US9347906B2 - Sensor apparatus for detecting properties of liquid - Google Patents

Sensor apparatus for detecting properties of liquid Download PDF

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US9347906B2
US9347906B2 US13/742,443 US201313742443A US9347906B2 US 9347906 B2 US9347906 B2 US 9347906B2 US 201313742443 A US201313742443 A US 201313742443A US 9347906 B2 US9347906 B2 US 9347906B2
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electrode
base plate
electrodes
sensor device
sensor
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US20130214797A1 (en
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Roman Gruden
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AST Advanced Sensor Technologies International Asset GmbH
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Seuffer GmbH and Co KG
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance
    • G01N27/22—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating capacitance
    • G01N27/221—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating capacitance by investigating the dielectric properties
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F34/00—Details of control systems for washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers
    • D06F34/14—Arrangements for detecting or measuring specific parameters
    • D06F34/22—Condition of the washing liquid, e.g. turbidity
    • D06F39/004—
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47L—DOMESTIC WASHING OR CLEANING; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47L15/00—Washing or rinsing machines for crockery or tableware
    • A47L15/42—Details
    • A47L15/4297—Arrangements for detecting or measuring the condition of the washing water, e.g. turbidity
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F2103/00—Parameters monitored or detected for the control of domestic laundry washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers
    • D06F2103/20—Washing liquid condition, e.g. turbidity
    • D06F2103/22—Content of detergent or additives
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F2105/00—Systems or parameters controlled or affected by the control systems of washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers
    • D06F2105/02—Water supply
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F2105/00—Systems or parameters controlled or affected by the control systems of washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers
    • D06F2105/10—Temperature of washing liquids; Heating means therefor
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F2105/00—Systems or parameters controlled or affected by the control systems of washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers
    • D06F2105/42—Detergent or additive supply
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2201/00—Features of devices classified in G01N21/00
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
    • G01N27/28—Electrolytic cell components
    • G01N27/30—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/18—Water
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R1/00—Details of instruments or arrangements of the types included in groups G01R5/00 - G01R13/00 and G01R31/00

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a sensor device for detecting properties of liquids, and in particular to an apparatus for detecting properties of aqueous solutions.
  • An electrodeless sensor for measuring the conductivity of aqueous solutions is known from the prior art in document DE 196 11 174 C1, where three transformers are used.
  • a first transformer is connected to a liquid being measured and transforms a generator AC voltage into a magnetic field, and the liquid being measured is penetrated by the magnetic field which is produced by the first transformer from the generator AC voltage.
  • a second and a third transformer are also provided, which are both coupled to the first transformer via the magnetic field that is present in the liquid.
  • Each of the two additional transformers, which function as output transformers is tuned to a different resonance frequency such that the two resonance frequencies are offset from each other. Addition of the two output voltages results in a wideband frequency response under the material influence of the liquid being measured.
  • the output signals of the two additional transformers are analyzed to determine the conductivity of the liquid being measured, which is in the form of an aqueous solution, with any coupled interference signals being cancelled by appropriate circuitry.
  • Document DD 217 557 A1 discloses a method for controlling the addition of detergents or dish soap in washing machines, with various sensors being arranged in a washing machine in order to determine the physical and chemical properties of the detergent solution. Any change in the rise of the measurement signal during the addition of detergent or dish soap is detected and analyzed by an electronic circuit for analyzing the output signals of the sensors. The dosing of detergent for the washing machine can be controlled on that basis.
  • Document DE 197 55 418 A1 discloses a sensor element and an apparatus for measuring complex impedances in materials, said sensor element comprising two electrodes made of a conductive material and arranged at a predetermined distance from each other.
  • the two electrodes are covered with a thin insulating layer having a relatively small thickness in comparison to the predetermined gaps.
  • the sensor element thus formed is largely insensitive to the surrounding media whose properties are to be detected.
  • the output signals from the sensors are subjected to further processing in an evaluation circuit, and the properties of a respective liquid between the electrodes can be analyzed. More specifically, it is possible for complex impedances to be determined and analyzed as a measure of the liquid's properties.
  • parameters for the properties of the media being studied can be specified with the devices described and by relatively complicated analysis of the measurement results.
  • material properties such as the quality of oil in an internal combustion engine, in order to change the oil when the properties of the oil being used deteriorates.
  • a brake fluid in motor vehicles or a general hydraulic oil can likewise be checked for properties that can vary in operation.
  • a detection means for detecting detergent solution in a washing device in respect of the detergent concentration or level of contamination, for example, should be of simple construction and operationally reliable. Since the aim is for more and more washing devices in private households and in industry to be equipped with a detection means for detecting the properties of the detergent solution, there is a strong need for sensor devices of simple construction that can be manufactured in large numbers at low cost and which can nevertheless provide reliable detection results for further analysis. Every washing device should ideally be equipped with such a detection means or sensor device, so that requirements for uncomplicated assembly during production of the washing device can also be taken into consideration, in addition to the requirement for simple construction.
  • the object of the present invention is therefore to design a sensor device, for detecting properties of liquids, in such a way that simplicity of construction and concomitantly low-cost production are combined with reliable detection of the properties of a fluid.
  • the inventive sensor device for detecting properties of fluid media in a container comprises at least one base plate made of an insulating material and having a first surface exposed to the medium, at least two sensor elements having at least one first and one second electrode arranged insulated from one another on the first surface of the base plate and around which the medium flows, the at least two sensor elements being arranged in a predetermined spatial position relative to each other.
  • the inventive sensor device for detecting properties of fluid media in a container comprises a base plate made of an insulating material and having at least one first surface exposed to the medium, at least one sensor element embodied as a cylindrical capacitor and comprising at least one outer electrode and one inner electrode partially surrounded by said outer electrode, wherein the at least one outer and the inner electrode extend from the first surface of the base plate, and wherein the at least one outer electrode and the inner electrode are subdivided in the direction of extension into a plurality of electrode sections insulated from one other, and the outer, and the inner electrode are subdivided in the same manner.
  • the present invention thus relates to a sensor device for detecting material properties, and in the present case for detecting properties of a fluid, such as a detergent solution or other aqueous solutions, the sensor device being substantially designed as a capacitive sensor according to the details specified in the claims.
  • a sensor device for detecting material properties
  • a fluid such as a detergent solution or other aqueous solutions
  • Such electrodes are arranged spaced apart and insulated from each other on one side of an insulating base plate.
  • the sensor device it is possible with the arrangement of the sensor device according to the invention to detect various properties of a medium of interest in a reliable manner, for example of a detergent solution or other aqueous solutions, the sensor device simultaneously being of simple construction.
  • This simple construction allows the sensor device to be manufactured cost-efficiently. This is particularly advantageous when producing the sensor device in larger quantities for a series of washing devices or other applications.
  • the sensor device allows the properties of aqueous solutions to be detected with precision, and as a consequence of its cost-efficient production, also in larger quantities, can also be deployed in washing devices for private households or industry, for example. It is likewise possible by means of the sensor device according to the invention to detect any change in the properties of the fluid medium of interest, for example of fresh water (mineral content, water hardness) or also of wastewater (changing level of contamination). Different embodiments are suitable for different applications or fields of application. With these sensor devices, it is possible to detect a plurality of properties (parameters of interest) of the fluid medium, either simultaneously or in a predefined sequential manner. However, all embodiments are based on a construction that can be manufactured and deployed cost-efficiently while still providing reliable detection.
