US9087457B2 - Apparatus and methods for visual demonstration of dental erosion on simulated dental materials - Google Patents

Apparatus and methods for visual demonstration of dental erosion on simulated dental materials Download PDF

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US9087457B2
US9087457B2 US12/874,683 US87468310A US9087457B2 US 9087457 B2 US9087457 B2 US 9087457B2 US 87468310 A US87468310 A US 87468310A US 9087457 B2 US9087457 B2 US 9087457B2
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layer
substrate
demonstration model
demonstration
dental enamel
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US20110059425A1 (en
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Phillip Asa Drake
Ruzhan Peng
George Endel Deckner
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Procter and Gamble Co
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Procter and Gamble Co
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
    • G09B23/00—Models for scientific, medical, or mathematical purposes, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes
    • G09B23/28—Models for scientific, medical, or mathematical purposes, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes for medicine
    • G09B23/283—Models for scientific, medical, or mathematical purposes, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes for medicine for dentistry or oral hygiene
    • A61K6/0017—
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K6/00—Preparations for dentistry
    • A61K6/20—Protective coatings for natural or artificial teeth, e.g. sealings, dye coatings or varnish
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
    • G09B19/00—Teaching not covered by other main groups of this subclass
    • G09B19/0076—Body hygiene; Dressing; Knot tying
    • G09B19/0084—Dental hygiene
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
    • B05D1/18—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials performed by dipping
    • B05D1/185—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials performed by dipping applying monomolecular layers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D2350/00—Pretreatment of the substrate
    • B05D2350/60—Adding a layer before coating
    • B05D2350/65—Adding a layer before coating metal layer

Definitions

  • Embodiments described herein are directed generally to apparatus and methods for providing a visual demonstration of dental erosion.
  • Dental erosion is the dissolution of the tooth surface caused by acids of non-bacterial origin.
  • the source of the acid may be gastric fluids (perimolysis) caused by a medical condition such as gastroesophageal reflux or bulimia. More commonly, erosion is caused by dietary sources of acid, such as sports drinks, certain soft drinks, fruits, and fruit juices. Estimates of prevalence vary widely and differ significantly by geography, but the incidence of clinically-observable erosion may be as high as 60% for children in some Western countries.
  • the example embodiments shown and described herein relate to a demonstration model comprising a simulated dental enamel layer, to methods for preparing a demonstration model comprising a simulated dental enamel layer, and to methods for providing a visual demonstration of dental erosion by using such a demonstration model.
  • thin layers of various mineral phases that compose dentine and enamel may be grown on a substrate, using charged surfaces to template mineral formation in solutions of controlled composition and temperature.
  • the mineral phases may be treated with one or more selected dentifrices and subjected to challenges simulating actual causes of dental erosion.
  • the challenged layers thereby illustrate the efficacies of the selected dentifrices at preventing dental erosion.
  • a demonstration model comprises a planar or three-dimensional substrate.
  • the substrate may be a solid substrate, and may comprise a material such as, for example, silica.
  • a top surface of the substrate may be coated with a simulated dental enamel layer.
  • Example layers of simulated dental enamel may comprise hydroxyapatite.
  • the hydroxyapatite may be a homogeneous layer on the substrate or a veneer layer on top of a layer of amorphous calcium phosphate formed on the substrate.
  • the simulated dental enamel layer may be formed on a self-assembled monolayer such as, for example, a monolayer comprising a thiol compound, that is formed on a thin layer of gold coated on the top surface of the substrate.
  • a method for preparing a demonstration model is provided.
  • the substrate may comprise a clean surface of a material such as, for example, a molded polymer article, a polymer film, a polymer tape, silica, quartz, or glass.
  • a simulated dental enamel layer may be applied to the substrate surface by placing the substrate in an aqueous solution comprising a calcium salt and a phosphate salt until a mineral layer forms on a top surface of the substrate.
  • Example simulated dental enamel layers may comprise hydroxyapatite in the form of a single coating or in the form of a veneer layer on top of a coating of amorphous calcium phosphate.
