it is first filtered with a 15-30 ⁇ m. Triggering occurs as described above.
  • Impedance analysis of raw milk using the described method allows for further differentiation of somatic cell sub-populations, consisting mainly of lymphocytes (I), granulocytes (II) and monocytes/macrophages (III).
  • FIG. 3 show the raw milk analysis of two different cows with mastitis, FIG. 3A revealing the milk of a cow with a late infection according to the high count of macrophages, and FIG. 3B representing the milk of a cow in an earlier infection stage due to its high count of granulocytes.
  • this cow-site method provides the opportunity for a veterinary doctor to determine the relative ratio of the somatic cell sub-populations and therefore to rapidly assess the infection status of a mastitis as well as to monitor the effects of therapies, and consequently to take at-site decisions instead of waiting for long-lasting analyses in his or other analytical laboratories.
  • the impedance value of raw milk can vary as a consequence of its SCC, but also from other natural constituents of milk (fat content, urea, lactose, water, etc.), can impinge on the need for automation in a routine process.
  • an internal calibration of the impedance value becomes necessary. Usually, the adjustment is minimal and can be done as soon as raw milk flows through the micro fluidic chip. The extent of this adjustment can be considered in analogy to the absolute impedance value of the liquid as a preliminary indication of the SCC.
  • the internal calibration can also compensate potential chip-to-chip variations, which might become evident when the chips need to be replaced during a routine analysis.
  • BCC bacterial cell count
  • Bacterial infections result from external contaminations, such as scarce cleaning of the milk transport equipment or of the cow's teats prior to milking.
  • Accepted BCC values for human consumption vary from country to country and range from 100,000 to 1,000,000 cells/ml.
  • BCC is not determined at the production site, because its requirement of a well-equipped laboratory instrumentation.
  • Optical imaging instruments fail because of the rather small cell dimensions (around 1 ⁇ m).
  • Impedance-based technologies on the other hand, cannot separate the cells from milk particles. Quantification is therefore performed with expensive flow cytometers in large analytical laboratories, or with conventional plate cultures in laboratories of dairy product manufacturers or veterinary doctors.
  • BCC values are available only a few days after milking.
  • this invention allows a fast method for determining the BCC in raw milk directly after milking. Similar to the determination of SCC, raw milk is first filtered using a mesh size of max. 5-10 ⁇ m, which will remove large non-cellular particles and a part of the somatic cells. Bacterial cells are then passed through a micro fluidic chip with channel dimensions of 5 ⁇ 5 ⁇ m or 10 ⁇ 10 ⁇ m for an increased sensitivity of the device, and counted as described above applying the best trigger parameter.
  • FIG. 4 shows an example of the potential of high-frequency impedance analysis. Raw milk was skimmed (centrifugation) in order to better illustrate the resolution of various cell types.
  • Simultaneous SCC and BCC can be achieved by sequential filtering of the milk sample coupled to the measurement with the appropriate chip, for example by filtering first with a 30 ⁇ m filter with subsequent analysis using a chip with 20 ⁇ m channel dimensions and then, in the same flow, implementing a filtration with a 10 ⁇ m filter with subsequent analysis using a chip with 5 ⁇ m channel dimensions.
  • the sensitivity (signal-to-noise ratio) of the chip-based impedance analysis can be increased, for example by reducing the bandwidth of the electronics to a smaller frequency range, i.e. from 10 to 20 MHz, which allows for simultaneous analysis of SCC and BCC in a chip with 30 ⁇ m channel dimensions and one single filtration step.
  • FIG. 5 the principle of the method is depicted in a block diagram. It shows that raw milk is filtered by appropriate filter means 16 having a mesh size depending on the channel size.
  • the mesh size for filtration can be 5, 15, 30 ⁇ m or any other appropriate size smaller than the sensing channel of the chip.
  • means 17 for impedance measurement of the milk perform a respective measurement by providing respective channels 4 ( FIG. 6 ) being a given amount or percentage larger that the size of the particles passing the filter means 16 .
  • the means 17 further comprise means for frequency selection, which chose frequencies for trigger and/or measurement.
  • the trigger frequency is used for calibration with reference numeral 18 .
  • the calibration is used for impedance correction depending on the size of the micro channels 4 for impedance measurement of particles as depicted in block 19 and/or depending on the measured fluid impedance.
  • a selection of single trigger parameters for the R-, I-, and A-values, or of a trigger formula (F) combining these values and also including the phase value ⁇ of the impedance is performed.