  • a plurality of similar sensor elements may be arranged on the first surface, wherein each sensor element can be driven via individual connection lines.
  • the plurality of sensor elements may be configured identically or differently, wherein the dimensions of the differently configured sensor elements may be in predetermined gradations.
  • At least two base plates arranged parallel and opposite each other may be provided, at least one sensor element being arranged on the first opposite sides of each base plate, and each sensor element and each electrode of the sensor element can be individually driven.
  • the at least one sensor element of the first base plate may be mirror-symmetrical to the at least one sensor element of the second base plate.
  • the at least one sensor element arranged on one of the base plates may have an outer electrode and an inner electrode partially surrounded by said outer electrode, or may have a pair of electrodes embodied as an interdigitated structure.
  • the electrode sections of the outer and inner electrodes are each connected to connection lines and can be selected individually and independently of each other.
  • the at least one outer and the inner electrode may be subdivided into a plurality of identical or different electrode sections, and the electrode sections formed by non-identical subdivision may be subdivided, in respect of their extension in the direction of extension, in predetermined ratios to each other.
  • the individual sensor elements may be made of the same conductive material or of different conductive materials.
  • the individual electrode sections may also be made of the conductive material or of different conductive materials, wherein respectively matching electrode sections of the outer and inner electrodes may be made of the same material.
  • FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a circuit arrangement for performing measurements in conjunction with the sensor device according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 shows a perspective view of the sensor device according to FIG. 1 ,
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic view of the sensor device in FIG. 1 , according to a first embodiment
  • FIG. 4 shows a schematic view of the sensor device in FIG. 1 , according to a second embodiment
  • FIG. 5 shows a schematic view of the sensor device in FIG. 1 , according to a third embodiment
  • FIG. 6 ( FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D ) show a schematic view of a sensor device comprising a plurality of individual sensor elements according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 7 shows a schematic view of a variant of the sensor device in FIG. 6 , with a plurality of different sensor elements
  • FIG. 8 shows a schematic view of a sensor device according to a fifth embodiment, with a sensor plates arranged opposite one other,
  • FIG. 9 shows a schematic view of a sensor element according to FIG. 8 being selected for detection of measured values and for performing a reset
  • FIG. 10 shows a schematic view of a sensor device according to a sixth embodiment
  • FIG. 11 shows a schematic view of parts of the sensor element according to FIG. 10 , in first variant
  • FIG. 12 shows a schematic view of parts of the sensor device shown in FIG. 10 , according to a second variant.
  • FIG. 1 The basic construction, manner of operation and the selection of a sensor device 1 according to the present invention shall now be described with reference to the schematic block diagram shown in FIG. 1 .
  • Sensor device 1 is shown in FIG. 1 in a purely schematic, simplified form, namely as a capacitive sensor comprising two symbolic capacitors, whereas FIGS. 2-4 show specific variants of sensor device 1 . These variants are described further below.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic block diagram containing various components that are suitable for performing measurements and by means of which sensor device 1 is driven.
  • sensor device 1 is arranged in a container 2 containing a fluid medium 3 .
  • the expression “container” 2 should be understood in a general sense, and the container may be a tank in an apparatus or machine, or the drum of a washing device (washing machine), or the like.
  • container 2 contains the medium 3 whose properties are to be detected and which is preferably an aqueous solution in an amount sufficient for the properties of medium 3 to be detected by means of sensor device 1 .
  • sensor device 1 is surrounded wholly or at least partially by medium 3 .
  • sensor device 1 is arranged by way of example in a detergent solution (medium 3 ) of a washing device (washing machine).
  • the detergent solution is checked for the concentration of a detergent, for example, or for a level of contamination.
  • the invention is not limited to the latter parameters, however. Rather, it is possible to measure other parameters of the aqueous solution being analyzed. For example, the properties of fresh water (such as concentration of contaminants, or water hardness) may be determined, or a washing process may be controlled or regulated according to the detected properties of a fresh water sample.
  • sensor device 1 is connected to a control unit 4 , for example, which is used to control the entire procedure for detecting the properties of medium 3 and which also causes sensor device 1 to be driven, and performs an analysis of the signals (detection signals) outputted by sensor device 1 .
  • control unit 4 is connected to a drive unit 5 , which drives sensor device 1 with the respective electrical signals according to instructions and commands from control unit 4 .
  • electrical voltages are applied in combination with predetermined frequencies or frequency ranges to sensor device 1 (i.e., to the sensor devices in the embodiments described in the following) in order to perform the respective measurements.
  • a method may be used here in combination with impedance spectroscopy.
  • Control unit 4 is also provided for detecting the temperature of medium 3 and for that purpose may be connected to a temperature detection device which is disposed in container 2 but not shown in the Figures.
  • the functions of sensor device 1 and drive unit 5 may also be consolidated in a single device, which may then be referred to as a measuring device, for example.
  • Control unit 4 is also connected to a main control unit 6 , which is directly associated, for example, with the washing device in which container 2 is disposed. If container 2 is the container for the detergent solution, and includes the drum of the washing device, main control unit 6 is the actual electronic control unit for the washing device.
  • control unit 4 may influence the main control unit 6 such that a larger or smaller amount of water, or a larger or smaller amount of detergent can be used, or that a change can be made in the washing temperature, according to the information obtained, and in deviation from a predetermined program, for example.
  • Control unit 4 in combination with main control unit 6 , permits variable control of the washing device, or regulation of the entire washing device system.
  • the general influence exerted by main control unit 6 on the washing process is shown symbolically in FIG. 1 by a broken lines and an arrow P in the direction of container 2 .
  • Control unit 4 may also be in communication with a storage device 7 , in which the respective data and programs for performing the respective measurements, i.e., for detecting the material properties of medium 3 , can be stored, and to which control unit 4 can have access when necessary, and in which captured or processed data may also be stored.
  • sensor device 1 When performing measurements using sensor device 1 , it is possible, according to the above description of sensor device 1 , for predefined variables such as current and voltage, in combination with respective frequencies, to be supplied by drive unit 5 in response to respective instructions from control unit 4 .
  • the detection signals from sensor device 1 are recorded and processed by control unit 4 via drive unit 5 , if necessary in combination with programs or data fetched from storage device 7 .
  • a comparison can be made with basic data on the properties of medium 3 being analyzed, in order to detect any absolute or relative changes, although it is also possible for any changes occurring to be detected during predefined processes of extended duration.
  • main control unit 6 may be instructed to change or maintain particular operating parameters, and the measurement results may be stored in storage device 7 for subsequent tracking of measurement results and processes in the washing device.
  • FIGS. 2-4 show respective embodiments of sensor device 1 that are used instead of the sensor device 1 according to FIG. 1 and which can be operated accordingly.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 show a first embodiment of sensor device 10 .
  • FIG. 2 shows a plan view of the layout of sensor device 10 , as well as a cross-section along line A-A.
  • FIG. 3 shows a perspective view of sensor device 10 .
  • the symbolically represented sensor device 1 is simplified as a capacitive sensor and schematically represented by two capacitor plates 8 arranged one opposite the other.