  • One or more coloring agents may be added to at least one of the amorphous calcium phosphate layer and the simulated dental enamel layer.
  • a method for preparing a demonstration model may comprise providing a planar or three-dimensional substrate coated with a thin layer of gold.
  • a charged, self-assembled monolayer may be formed on the gold by exposing the thin layer of gold to a compound such as, for example, a carboxylated thiol.
  • a simulated dental enamel layer may be applied on the self-assembled monolayer.
  • Example simulated dental enamel layers may comprise hydroxyapatite in the form of a single coating or in the form of a veneer layer on top of a coating of amorphous calcium phosphate.
  • a method for demonstrating dental erosion may comprise providing a demonstration model prepared according to other embodiments shown and described herein.
  • the layer of simulated enamel present on the demonstration materials may be untreated or may be treated with at least one oral care product.
  • the materials may be rinsed.
  • the treated simulated enamel may be subjected to an erosion challenge.
  • the erosion challenge may comprise exposing the demonstration materials to a corrosive agent such as dilute citric acid.
  • the physical structure of the resulting film will illustrate clearly the effect of the erosion challenge on the original layer of simulated enamel.
  • the effect may be evaluated visually or by using appropriate instrumentation.
  • the method may be repeated in multiple trials using various oral care products, and the results from each trial may be compared to illustrate the comparative efficacies of each product, whereby the most effective oral care products will be expected to show decreased amounts of erosion.
  • FIG. 1 is a side view of an example demonstration model comprising a substrate and a simulated dental enamel layer disposed over the substrate;
  • FIG. 2 is a side view of an example demonstration model having an enhanced bilayer structure, in which a fast-soluble layer is interposed between the substrate and the simulated enamel layer;
  • FIG. 3 is a side view of an example demonstration model comprising a substrate and a simulated dental enamel layer disposed over the substrate, wherein a self-assembled monolayer grown on a metal layer is interposed between the substrate and the simulated enamel layer;
  • FIG. 4 is a side view of an example demonstration model comprising an enhanced bilayer structure grown on a self-assembled monolayer formed on a metal layer deposited on the substrate;
  • FIG. 5 is a flowchart of example methods for preparing demonstration models according to one or more embodiments
  • FIG. 6 is a side view of a first example natural nucleation template for simulated dental enamel layers.
  • FIG. 7 is a side view of a second example synthetic nucleation template for simulated dental enamel films.
  • compatible in reference to an additional ingredient of a composition means that the additional ingredient can be comingled with other ingredients of the composition without causing any interaction that substantially reduces the composition's stability, its efficacy, or both.
  • the term “dentifrice” means a composition used to treat the surfaces of the oral cavity.
  • the dentifrice may comprise one or more components. Each component has phase characteristics that may be the same as or different from those of the other components.
  • Example phase characteristics of dentifrices and dentifrice components include, but are not limited to pastes, gels, powders, and liquids.
  • the dentifrice may be in any desired form, such as deep-striped, surface-striped, multilayered, a gel surrounding a paste, a sheath/core arrangement, a co-extruded sheath/core arrangement, or any combination thereof.
  • one or more components of a multi-component dentifrice may be contained in a physically separated compartment of a dispenser and dispensed side-by-side; one or more components may be striped together without physical separation; or some components may be contained separately and some components may be striped together.
  • oral care product means a product that, in the ordinary course of usage, can be retained in the oral cavity for purposes of oral activity.
  • the oral activity may arise from contact of the oral care product with selected dental surfaces (e.g., teeth), oral tissues (e.g., gums), or both.
  • dental surfaces e.g., teeth
  • oral tissues e.g., gums
  • oral care products are used for purposes such as to clean teeth by removing dental plaque; to prevent formation of dental calculus; to prevent disorders such as caries (tooth decay), periodontitis, and gingivitis; and to eliminate and prevent oral malodor, halitosis, and staining.
  • oral care products may include, but not be limited to, toothpastes, dentifrices, tooth gels, subgingival gels, foams, mouth rinses, denture products, mouth sprays, lozenges, chewable tablets, chewing gums, and strips or films for direct application or attachment to oral surfaces, including any hard or soft oral tissues.