  • the result of the measurement is recorded with respective recording means 20 and then according to respective gating and analysing performed by respective means 21 and completed as shown in block 22 .
  • Block 22 includes the results, which can be obtained by the method and apparatus.
  • block 22 includes the results of gating and analysis of block 21 , which are: milk particle count, SCC, BCC, somatic cell sub-populations, somatic/bacterial cell viabilities.
  • FIG. 6 shows the principle in connection with a chip 1 having an inlet 2 and an outlet 3 with a micro channel 4 there between.
  • a filter 5 is arranged before the inlet 2 .
  • the filter 5 can be part of a complete apparatus or a separate device.
  • the mesh size of the filter 5 depends on the size of the particles, which shall be analysed, and the diameter of the micro channel 4 .
  • the micro channel 5 comprises electrodes 6 and 7 for generating an electrical AC field 8 in between. Particles 9 of the raw milk pass through the filter 5 into the micro channel 4 . Between the electrodes 6 and 7 the particle influences the electrical field and the impedance or the change of the impedance is measured by applying a high frequency voltage 10 .
  • FIG. 6 shows the electrical field lines between the electrodes 6 and 7 and a particle 9 between the electrodes 6 and 7 .
  • the figure shows the effect of a low-frequency field with numeral 10 and a high-frequency field with numeral 11 on a model cell, whose membrane behaves electrically different at higher frequencies.
  • FIG. 7A shows the principle arrangement of two measurement possibilities.
  • the apparatus 40 receives a sample of raw milk 15 from the udder of the cow. In the figure that is exemplarily depicted only with drops.
  • the apparatus has a touch screen, which serves as input means of 32 and monitoring means 33 .
  • the other possibility is to analyse directly the raw milk from the udder 23 during its way via conduits 42 to the pipeline 43 of a milking plant.
  • the result of the analysis here is transmitted by a mobile analysis unit 41 to the farmer's control station for further data handling.
  • FIG. 7B shows a block diagram of the elements of the apparatus for forming the method as explained above for the automatic real-time determination and analysis of milk of any animal comprising.
  • a filter 5 is necessary to avoid clogging of the micro channels of the micro fluidic device 1 of FIG. 6 , however, the filter may be a part of the apparatus 40 or a separate component.
  • the apparatus 40 comprises besides the micro fluidic device 1 as described in connection with FIG. 6 control means 30 for generating a high frequency voltage at the electrodes 6 , 7 and measuring the impedance between the electrodes 6 , 7 with and without particles 9 between the electrodes 6 , 7 . Further, there are input 32 and monitoring 31 means.
  • the control means 30 comprise means 33 being adapted to determine the impedance value of the milk and to calibrate the micro fluidic device on said impedance value, if necessary, means 34 being adapted to count the particles and measure the impedance of the particles, means 35 to determine a trigger parameter for noise extraction and particle recognition, respectively, means 36 being adapted to determine a trigger parameter for discrimination of cells from non-cellular milk particles, means 37 being adapted to analyse the impedance values depending on the amplitude values and the phase angle values, and means 38 being adapted to select the cells and/or non-cellular milk particles according their amplitude and/or phase angle values.
  • means 39 being adapted to determinate the impedance value of the analysed milk, and/or to determinate the somatic cell sub-populations, and/or to determinate the milk particle content, and/or to determinate the viability of somatic or bacterial cells.

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EP3896438A1 (en) 2020-04-16 2021-10-20 Transtech Systems, Inc. Methods, circuits and systems for obtaining impedance or dielectric measurements of a material under test
US11680912B2 (en) 2020-05-14 2023-06-20 Transtech Systems, Inc. Sensor system to apply electromagnetic fields for electromagnetic impedance spectroscopy in-process monitoring of fluids

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WO2017065708A1 (en) * 2015-10-12 2017-04-20 Nehir Biyoteknoloji Ar-Ge Hizm. Dan. Bils. Paz. San. Tic. Ltd. Sti On-line automatic subclinical mastitis detection device based on optical scattering and an automatic milk sampling system comprising this device
CN107367453A (zh) * 2016-05-13 2017-11-21 上海纳衍生物科技有限公司 一种基于直流电阻抗测量的细胞粒子检测方法
NL2021686B1 (en) * 2018-09-24 2020-05-07 Lely Patent Nv Milking system with detection system
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WO2023199234A1 (en) * 2022-04-12 2023-10-19 Seed Biosciences Sa System and method for impedance-based analysis of biological entities

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