  • the schematic capacitor plates illustrate the basic principle of a parallel plate capacitor, between the plates of which there is a material having dielectric properties that are predefined and/or to be detected.
  • the dielectric material is formed by medium 3 , and for example by an aqueous solution such as a detergent solution.
  • the sensor device 10 of the first embodiment includes a sensor arrangement in which electrodes (instead of the schematic capacitor 8 according to FIG. 1 ) in the form of individual electrodes 11 are arranged opposite each other. More specifically, electrodes 11 of the sensor device 10 are arranged, according to the first embodiment, in such a way that at least one outer (first) electrode 11 a and, in the specific case of FIGS. 2 and 3 , two outer electrodes 11 a embodied as part of an outer surface of a hollow cylinder, are arranged opposite an inner (second) electrode 11 b disposed substantially at the center of the base area of the hollow cylinder.
  • Each of the outer electrodes 11 a is smaller than half of the outer surface of the hollow cylinder, thus forming two separate and spaced apart electrodes in an arrangement similar to that of half shells, between which an interspace is provided in a predetermined manner.
  • Inner electrode 11 b runs or extends along the main axis or axis of symmetry of the mentally conceived hollow cylinder created by the two outer electrodes 11 a.
  • All the electrodes 11 are arranged and fixed in a mechanically stable manner in a base plate 12 made of an insulating material, such that a dielectric material and in particular the medium 3 whose properties are to be detected can get between the outer electrodes 11 a and the inner electrode 11 b , which extend substantially perpendicularly away from base plate 12 .
  • medium 3 flows around the first and the second electrode 11 a and 11 b.
  • the two outer electrodes 11 a are spaced apart from each other in a predetermined and preferably constant manner, such that an approximately constant gap is formed between one of the outer electrodes 11 e and the inner electrode 11 b and the respective length of electrodes 11 is approximately the same outside base plate 12 . All the electrodes 11 therefore run along the middle axis of the mentally conceived hollow cylinder on one of the side of base plate 12 , according to the views shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 on the upper side of base plate 12 .
  • the side of base plate 12 on which the electrodes 11 are arranged is referred to as the first side or as the first surface 12 a.
  • the respective electrodes 11 are connected to electrical connection lines 13 .
  • the at least one outer electrode 11 a constitutes the one pole thereby.
  • the two outer (first) electrodes 11 a these are connected electrically to each other and constitute one and the same pole of the electrode arrangement according to FIGS. 2 and 3 .
  • the inner (second) electrode 11 b constitutes the other pole and is likewise connected to connection lines 13 .
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic view of the connection between the respective connection lines 13 and the respective electrodes 11 .
  • An optional capacitor C is provided here between the one pole formed by the outer electrodes 11 a and the other pole formed by inner electrode 11 b .
  • Capacitor C is used to define the frequency range of the drive signals by means of which sensor device 10 is driven. The frequency of particular measurement points in a measuring procedure can be specified with the predetermined capacitance of capacitor C.
  • the respective connection lines 13 are connected to drive unit 5 ( FIG. 1 ) in order to perform respective measurements or to detect properties.
  • base plate 12 is shown as an approximately circular disk of predetermined thickness, in the middle of which the inner electrode 11 b is disposed, the at least one and preferably two outer electrodes 11 a being arranged around said inner electrode 11 b at a predetermined distance.
  • the embodiment of base plate 12 as a circular disk is merely an example, and the present invention is not limited to this basic form. Rather, base plate 12 can be of any shape and also of various different thicknesses, and the arrangement of electrodes 11 does not necessarily have to be in the middle of a symmetrically shaped base plate 12 .
  • base plate 12 is inserted into a matching opening in container 2 , with appropriate seals between provided in the region of the opening in order to prevent undesired escape of medium 3 from container 2 where sensor device 10 in inserted.
  • Sensor device 10 is preferably located in the lower part of container 2 and it is further preferred that it be located at the lowest point of container 2 , so that the properties of medium 3 can be reliably detected even when there only small amounts of medium 3 .
  • the properties of the medium being analyzed pertain, for example, to a concentration of minerals, to detergent substances and to contamination of the detergent solution arising and increasing as a consequence of the washing process. At least one parameter such as a concentration of particular substances can be determined.
  • a temperature sensor unit may be provided additionally on sensor device 10 , in particular in the region of base plate 12 .
  • a first height h and a second height H are specified.
  • the first height h is the free length of electrodes 11 outside base plate 12 in the region of container 2 being analyzed. Thus, medium 3 flows around this region of the electrodes.
  • the second height H is the total length of the longest electrode 11 , for example of inner electrode 11 b , part of the inner electrode 11 b being disposed above base plate 12 and another part of it being disposed below base plate 12 .
  • the part below base plate 12 thus extends away from the second surface 12 b .
  • the connection lines 13 and capacitor C are connected to the part that is below base plate 12 .
  • the outer electrode 11 a comprises two parts that are arranged concentrically, befitting their shape, as part of a hollow cylindrical wall around inner electrode 11 b .
  • the present invention is not limited to such an arrangement, and it is likewise possible to provide the outer electrodes 11 a , arranged concentrically around the inner electrode 11 b , in the form of three or more roughly similar parts each extending in a direction perpendicular to a base plate 12 along the middle line M and spaced apart from each other, thus ensuring that medium 3 (fluids) can flow between the individual electrodes even when suspended matter is produced in the course of the washing process.
  • two of the four larger electrodes 11 a can be insulated from medium 3 in container 2 (i.e., provided with an insulating layer), whereas the two other electrodes are not insulated from the medium. All the parts of the first or outer electrode 11 a form one and the same pole.
  • the at least one first (outer) electrode 11 a may also be integrally embodied as a complete hollow cylinder, in the inner space of which the second (inner) electrode 11 b runs substantially along an axis of symmetry or middle line (M in FIG. 3 ).
  • the first electrode 11 a in the form of a hollow cylinder, has some openings in its cylinder wall so that the medium 3 being analyzed can flow around the two electrodes 11 ( 11 a and 11 b ) and in particular can enter, the space between the electrodes 11 .
  • the result deviating from the plan view in FIG. 2 , is then a complete hollow cylinder with respective flow openings ensuring a constant flow of medium around the region between the electrodes 11 .
  • FIG. 4 shows a second embodiment of sensor device 20 , which is shown in a general form as sensor device 1 in FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 4 shows a plan view onto the layout of sensor device 20 , and a cross-section along a line B-B.
  • sensor device 20 comprises first and second electrodes 21 a and 21 b arranged on a shared base plate 22 .
  • base plate 22 consisting of an insulating material is arranged as a rectangular plate.
  • the invention is not limited to such a shape, and base plate 22 may also have any shape deviating therefrom.
  • the first and second electrodes 21 a and 21 b are arranged flush on base plate 22 in such a way that said electrodes have single electrode arms 21 c extending from one side and arranged alternatingly on base plate 22 .
  • the first and second electrodes 21 a and 21 b engage each other like combs, although all the parts of both electrodes 21 a and 21 b are spaced apart from each other by a predefined distance d.
  • On base plate 22 made of an insulating material the two electrodes 21 a and 21 b are therefore electrically separated from each other and are each electrically associated with a respective pole.