  • oral care product should not be construed narrowly as referring only to formulations readily intended for consumer use. Rather, it will be understood that “oral care product” also encompasses any compound or mixture of compounds suitable for use as active or inactive ingredients of a consumer product, provided they can be retained in the oral cavity for purposes of oral activity.
  • a demonstration model may comprise a substrate and a simulated dental enamel layer disposed over a first side of the substrate.
  • simulated dental enamel layer means a layer of a material, i.e., of a simulated dental enamel, having physical and chemical properties substantially similar to those of enamel layers of animal teeth such as, for example, human teeth, dog teeth, or bovine teeth.
  • disposed over means that the simulated dental enamel layer is in a relative position over the substrate and may be in direct contact with a surface of the substrate or may be in direct contact with a layer interposed between the substrate and the simulated dental enamel layer. Any substrate may be used that can support a simulated dental enamel layer.
  • the substrates may be chosen to be essentially inert to a selected acid challenge solution, described below in detail.
  • the term “essentially inert” with respect to the substrate means that the substrate is not visibly etched, clouded, or dissolved by the acid challenge solution when the substrate is immersed in the acid challenge solution at a temperature of at least 37° C. for a period longer than a typical acid challenge, described below, for example 10 minutes to 24 hours.
  • the substrate may be a solid substrate and may be planar or three-dimensional.
  • Non-limiting examples of solid substrates include clean silica surfaces such as quartz or fused silica. Glasses such as borosilicate glasses are also appropriate solid substrates.
  • solid substrates include polymers, including, for example, molded polymer articles, polymer films, or polymer tapes.
  • the substrate may comprise a polymer tape having an adhesive on one side.
  • the substrate may be coated with a metal layer, and a self-assembled monolayer may be grown on the metal layer.
  • a gold layer may be grown on a silica substrate, and a self-assembled monolayer may be grown on the gold layer by exposing the gold layer to a carboxylated thiol.
  • the simulated dental enamel layer comprises one or more materials approximating the physical behavior and chemical composition of the enamel layers of animal teeth.
  • the thicknesses of the simulated enamel layers may vary.
  • the simulated dental enamel layer is sufficiently thick so as to provide sharp visual contrast between the top surface of a clean substrate and the top surface of a simulated enamel layer. The sharp visual contrast, in turn, may provide a more striking demonstration model for use in demonstrating efficacies of oral care products.
  • the simulated dental enamel layer may comprise hydroxyapatite.
  • the hydroxyapatite may be disposed on the substrate, for example, in direct contact with and coating at least a portion of a surface of the substrate.
  • one or more additional layers, described in detail below, may be interposed between the substrate and the hydroxyapatite.
  • the simulated dental enamel layer may comprise a substantially homogeneous layer such as, for example, a substantially homogeneous layer of hydroxyapatite.
  • the simulated dental enamel layer is substantially homogeneous if it contains less than 10% by weight of crystalline or non-crystalline impurities, based on the weight of the layer.
  • Hydroxyapatite is a crystalline form of calcium phosphate, typically described by the chemical formula Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 (OH) or Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 , the second formula denoting a crystal unit cell comprising two identical units of Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 (OH). It will be understood, however, that the typical formula for hydroxyapatite is not presented with the intent of limiting the chemical structure of the simulated enamel to strictly stoichiometric compounds. Moreover, it will be understood that any form of crystalline calcium phosphate mineral approximating the physical characteristics of dental enamel is suitable for use as the simulated dental enamel layer.
  • demonstration models include a single-layer demonstration model 1 , shown in FIG. 1 ; bilayer demonstration model 2 , shown in FIG. 2 ; a single-layer-on-monolayer demonstration model 3 , shown in FIG. 3 ; and a bilayer-on-monolayer demonstration model 4 , shown in FIG. 4 .
  • a single-layer demonstration model 1 may comprise a substrate 10 and a simulated dental enamel layer 20 disposed over the substrate 10 .
  • the simulated dental enamel layer 20 is shown in direct contact with a substrate surface 11 .
  • the simulated dental enamel layer 20 may comprise hydroxyapatite, for example, and may be substantially homogeneous, such as with a substantially homogeneous layer of hydroxyapatite.
  • the simulated dental enamel layer 20 may have a thickness from about 10 ⁇ to about 500 ⁇ m, alternatively from about 10 ⁇ to about 250 ⁇ m, alternatively from about 10 ⁇ to about 100 ⁇ m, alternatively from about 10 ⁇ to about 50 ⁇ m, alternatively from about 10 ⁇ to about 10 ⁇ m, alternatively from about 10 ⁇ to about 1 ⁇ m, alternatively from about 10 ⁇ to about 500 nm, alternatively from about 10 ⁇ to about 100 nm, or alternatively from about 10 ⁇ to about 10 nm.
  • the simulated dental enamel layer 20 may comprise minerals including, but not limited to, fluoridated hydroxyapatite, fluorapatite, chlorapatite, or combinations thereof.
  • a bilayer demonstration model 2 is shown, wherein a fast-dissolving layer 30 is interposed between the substrate 10 and the simulated dental enamel layer 20 .
  • the combination of the fast-dissolving layer 30 and the simulated dental enamel layer 20 results in an enhanced bilayer structure 40 .
  • the enhanced bilayer structure 40 may comprise two layers: the fast-dissolving layer 30 disposed on a substrate surface 11 , and the simulated dental enamel layer 20 disposed on a fast-dissolving layer surface 31 opposite the substrate 10 .
  • the simulated dental enamel layer 20 may comprise, for example, hydroxyapatite.
  • the fast-dissolving layer 30 may be chosen from one or more minerals or other material suitable for growth of simulated dental enamel layers thereon.
  • the fast-dissolving layer 30 comprises one or more materials known to dissolve more quickly in an acid solution than hydroxyapatite would dissolve in the same solution. It may be desirable for the fast-dissolving layer 30 to comprise a precursor compound to simulated dental enamel layer 20 .
  • a precursor compound to simulated dental enamel is a compound that can be chemically converted to the simulated dental enamel by reacting the precursor with one or more reagents or by simply heating the precursor compound.
  • fast-dissolving layer 30 may comprise an amorphous calcium phosphate, a precursor to hydroxyapatite.
  • the fast-dissolving layer 30 may be in direct contact with the substrate surface 11 .
  • the simulated dental enamel layer 20 may be a veneer layer comprising hydroxyapatite.
  • a substantially greater portion of the thickness of the enhanced bilayer structure 40 is derived from the thickness of the fast-dissolving layer 30 than is derived from the thickness of the simulated dental enamel layer 20 .
  • Example thicknesses of fast-dissolving layer 30 include from about 10 ⁇ to about 500 ⁇ m, alternatively from about 10 ⁇ to about 250 ⁇ m, alternatively from about 10 ⁇ to about 100 ⁇ m, alternatively from about 10 ⁇ to about 50 ⁇ m, alternatively from about 10 ⁇ to about 10 ⁇ m, alternatively from about 10 ⁇ to about 1 ⁇ m, alternatively from about 10 ⁇ to about 500 nm, alternatively from about 10 ⁇ to about 100 nm, alternatively from about 10 ⁇ to about 10 nm.
  • Example thicknesses of the simulated dental enamel layer 20 include from about 10 ⁇ to about 500 ⁇ m, alternatively from about 10 ⁇ to about 250 ⁇ m, alternatively from about 10 ⁇ to about 100 ⁇ m, alternatively from about 10 ⁇ to about 50 ⁇ m, alternatively from about 10 ⁇ to about 10 ⁇ m, alternatively from about 10 ⁇ to about 1 ⁇ m, alternatively from about 10 ⁇ to about 500 nm, alternatively from about 10 ⁇ to about 100 nm, alternatively from about 10 ⁇ to about 10 nm.
  • a single-layer-on-monolayer demonstration model 3 comprises in addition to the simulated dental enamel layer 20 a metal layer 50 having a self-assembled monolayer 60 formed thereon.