  • the two electrodes 21 a and 21 b form a capacitive sensor and are arranged on a first side or first surface 22 a of base plate 22 . An opposite surface is referred to as a second surface 22 b.
  • the two electrodes 21 a and 21 b have respective terminal regions 21 d , to which respective connection lines 23 are connected.
  • Connection lines 23 may be arranged on the first or on the second surface 22 a or 22 b .
  • a capacitor C may be disposed between the first electrode 21 a and the second electrode 21 b and thus between the two electrical poles.
  • FIG. 4 also shows a cross-sectional view of sensor device 20 according to the second embodiment along line B-B. It can be seen from this view that the individual parts of the two electrodes 21 a and 21 b are countersunk and therefore flush with the first surface 22 a in the insulating base plate 22 .
  • the present invention is not limited to such an arrangement, and the electrode portions of the two electrodes 21 a and 21 b may also be partially countersunk into base plate 22 , or may be arranged on top of base plate 22 and in particular on the first surface 22 a of same. In any case, all the parts of the first electrodes 21 a are spaced apart from the second electrode 21 b by a predefined distance d.
  • the region between electrodes 21 a and 21 b and hence also between electrode arms 22 c is in the form of a serpentine on the first surface 22 a of base plate 22 .
  • a third embodiment of sensor device 30 shall now be described with reference to FIG. 5 .
  • the sensor device 30 shown in FIG. 5 is embodied as a capacitive sensor, like the sensor device ( 10 and 20 ) according to the first and second embodiments.
  • Sensor device 30 according to the third embodiment includes electrodes 31 comprising an outer electrode 31 a and an inner electrode 31 b .
  • Inner electrode 31 b is preferably designed as a circular area with a predetermined diameter
  • outer electrode 31 a is arranged in the form of an annulus around inner electrode 31 b and spaced apart therefrom.
  • Both electrodes 31 are arranged on and fixed to a base plate 32 made of an insulating material and are arranged electrically insulated from each other on a first surface 32 a of said base plate 32 .
  • the inner and outer electrodes 31 a and 31 b are each assigned electrically to a particular pole.
  • base plate 32 is formed as a substantially circular disk having a predefined diameter that is larger than the outer diameter of the annular outer electrode 31 a .
  • Electrodes 31 may be arranged flush with the first surface 32 a of base plate 32 and thus countersunk therein, or electrodes 31 may be arranged wholly or partially outside the material of base plate 32 on the first surface 32 a .
  • the first case is shown in the cross-sectional view along line C-C that is shown beside the plan view.
  • Electrodes 31 arranged on base plate 32 are connected to respective connection lines 33 .
  • base plate 32 In the region of each of the two electrodes 31 and their connections to connection lines 33 , base plate 32 has respective openings 34 to that end in a second surface 32 b opposite first surface 32 a , in which connection lines 33 are arranged.
  • Connection lines 33 are guided to the second surface 32 b of base plate 32 and outwards from there. The connection lines are guided further to the drive unit 5 shown in FIG. 1 , by means of which respective currents and voltages with predefined frequencies are applied to electrodes 31 .
  • a capacitor C may be connected between electrodes 31 and thus between the different electrical poles.
  • Base plate 32 consists of an insulating and solid material, although its disk-shaped embodiment is merely an example. The invention is not limited to such a shape. Rather, any other flat shape may be selected for base plate 32 . Whatever the case, a sufficiently planar area (first surface 32 a ) must be provided for formation of electrodes 31 .
  • the two electrodes 31 a and 31 b are shown in the plan view on the left in FIG. 5 in an annular or disk-shaped arrangement.
  • the invention is not limited to such an arrangement.
  • the inner electrode 31 b may also be in the shape of a square, a triangle or a rectangle, in which case the outer electrode 31 a otherwise embodied as an annular structure will follow the contour of the inner electrode 31 b and be spaced apart therefrom by a predefined distance.
  • the two electrodes 31 a and 31 b are thus insulated from each other electrically by the insulating base plate 32 .
  • sensor device 30 is arranged in a container like container 2 and preferably in a side wall in the region of the base or in a base wall of container 2 , then base plate 32 is sealed against the container wall so that no medium 3 can escape undesirably from the region of the base plate 32 inserted in sensor device 30 .
  • a base plate 12 , 22 or 32 made of a solid insulating material is provided. Suitable materials for this purpose include various plastics, glass or glass ceramics.
  • the substrate material of base plate 12 , 22 and 32 and also of the base plates in the embodiments described below must have a high resistance to water, with as little water as possible being absorbed by the material itself. In order to reduce the penetration of water or other components of medium 3 in container 2 , the substrate material, i.e., the surfaces of the base plate are smoothed and polished.
  • the substrate material of base plate 12 , 22 and 32 must have electrical properties that are as stable as possible, such as insulation properties and a dielectric constant that is as stable as possible.
  • the substrate material of base plate 12 , 22 and 32 has a predefined strength such that embodying a base plate of the form described above ensures that it can be installed in a mechanically secure manner in an opening of container 2 in the container wall, preferably close to the bottom of the container or in the base of the container itself, and that a seal is assured on a stable, long-term basis. This must be taken into consideration with regard to the operation of a washing device, in particular, in which strong vibrations may occur in conjunction with high spinning speeds of the washing drum.
  • electrodes 11 , 21 or 31 shown in the Figures may be made of stainless steel, and the two outer electrodes 11 a and the inner electrode 11 b may be coated, after appropriate pretreatment, with an electrochemically inert material such as gold.
  • the coating may be applied by sputtering, for example, in which case the electrodes may be coated wholly or at least partially with the inert material (such as gold, for example).
  • the substrate material of electrodes 11 , 21 or 31 in all the embodiments may also be provided in the form of ceramics or glass ceramics, the surface of the parts and components made of these materials (electrodes and/or base plate) being ground and polished to a mirror finish, and a layer containing a inert and electrically conductive material, for example a layer of gold, may be applied after appropriate treatment of the polished surfaces.
  • This layer can be applied by sputtering, for example.
  • Electrodes 11 , 21 and 31 and also of base plate 12 , 22 and 32 ), for example, such that any detrimental effects on measurement results due to changes in the electrical and mechanical properties of electrodes 11 , 21 or 31 and of base plate 12 , 22 or 32 can be prevented.
  • electrodes 11 a and 11 b may be made from a ceramic or glass ceramic material, in the respective half-shell design (outer electrodes 11 a ) or rod-shaped design (inner electrode 11 b ). After respective preparatory measures, the electrodes are coated with the inert conductive material, for example gold, and subjected to further polishing, if so required. If electrodes 11 of the first embodiment are integral in design, at least one outer electrode may be coated with the inert material on both its outer and inner surfaces (i.e., on the surfaces exposed to the medium).
  • At least the inner surface of the at least one outer electrode 11 a lying opposite inner electrode 11 b is coated with the inert material and connected galvanically by means of the connection lines.
  • This is also the case in the alternative configuration of the outer electrode in the form of a complete hollow cylinder (provided with openings) in the first embodiment, where at least the inner side (opposite inner electrode 11 b ) is coated.
  • Connection lines 13 are connected to the respective electrodes 11 a and 11 b in the coated region, and in the case of multi-part outer electrodes 11 e all the parts of outer electrodes 11 a are connected to the same terminal (pole).