  • the metal layer 50 may be in direct contact with a substrate surface 11 of substrate 10 .
  • the self-assembled monolayer 60 is connected to a metal surface 51 of the metal layer 50 opposite the substrate 10 .
  • a simulated dental enamel layer 20 is disposed on a monolayer surface 61 of the self-assembled monolayer 60 , opposite metal layer 50 .
  • the simulated dental enamel layer 20 may comprise hydroxyapatite.
  • the metal layer 50 may comprise any metal suitable for growth of a self-assembled monolayer on a surface of the metal.
  • the metal layer 50 may comprise gold or a gold alloy.
  • the self-assembled monolayer 60 may comprise organic-chain molecules having a first reactive end bonded to the metal layer 50 , an organic chain extending above the surface of the metal layer 50 , and a second reactive end with a charged group suitable for forming a nucleation template, onto which the simulated dental enamel layer 20 may be grown or bonded.
  • the first reactive end may comprise a thiol
  • the organic chain may comprise an alkyl chain of about 3 to about 30 carbon atoms
  • the second reactive end may comprise a charged group such as, for example, a carboxyl group, a sulfonate group, a phosphate group, or a quaternary amine.
  • Example simulated dental enamel layer 20 may have a thickness from about 10 ⁇ to about 500 ⁇ m.
  • Example metal layer 50 may have a thickness from about 10 ⁇ to about 1000 ⁇ .
  • a bilayer-on-monolayer demonstration model 4 may comprise metal layer 50 , which may be disposed on a substrate surface 11 of substrate 10 .
  • a self-assembled monolayer 60 may be formed on a metal-layer surface 51 of metal layer 50 , opposite substrate 10 .
  • An enhanced bilayer structure 40 may be disposed on a monolayer surface 61 of self-assembled monolayer 60 , opposite metal layer 50 .
  • Enhanced bilayer structure 40 may comprise two layers: a fast-dissolving layer 30 that may be disposed on the self-assembled monolayer 60 , and a simulated dental enamel layer 20 that may be disposed on a fast-dissolving layer surface 31 opposite the self-assembled monolayer 60 .
  • Simulated dental enamel layer 20 may comprise, for example, hydroxyapatite.
  • Fast-dissolving layer 30 may comprise a precursor compound to simulated dental enamel layer 20 . If simulated dental enamel layer 20 comprises hydroxyapatite, for example, fast-dissolving layer 30 may comprise an amorphous calcium phosphate, a precursor to hydroxyapatite.
  • Simulated dental enamel layer 20 may be a veneer layer, more particularly a thin veneer layer, which may comprise hydroxyapatite.
  • Example fast-dissolving layer 30 may have a thickness from about 10 ⁇ to about 500 ⁇ m.
  • Example simulated dental enamel layer 20 may have a thickness from about 10 ⁇ to about 500 ⁇ m.
  • Example metal layer 50 may have a thickness in the range of about 10 ⁇ to about 1000 ⁇ .
  • enhanced visual contrast between the simulated dental enamel layer and the bare substrate may be achieved through the addition of one or more coloring agents to one or more layers of the demonstration model.
  • Example coloring agents include, but are not limited to dyes, pigments, opacifiers, combinations thereof, and any other additive capable of imparting a color to the simulated dental enamel layer, and/or any additional layers.
  • a coloring agent may be dispersed uniformly throughout the thickness of the layered demonstration model or any individual layer of such model. Alternatively, a plurality of coloring agents of varying shades or hues may be dispersed in a graded manner through the thickness of the layered demonstration model or any individual layer of such model.
  • a graded dispersion for example, coloring agents of lighter shades or hues are prevalent toward a bottom portion of the demonstration model, nearer the substrate, and coloring agents of darker shades or hues are prevalent toward a top portion of the demonstration model, farthest from the substrate.
  • the graded structure also may be reversed, with the lighter shades or hues in the top portion and the darker shades or hues in the bottom portion.
  • shade refers to the depth of a given color. For example, “light blue” and “dark blue” would represent two different shades.
  • the term “shade” also may apply to non-colors such as gray.
  • “hue” refers to the identity of the color itself. Thus, “red” and “blue” refer to different hues.
  • Example demonstration models such as those depicted in FIGS. 1-4 may be tailored as necessary or desirable to illustrate the effectiveness of individual oral care products (e.g., dentifrices), or of multiple oral care products in a comparative manner, at inhibiting dental erosion.
  • the models may be effective for qualitative measurements, quantitative measurements, or both.
  • performance differences among multiple oral care products may be observed visually when a substrate coated with treated or untreated, simulated dental enamel is subjected to an acid challenge.
  • Example methods for preparing demonstration models according to one or more example embodiments shown and described above are illustrated by the flowchart depicted in FIG. 5 .
  • a substrate described above, is provided in step 105 .
  • a substrate surface of the substrate may provide a natural nucleation template for growth of a layer structure comprising a simulated dental enamel layer on the substrate, or a synthetic nucleation template may be grown on the substrate surface.
  • preparation of the nucleation template is shown as step 110 in FIG. 5 . Both natural and synthetic nucleation templates are effective for supporting the simulated dental enamel layers.
  • An example natural nucleation template 5 is depicted in FIG.
  • any natural template depends on the substrate itself. It will be understood, therefore, that alternative substrates, for example polymer films or tapes, also may possess natural nucleation templates having structures that differ from the silanol template of FIG. 6 but are nonetheless suitable for growth of simulated dental enamel thereon.
  • An example synthetic nucleation template 6 is depicted in FIG. 7 as a cross-section of an ordered, two-dimensional array of carboxyl groups 62 produced by self-assembly of carboxylated thiols on a metal-layer surface 51 of a metal layer 50 to form a self-assembled monolayer 60 on the metal-layer surface 51 .
  • the metal layer 50 may comprise gold or a gold alloy, for example, deposited on a substrate surface 11 of a substrate 10 .
  • synthetic nucleation templates such as the synthetic nucleation template 6 shown in FIG. 7 reproducibly enhance formation of rugged simulated enamel layers.
  • the metal layer 50 is deposited first.
  • the metal layer 50 may comprise gold or a gold alloy, for example.
  • the substrate 10 first may be coated with a metal layer 50 having a thickness of about 10 ⁇ to about 1000 ⁇ . This step is shown as step 130 in FIG. 5 . Then, in step 140 , a self-assembled monolayer 60 is formed on a surface of the metal layer 50 , opposite the substrate 10 .
  • gold is chosen for the metal layer 50 because of its high affinity to monolayer-forming groups such as long-chain thiols.
  • any metal may be used that has a surface capable of bonding with organic functional groups that can arrange to form a self-assembled monolayer on the surface.
  • the metal layer 50 may be deposited by any means known in the art of metal deposition, including, but not limited to, sputtering, evaporation, pulsed-laser deposition, chemical vapor deposition, combinations thereof, or other similar techniques. Thereupon, the metal layer 50 is exposed to a solution comprising molecules that each have a reactive end and a chain end and are amenable to forming self-assembled monolayers.
  • Example molecules include, but are not limited to, functionalized thiols.
  • a functionalized thiol is a carboxyl-terminated alkyl thiol.
  • the reactive end of the molecule bonds to the metal layer 50 , and the chain end of the molecule extends above the metal layer 50 , typically forming an angle of 0° to 60° offset from perpendicular to the gold surface to which the reactive end is attached.
  • the chain end may be terminated with a functional group such as carboxyl that imparts acidity to the surface of the self-assembled monolayer 60 facing away from the metal layer 50 .
  • the self-assembled monolayer 60 acts as a two-dimensional, ordered nucleation template on which a simulated dental enamel layer may be grown.
  • a synthetic nucleation template comprising a self-assembled monolayer may be grown on a gold surface by exposing the gold to a solution comprising 1 mM 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid in ethanol for a period of time such as about 24 hours at room temperature (25° C. ⁇ 2° C.).
  • a solution comprising 1 mM 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid in ethanol for a period of time such as about 24 hours at room temperature (25° C. ⁇ 2° C.).