  • Electrodes 21 and 31 according to the second and third embodiments may also be formed wholly or partially by a metal conductor countersunk in base plate 22 and 23 , which may be coated with an inert conductive material (e.g., gold).
  • respective electrodes 11 , 21 and 31 are connected by respective connection lines 13 , 23 or 33 , the latter being connected for their part to the drive unit 5 shown in FIG. 1 .
  • electrodes 11 , 21 or 31 preferably consist of an electrochemically inert material or are at least coated with such a material (for example, gold), according to the description above, it makes sense not to use any other different metals within each sensor device 10 , 20 or 30 .
  • the electrodes that are at least coated with gold are preferably contacted, therefore, with gold wire to form the required connection lines 13 , 23 and 33 . Contact may be effected by bonding or soldering, or it is also possible to use a conductive adhesive.
  • connection lines 13 , 23 and 33 of the respective electrodes are not in the region of medium 3 , with the result that medium 3 does not flow around them, as that would affect the medium or the connection lines and the points of contact, as well as the electrical properties of the entire sensor arrangement.
  • connection lines 13 , 23 and 33 are arranged in respective indentations or openings in the respective base plate 12 , 22 or 32 and are guided to the outside on the side of the respective base plate 12 , 22 or 32 (i.e., starting from the second surface 12 e . 22 a , 32 a ) which is opposite the side exposed to medium 3 (i.e., on the second surface 12 b , 22 b , 32 b ).
  • connection lines 13 , 23 and 33 may be appropriately sealed in this case also by means of temperature-resistant materials, such as plastics, that are also resistant against medium 3 .
  • the respective base plate 12 , 22 and 32 thus functions as a carrier plate or as a shared support for the respective multi-part electrode arrangement in the sensor device 10 , 20 and 30 described above.
  • base plate 12 , 22 or 32 is shown as an integral body. However, it may also consist of a plurality of interconnected, sealed parts or of different layers, or may also consist of a plurality of the aforementioned materials, with different parts being made of different materials.
  • the materials of the base plate 12 , 22 and 32 may be selected from plastics, ceramics or glass ceramics. By appropriately treating the respective surfaces by smoothing and polishing, foreign matter can be prevented from penetrating the material of base plate 12 , 22 and 32 . This applies in particular to the surfaces exposed to medium 3 .
  • the materials may also be connected to one another such that a base plate may comprise a plurality of layers made of different materials, for example.
  • the respective sensor devices are lines arranged in such a way in container 2 , and within a washing device, for example, that medium 3 flows around them, and any undesired deposits on the sensor device are prevented by the respective current.
  • arrow P shows the possibility of influencing the washing process in the washing device in container 2 , in combination with medium 3 , by means of the main control unit 6 , which controls or regulates the washing process not only with an internal program using parameters set by the user, but also with detection results from control unit 4 .
  • Sensor device 40 is arranged, for example, in container 2 according to FIG. 1 and is exposed at least partially to the medium 3 to be analyzed.
  • FIG. 6 shows a sensor device 40 according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention, in which electrodes 41 are formed on a base plate 42 in a manner similar to that in the third embodiment.
  • Each set of electrodes 41 comprises an outer electrode 41 a and an inner electrode 41 b .
  • Each such arrangement of electrodes 41 forms a sensor element, with FIG. 6A showing seven such sensor elements 401 - 407 , for example.
  • Sensor elements 401 - 407 are spatially arranged in a predefined manner in relation to each other.
  • Sensor elements 401 - 407 are distributed on base plate 42 , which may be made, for example, of a plastic, of glass, a glass ceramic or a ceramic.
  • the individual electrodes 41 a and 41 b of the respective sensor elements 401 - 407 are formed on the suitably prepared surface on one side of base plate 42 , wherein electrodes 41 may be arranged in their entirety on said surface or may also be at least partially countersunk into the surface, such that electrodes 41 of sensor elements 401 - 407 partially project from the respective surface of base plate 42 or are flush with said surface.
  • Base plate 42 is preferably a planar plate of predefined thickness and with a surface which has been prepared to receive the sensor elements.
  • Each sensor element 401 - 407 includes connection lines 43 , by means of which the individual electrodes 41 a and 41 b can be connected to a drive unit 5 as shown in FIG. 1 , for example.
  • Outer electrode 41 a embodied in the form of a part-ring structure, may be connected by one of connection lines 43 , or both ends of outer electrode 41 a , which is continuous in a predefined region, may be connected to connection lines 43 .
  • the inner (middle) electrode 41 b is connected to another one of connection lines 43 .
  • drive unit 5 FIG. 1
  • different test signals or drive signals (measuring signals, for example voltages and currents as direct quantities or with predefined frequencies) can be applied to the respective electrodes 41 ( 41 a , 41 b ) in order to perform a measurement.
  • all the sensor elements 401 - 407 are of substantially the same design, apart from unavoidable tolerances. This means, with regard to performing any measurements, that the individual sensor elements have capacitances that are approximately identical in the relaxed state, i.e., when there is no medium whose properties are to be detected.
  • the entire sensor device 40 is brought into contact with the medium 3 whose properties are to be detected, as shown in FIG. 1 (i.e., the medium surrounds or flows around the sensor device), such that one or more measurements can be carried out either with all the sensor elements 401 - 407 , or with a predefined selection of sensor elements, or with individual sensors.
  • Each individual sensor element 401 - 407 thus represents an individual sub-capacitance or an individual sensor.
  • Sensor elements 401 - 407 may be driven collectively (simultaneously) in the same manner, or particular individual sensor elements can be driven by drive unit 5 in a targeted manner and in a respective time sequence, also in different ways, in order to perform a measurement.
  • the individual sensor elements selected to perform a measurement can be connected in series or in parallel, thus resulting in different capacitances and impedances.
  • the option of connecting individual sensor elements in series or in parallel means that, with the different impedances that result, wide frequency ranges or predefined smaller frequency ranges of the drive signals can be processed.
  • the substantially similar sensor elements 401 - 407 shown in FIG. 6A can be driven singly by means of drive unit 5 , independently of respective other sensor elements, for example with different electrical values such as voltages and frequencies.
  • different electrical values such as voltages and frequencies.
  • different combinations of series and parallel interconnection of the individual sensor elements 401 - 407 are realized, and it is also possible to connect particular (selected) sensor elements to each other in series, and other sensor elements in parallel.
  • FIG. 6A shows seven sensor elements 401 - 407 of sensor device 40 , although the invention is not limited to said number of sensor elements. Rather, more or fewer sensor elements may be provided as required.
  • sensor elements 401 - 407 and their associated electrodes 41 may be made of a similar conductive material that is applied to base plate 42 .
  • Individual ones of sensor elements 401 - 407 , or groups of sensor elements (a selection from sensor elements 401 - 407 ) may consist of different materials. Possible materials for embodying respective sensor elements 401 - 407 and hence the respective electrodes 41 are gold, platinum and chromium, for example.
  • individual sensor elements 401 - 407 made of different materials can also be driven differently by means of drive unit 5 in FIG. 1 . Analysis of the output signals from the respective sensor elements 401 - 407 in connections with a measurement can also be made dependent on the particular material that the respective sensor element 401 - 407 is made of.
  • FIG. 7 shows a similar arrangement of individual sensor elements, for example of sensor elements 411 - 415 as shown in FIG. 6A .
  • a plurality of sensor elements 411 - 415 is likewise provided, although the sensor elements of sensor device 40 each have a different size (i.e., different dimensions), in contrast to the arrangement in FIG. 6A .
  • the respective arrangement of the sensor elements, and in particular of electrodes 41 entails different mechanical (geometrical) dimensions of the various sensor elements 411 - 415 .
  • the arrangement according to FIG. 7 thus includes sensor device 40 with the five sensor elements 411 - 415 .
  • all of the sensor elements 411 - 415 with different dimensions may be made of the same material or of different materials.
  • individual sensor elements or all the sensor elements 411 - 415 or groups thereof can be driven by means of drive unit 5 in FIG. 1 when a measurement is to be performed.
  • the individual sensor elements 411 - 415 may be arranged on the preferably planar base plate 42 in a manner similar to that shown in FIG. 6A .
  • Each sensor element 411 - 415 has the connection lines 43 that are required in order to be driven.
  • Possible materials for the individual electrodes of sensor elements 411 - 415 are likewise gold, platinum, chromium and the like (i.e., metal coatings).
  • the coatings can be applied by sputtering, for example, onto the suitably prepared surface of the base plate.
  • FIG. 6 shows seven sensor elements 401 - 407 on base plate 42 , for example, and in FIG. 7 , for example, there are five sensor elements 411 - 415 arranged on base plate 42 .
  • the present invention shall now be described with reference to said Figures. However, it is not confined to the number or arrangement of the respective sensor elements 401 - 415 . Rather, a larger or a smaller number of sensor elements may be provided in any arrangement on the respective base plate 42 . In any case, each of the sensor elements is accessible from the outside via individual connection lines 43 and can thus be driven externally, which means that each sensor element 401 - 415 can be driven separately or as part of a group.
  • the individual sensor elements 411 - 415 in FIG. 7 represent individual capacitances of different kinds, and different materials can also be taken into consideration.
  • the arrangement according to FIG. 7 with the five sensor elements 411 - 415 , is thus a 5-sub-capacitances sensor array.
  • the respective sensor elements 411 - 415 are exposed to medium 3 to be analyzed, and measurement can be performed by providing electrical signals (voltages, currents, frequencies).
  • Predefined connections in series or in parallel, to set a particular impedance or capacitance are possible in the same way as described in connection with the sensor arrangement according to FIG. 6 .
  • Other ways of setting different capacitances and impedances by driving the individual sensor elements separately ensue from the different sizes of the sensor elements in FIG. 7 and from their different electrical properties.
  • the sensor device in identical or similar configuration, to apply inductive and resistive measurement techniques, or a combination thereof.
  • a multisensor array is formed in which it is possible, by driving all the sensor elements 401 - 415 , or individual ones or a group of sensor elements 401 - 415 , to adjust the sensitivity of sensor device 40 selectively to a measurement procedure, a measurement set-up and/or a medium 3 to be analyzed.
  • the sensors may differ in size by particular ratios.
  • the area of the individual sensor elements may be dimensioned in such a way that the second largest area is equal to half that of the largest area, the third largest area is equal to half that of the second largest, the fourth largest area equal to half that of the third largest, etc.
  • the effective areas of the individual sensor elements 411 - 415 are each in a predefined ratio to each other, so it is possible by connecting the individual sensor elements appropriately in series or in parallel (thus forming sub-sensors) to set the total capacitance of sensor device 40 in gradations.
  • the number of sensor elements or sub-sensors is equal to the number of bits. For example, if eight sensor elements (sub-sensors) are provided, this equates to an 8-bit system, and if driven appropriately by drive unit 5 the capacitance can be set in 256 gradations.
  • Base plate 42 is a carrier and consists of an insulating material, for example a plastic, a ceramic, a glass ceramic or glass.
  • the individual electrodes 41 of sensor elements 401 - 415 can be applied by sputtering. However, other methods, such as gluing or galvanization, are also possible as ways of applying the respective materials to the surface of base plate 42 .
  • base plate 42 is a planar area having a predefined thickness, depending on the material being used and the area (number of sensor elements) required.
  • the invention is not limited to the latter. Rather, the base plate may also have a curved or spherical surface on one or both sides, on which the respective sensor elements 401 - 415 can be arranged.
  • the sensor elements 401 - 415 described in the foregoing may be formed on just one of the surfaces of base plate 42 or on both surfaces (i.e., on both sides).
  • Sensor device 40 is arranged, for example, in container 2 according to FIG. 1 , and the medium 3 to be analyzed flows at least partially around said device.
  • Sensor device 50 is arranged, for example, in container 2 according to FIG. 1 and is exposed at least partially to the medium 3 to be analyzed.
  • FIG. 8 and FIG. 8A show an arrangement of a sensor device 50 , in which two individual sensor elements 501 and 502 (first and second sensor elements) are arranged substantially parallel to and opposite each other.
  • the first and the second sensor elements 501 and 502 each consist of a substantially planar base plate 521 and 522 , which lie opposite each other to form a parallel-plate capacitor, a first pair of electrodes 511 and 512 being arranged on the first base plate 521 of the first sensor element 501 and a second pair of electrodes 513 and 514 being arranged on the second base plate 522 of the second sensor element 502 .
  • the respective electrode pairs 511 and 512 , 513 and 514 consist of an interdigitated arrangement of intermeshing electrode pairs, as similarly described in connection with the second embodiment.
  • the respective electrode pairs 511 , 512 and 513 , 514 are located on the inner, opposite surfaces of the respective base plates 521 and 522 , and are of mirror-symmetrical construction, such that the same parts of one pair of electrodes (e.g., 511 ) are opposite the respective other parts of the other pair of electrodes (e.g., 513 ).
  • the electrode pairs are each connected via connection lines 53 to drive unit 5 according to FIG. 1 , or also to control unit 4 , if the function 1 of drive unit 5 and also a respective function of analyzing the sensor output signals are performed in the sensor control unit 4 according to FIG. 1 .
  • Possible materials for the electrodes of the respective electrode pairs 511 and 512 are the materials specified in the foregoing, such as gold, platinum, chromium or rhodium.
  • the respective conductive materials of electrode pairs 511 and 512 , 513 and 514 can be applied by sputtering or by some other appropriate technique. Materials may be provided, more specifically, that are sensitive to particular ions.
  • the two opposite sensor elements 501 and 502 of sensor device 50 are embodied substantially similarly.
  • individual electrodes of the respective sensor elements 501 and 502 , or all of the electrodes of electrode pairs 511 and 512 , 513 and 514 can be driven and analyzed for their detection results.
  • respective opposite electrodes are driven together.
  • FIG. 8B shows an arrangement alternative to the one in FIG. 8A , showing the arrangement of a sensor device 54 in which the electrode arrangements as shown in connection with the fourth embodiment are used, instead of the interdigitated arrangement (interdigitated structure) shown in FIG. 8A .
  • the electrode arrangements consist of an inner electrode and an outer electrode in the form of a part-ring disposed around said inner electrode.
  • a first sensor element 541 comprises an outer electrode 551 and an inner electrode 552 , which are formed on a base plate 523 .