  • the substrate may be exposed to a growth solution to form a first layer on the nucleation template, according to step 150 in FIG. 5 .
  • the first layer may comprise a mineral such as hydroxyapatite, amorphous calcium phosphate, fluorapatite, chlorapatite, or combinations thereof.
  • the first layer may comprise a substantially homogeneous layer of simulated dental enamel material such as hydroxyapatite.
  • the hydroxyapatite may be formed directly on the nucleation template to result in single-layer demonstration model 1 (see FIG. 1 ) on a natural nucleation template or a single-layer-on-monolayer demonstration model 3 (see FIG. 3 ) on a synthetic nucleation template.
  • Example growth solutions may contain, for example, a source of calcium ion and a source of phosphate ion.
  • the growth solutions may further comprise additives for adjusting pH, for example, acids, bases, buffers, or combinations thereof.
  • Example sources of calcium ions may include calcium salts having sufficient water solubility to produce a reaction with a phosphate ion in a buffered aqueous solution.
  • Suitable calcium salts in this regard include, but are not limited to, calcium chloride, calcium fluoride, calcium carbonate, calcium bromide, calcium iodide, calcium nitrate, calcium nitrite, calcium benzoate, calcium acetate, calcium formate, calcium chlorate, calcium perchlorate, calcium gluconate, calcium permanganate, calcium thiosulfate, calcium dithionate, calcium chromate, calcium azide, calcium ferrocyanide, calcium fumarate, calcium isobutyrate, calcium maleate, calcium methylbutyrate, calcium propionate, calcium quinate, calcium selenate, calcium thiocyanate, calcium valerate, and any other suitable calcium salt.
  • Example phosphate ion sources may include phosphate compounds with sufficient water solubility to react with a calcium ion in a buffered aqueous solution.
  • Suitable phosphate ion sources in this regard may include, but not be limited to, alkali metal phosphates; hydrogen phosphates or dihydrogen phosphates; salts such as magnesium biphosphate; ammonium phosphates, including quaternary ammonium phosphates such as tetramethylammonium phosphate or tetrabutylammonium phosphate; combinations of any of these; or any other source of phosphate ions.
  • the mineral solution also may contain fluorides, carbonates, or combinations thereof.
  • Concentrations of the various ion sources may be chosen such that supersaturation in an aqueous solution is achieved with respect to the desired mineral phase. Without being limited by theory, it is believed that a sum of calcium ion concentration and the phosphate ion concentration below about 10 mM may favor formation of a crystalline mineral such as hydroxyapatite over formation of non-crystalline material such as amorphous calcium phosphate. Typically, the solution growth process favors formation of crystalline minerals such as hydroxyapatite over non-crystalline minerals such as amorphous calcium phosphate when the pH remains nearly neutral during the growth process. Thus, the buffered growth solutions in example embodiments for forming hydroxyapatite may have a pH near or equal to 7.0.
  • hydroxyapatite may be grown directly on a selected nucleation template by exposing the substrate to an aqueous solution comprising 4 mM calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ), 4 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH 2 PO 4 ), 1 ppm sodium fluoride (NaF), and 20 mM HEPES buffer, adjusted with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to a pH of about 7.0.
  • a HEPES buffer as used in this example, comprises a salt of 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine)-1-ethanesulfonic acid; however it will be understood that many other known buffers may be appropriate for growth of hydroxyapatite.
  • increasing the sodium fluoride content of the growth solution may favor significant formation of fluoridated hydroxyapatite, fluorapatite, or combinations thereof as components of the simulated enamel. It is believed that the presence of moderate levels of fluoride (for example, 0.25 ppm to 10 ppm) and growth temperatures in the range of about 40° C. to about 100° C. may favor the formation of crystalline minerals over the formation of non-crystalline minerals, even when the sum of the calcium ion concentration and the phosphate ion concentration is slightly elevated to, for example, the range of about 10 mM to about 25 mM.
  • moderate levels of fluoride for example, 0.25 ppm to 10 ppm
  • growth temperatures in the range of about 40° C. to about 100° C.