  • the same structure of electrode arrangement (electrodes 561 and 562 ) is formed mirror-symmetrically, one opposite the other, so that the two sensor elements 541 and 542 , similarly to those in FIG. 8A , are arranged in approximately the same way, one opposite the other, to form a parallel-plate capacitor.
  • Lines 53 are provided to establish a connection to a drive unit 5 or a control unit 4 ( FIG. 1 ).
  • Sensor elements 501 , 502 , 541 and 542 are spatially arranged in a predefined manner in relation to each other, the respective base plates being spaced apart at a distance a ( FIG. 8A ) or b ( FIG. 8B ) from each other. By driving individual sensor elements, it is possible to set different sensitivities for the sensor device as a whole.
  • the respective sensor elements 501 , 502 , 541 and 542 are exposed at least partially to medium 3 being analyzed ( FIG. 1 ), such that the electrical properties of the respective sensor elements are affected by medium 3 , and measurement can be performed regarding the properties of medium 3 being analyzed.
  • the respective base plates 511 - 514 may be made, for example, of a plastic, of glass, of a glass ceramic or a ceramic.
  • FIG. 8B The materials used for the arrangement in FIG. 8B are the same as those used for sensor elements 501 and 502 in FIG. 8A and for the sensor elements ( 401 - 415 ) that were described in connection with the fourth embodiment.
  • FIG. 9 shows a simplified and schematic block diagram for illustrating how sensor elements 501 , 502 , 541 and 542 are driven according to the fifth embodiment.
  • the respective sensor elements 501 and 502 or 541 and 542 are arranged in container 2 ( FIG. 1 ), where they are surrounded by medium 3 .
  • the respective sensor elements are electrically connected to a measurement acquisition unit 56 , which functions similarly to drive unit 5 . Electrical signals with respective currents, voltages and frequencies are supplied to drive the respective sensor elements 501 , 502 , 541 and 542 .
  • Measured values are likewise detected, and the detected electrical signals are fed to a measurement processing unit 57 , where the detected electrical signals from the respective sensor elements 501 , 502 , 541 and 542 are processed, at least partially in connection with previously stored base values acquired experimentally.
  • a reset unit 58 is also provided, by means of which sensor elements 501 , 502 , 541 and 542 are driven so that medium 3 between and surrounding the respective plates of the sensor elements can be restored to a predefined state electrically and in respect of the properties of medium 3 .
  • This predefined state can be achieved, for example, by applying particular electrical variables to the electrodes of the respective sensor elements 501 , 502 , 541 and 542 , thus achieving a definitive state of the medium and the surroundings of the respective sensor elements 501 , 502 , 541 and 542 . Proceeding from this defined state of the sensor surroundings, a further measurement (or several measurements) can be performed in combination with impedance spectroscopy and the supplying of electrical signals, in particular electrical signals having predefined frequencies.
  • sensor elements 501 , 502 , 541 and 542 in FIG. 9 are brought into a predefined state by means of the reset unit, in connection with medium 3 surrounding sensor elements 501 , 502 , 541 and 542 (with regard to predefined properties, or properties of special interest), such preparation allows more precise and useful measurements to be obtained on the basis of predefined ambient conditions around sensor elements 501 , 502 , 541 and 542 .
  • FIGS. 10, 11 and 12 A sixth embodiment of the present invention shall now described with reference to FIGS. 10, 11 and 12 .
  • FIG. 10 shows the arrangement of a sensor device 60 , mainly showing a cylindrical capacitor similar to the one already described in connection with the first embodiment.
  • Sensor device 60 is arranged, for example, in container 2 according to FIG. 1 and is exposed at least partially to the medium 3 to be analyzed.
  • Electrodes 61 comprising at least one outer electrode 61 a (or outer electrode) and an inner electrode 61 b (or inner or middle electrode) are arranged on a base plate 62 made of an insulating material.
  • a base plate 62 made of an insulating material.
  • two outer electrodes 61 a are provided that are arranged concentrically and with gaps around inner electrode 61 b , such that a cylindrical capacitor is formed and such that medium 3 to be analyzed can flow at least partially around electrodes 61 a and 61 b inside and outside outer electrode 61 a .
  • Base plate 62 may be made, for example, of a plastic, of glass, of a glass ceramic or a ceramic.
  • the respective electrodes 61 a and 61 b according to the sixth embodiment are provided in a plurality of parts in a direction of extension along a line M.
  • the at least one outer electrode 61 a (or both outer electrodes 61 a concentrically arranged about the inner electrode (middle electrode) 61 b ) is subdivided along along line M in the same way as the middle electrode 61 b .
  • the preferably planar base plate 62 made of an insulating material is used here as an insulating holding device for sensor device 60 and especially for electrodes 61 a and 61 b.
  • the multi-part embodiment of the respective electrodes 61 a and 61 b in the direction of extension along line M, according to the sixth embodiment described above, can be obtained a first way by embodying the at least one outer electrode 61 a on a cylinder segment 61 c (having a square and preferably rectangular two-dimensional net) made of one piece of non-conductive material.
  • the selection of materials for the respective base plate of the previous embodiment can be used for selecting the material for cylinder segment 61 c .
  • Individual parts of the outer electrode 61 a can be formed flush and insulated from each other on integral cylinder segment 61 c .
  • the integral embodiment of cylinder segment 61 c of the at least one outer electrode is shown by way of example in FIG. 11A , described below.
  • the multi-part embodiment of the respective electrodes 61 a and 61 b in the direction of extension along line M can be obtained a second way, for example by forming the at least one outer electrode 61 a on a multi-part cylinder segment 61 c .
  • the individual parts of the multi-part cylinder segment 61 c correspond to the respective parts or active areas of electrode 61 a in the arrangement along line M.
  • the respective active areas are referred to in the following as electrode sections.
  • inner electrode 61 b can be embodied in the form of an integral rod or hollow cylinder 61 d made of an insulating material (like base plate 62 ).
  • the rod or hollow cylinder 61 d may also have a multi-part construction, as shown in FIGS. 10-12 .
  • the respective active areas of inner electrode 61 b (referred to in the following as electrode sections) are applied to the integral or multi-part rod or hollow cylinder 61 d and insulated from each other.
  • FIGS. 11 and 12 Further details concerning the distribution of the electrodes 61 of sensor device 60 are shown in FIGS. 11 and 12 .
  • FIG. 11A shows details of outer electrode 61 a
  • FIG. 11B shows details of inner electrode 61 b
  • connection lines 63 are provided for driving the respective electrodes 61 .
  • FIGS. 11 and 12 This is indicated in FIGS. 11 and 12 and omitted in FIG. 10 to simplify the view being shown.
  • FIG. 11A shows the at least one outer electrode 61 a .
  • a first part of outer electrode 61 a is provided as a fixing section 610 which is used to fix outer electrode 61 a in base plate 62 .
  • Electrode sections 611 - 613 each form a part of outer electrode 61 a and can be singly (separately, individually) driven by means of respective connection lines 63 .
  • the respective electrode sections 611 - 613 are formed and insulated from each other on a shared electrode member in the form of cylinder segment 61 c of outer electrode 61 a.
  • Inner electrode 61 b in FIG. 11B is similarly structured. Viewed from the top down, as shown in FIG. 11B , inner electrode 61 b comprises a fixing section 620 and successive electrode sections 621 , 622 and 623 , each of which are connected to connection lines 63 .
  • Outer electrode 61 a and inner electrode 61 b are thus structured in approximately the same manner, with the respective electrode sections 611 - 613 and 621 - 623 in the direction of extension along line M being of equal size. Electrode sections 621 - 623 are likewise insulated from each other.
  • the respective individual capacitances are formed inside the sensor device 60 that is substantially embodied as a cylindrical capacitor, wherein corresponding electrode sections 611 - 613 of outer electrode 61 a are opposite the electrode sections 621 - 623 of inner electrode 61 b . It is possible for all the electrode sections or for individual electrode sections 611 - 613 and 621 - 623 to be used to perform a measurement, due to the electrodes being driven by means of the respective connection lines 63 . It is possible in this regard for the capacitances and hence the impedances to be adjusted to predefined conditions.
  • FIG. 12 shows an alternative embodiment of the sixth embodiment in connection with sensor device 60 .
  • Outer electrode 61 a and inner electrode 61 b are subdivided in a similar manner into various sections.
  • a first section of outer electrode 61 a is used as a fixing section 640 for fixing the outer electrode in base plate 62 ( FIG. 10 ).
  • the outer electrode 61 b also includes first to fourth electrode sections 641 , 642 , 643 and 644 , which extend along line M.
  • Electrode sections 641 - 644 are formed in the same manner on a shared (integral or multi-part) support for outer electrode 61 a in the form of cylinder segment 61 c and are insulated from each other so that they they can be driven individually (separately) or collectively via connection lines 63 .
  • Inner electrode 61 b according to FIG. 12B has a structure corresponding to that of outer electrode 61 a , a fixing section 650 being used to fix said inner electrode in base plate 62 .
  • Further electrode sections 651 , 652 , 653 and 654 extend on inner electrode 61 b along line M.
  • the respective electrode sections 651 - 654 are insulated from each other and can be externally driven, either individually or collectively, via respective connection lines 63 connected thereto.
  • the electrode sections 641 - 644 and 651 - 854 as shown in FIGS. 12A and 12B have a different extension along line M.
  • the respective first electrode section 641 and 651 for example, has the smallest extension
  • the fourth electrode section 644 and 654 has the largest extension in the direction of line M.
  • the longitudinal extensions of the respective electrode sections of outer electrode 61 a and inner electrode 61 b correspond to each other in each case, which means that, by driving respective corresponding electrode sections via the individual connection lines 63 , it is possible to monitor sub-capacitances (impedances) of a cylindrical capacitor, which have different capacitance values, and therefore different impedances as well, depending on the size of the respective corresponding electrode sections 641 - 644 and 651 - 654 .
  • the single electrode section 611 - 613 and 641 - 644 is part of an inner cylinder to which a particular area (active area) can be assigned.
  • An annular area (active area) can be similarly assigned to the annular electrode sections 621 - 623 and 651 - 654 of the respective inner electrode 61 b in FIGS. 11B and 12B .
  • areas A 1 , A 2 , A 3 and A 4 are specified for the respective annular areas of electrode sections 651 - 654 .
  • the respective annular areas A 1 -A 4 stand in a predefined relationship to each other.
  • annular area A 4 of the fourth electrode section 654 may be double the annular area A 3 of the third electrode section 653 .
  • the annular area A 3 of the third electrode section 653 may also be double the annular area A 2 of the second electrode sections 652 .
  • the annular area A 2 of the second electrode section 652 may be double the annular area A 1 , for example, of the first electrode section 651 .
  • This also applies in a similar way to the area ratios of outer electrode 61 a (sub-areas of electrode sections 641 and 644 ).
  • the invention is not limited to this example of integer ratios. Rather, other ratios between the areas of the electrode sections (ratios between active areas) may also be specified.
  • sub-capacitances by means of sensor device 60 in the form of a cylindrical capacitor, depending on the respective size of annular areas A 1 -A 4 or of the active areas, wherein the sub-capacitances and thus the impedances as well may have predefined ratios between each other.
  • connection lines 63 are shown schematically and are connected to the respective electrode sections 611 - 613 , 621 - 623 , 641 - 644 and 651 - 654 .
  • Connection lines 63 may be guided in the outer region of the respective inner or outer electrode 61 a and 61 b , or may be guided inside the substrate material (cylinder segment 61 c and rod or hollow cylinder 61 d ) of the respective electrode, so that the outer surface, and hence the active surface, of the respective electrode sections is not adversely affected by the path of connection lines 63 .
  • Respective sub-sensors are formed by the different electrode sections 611 - 613 , 621 - 623 , 641 - 644 and 651 - 654 , and said sub-sensors can be driven separately, according to the above specifications, so that they can be used singly or collectively to perform a measurement. It is possible in this way to adapt the sensors to the anticipated properties of a mediums 3 being measured, or to a measurement system or analyzer. It is possible, therefore, to set the respective sensor device to different sensitivities in connection with the medium 3 being analyzed and an analysis obtained with the arrangements described above.
  • the respective electrode sections 611 - 613 , 621 - 623 , 641 - 644 and 651 - 654 , specified above, of sensor device 60 according to both variants of the sixth embodiment may be made of the same material, such as gold, platinum, chromium or rhodium (and the like), and the coating may be applied by sputtering or by some other suitable technique. It is also possible for respective electrode sections to be made of a different material from that of other electrode sections, and any combination of materials is possible.
  • the first electrode section 651 may be made of gold, the second electrode section 652 of platinum, the third electrode section 653 of rhodium and the fourth electrode section 654 of chromium, with the respective metals being applied to the substrate material of inner electrode 61 ( FIG. 12B ).
  • the active areas of electrode sections 611 - 613 , 621 - 623 , 641 - 644 and 651 - 654 of sensor device 60 can be exposed wholly or at least partially to the medium 3 being analyzed. It is preferred that the medium 3 being analyzed flows through the arrangement of the cylindrical capacitor according to FIG. 10 .
  • the surfaces of the respective active areas of individual electrode sections may also be provided with special protective layers.
  • FIGS. 11A and 11B the device according to the sixth embodiment is described in connection with three respective electrode sections of outer and inner electrodes 61 a and 61 b .
  • FIGS. 12A and 12B four electrode sections are provided in each case.
  • the present invention is not limited to a fixed number of electrode sections or to the ratios between areas as specified in the foregoing. Rather, more or fewer electrode sections may be provided in a respectively similar manner for outer and inner electrodes 61 a and 61 b.
  • connection lines for example to connection lines 43 according to the fourth embodiment.
  • the respective connection lines are combinations of electrically insulated lines, said insulation applying to the course of the connection lines outside the base plate (here, for example, base plate 42 in FIGS. 6 and 7 ) and also to the course of base plate 42 . Insulated lines are provided outside the base plate, whereas on base plate 42 connection lines 43 are guided to the electrodes and are connected thereto.
  • the electrical insulation is provided by the connection lines being covered with an insulating layer throughout their path on base plate 42 and are free of such insulation only in the region of the electrodes.

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US10648939B2 (en) 2016-07-22 2020-05-12 The Texas A&M University System Method and system for stability determination of asphaltenes utilizing dielectric constant measurements
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US20130214797A1 (en) 2013-08-22
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