  • the substrate may be exposed to a mineral growth solution by any means effective for producing growth of a mineral film on the surface of the substrate.
  • the substrate may be immersed in a mineral growth solution, or the substrate may be dipped in the solution repetitively and allowed to dry between each dipping.
  • the substrate may be sprayed with mineral growth solution.
  • the exposure of the substrate to the mineral solution may occur at a slightly elevated temperature that may accelerate dissolution.
  • a slightly elevated temperature such as, for example, 37° C., may be chosen to simulate biological conditions.
  • the example hydroxyapatite layers may be grown until clearly visible, typically requiring an exposure period ranging from about 20 minutes to about 24 hours, depending on desired thickness.
  • a growth period of about 16 hours may result in a hydroxyapatite layer with an average thickness of about 200 nm.
  • the substrate is removed from exposure to the mineral solution and dried.
  • the substrate may be exposed to the growth solution repetitively to produce a layer of a desired thickness or a desired level of apparent visual contrast between the mineral layer and a bare substrate surface.
  • nanometer-scale thickness e.g., greater than about 25 nm
  • hydroxyapatite layers scatter ambient light well, and are consequently quite visible on a substrate when dry.
  • direct preparation of visually homogeneous hydroxyapatite films may be complicated by sensitivities of the crystal-growth induction period both to convection and to small variations in surface energy.
  • a higher level of reproducibility may be achieved by using one or more alternative preparation methods.
  • growth of hydroxyapatite may be preceded by deposition of a precursor layer such as amorphous calcium phosphate.
  • Amorphous calcium phosphate may be grown by precipitation, for example, from an aqueous solution comprising a calcium salt and a phosphate salt. Not to be limited by theory, it is believed that increasing the sum of calcium ion concentration and phosphate ion concentration favors formation of amorphous calcium phosphate over formation of a crystalline mineral such as hydroxyapatite. In one example method, amorphous calcium phosphate may be grown in a solution, wherein the sum of the calcium ion concentration and the phosphate ion concentration is greater than about 10 mM. Without being limited to theory, it is believed that lower temperatures, for example, below about 40° C., also favor formation of amorphous layers over formation of crystalline layers.
  • the aqueous solution may comprise about 8 mM calcium bicarbonate (CaHCO 3 ) and about 4.6 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH 2 PO 4 ).
  • the amorphous calcium phosphate may be allowed to aggregate on the nucleation template of a substrate placed on the bottom of the solution container.
  • mineral films may be allowed to grow until clearly visible, typically for a time period ranging from about 5 minutes to about 24 hours, alternatively from about 10 minutes to about 20 hours, alternatively from about 30 minutes to about 10 hours, or alternatively from about 1 hour to about 5 hours.
  • the substrate may be simply removed from the growth solution once a simulated dental enamel layer is formed.
  • the first layer formed may function as the simulated dental enamel layer of the demonstration model.
  • the first layer may comprise hydroxyapatite.
  • the first layer may be a substantially homogeneous layer of hydroxyapatite.
  • an example resultant structure of the demonstration model thus may resemble one of the structures depicted in either FIG. 1 or FIG. 3 , as described above.
  • the structure in FIG. 1 comprises a natural nucleation template, whereas the structure in FIG. 3 , comprises a synthetic nucleation template.
  • an enamel precursor layer may be formed in the growth solution, according to step 170 in FIG. 5 .
  • the enamel precursor layer may comprise amorphous calcium phosphate, for example.
  • at least a portion of the amorphous calcium phosphate may be converted to crystalline hydroxyapatite by a thermal transformation process according to step 175 in FIG. 5 .
  • the thermal transformation process may comprise heating a layer of amorphous calcium phosphate, disposed on a nucleation template, in aqueous or anhydrous environment at a temperature above about 40° C. for a period of about 10 minutes to about 24 hours, depending on the desired degree of conversion.
  • the thermal transformation may be conducted in the range of about 40° C.
  • substantially all of the amorphous calcium phosphate layer is converted to hydroxyapatite.
  • substantially all of the amorphous calcium phosphate is converted when the weight ratio of hydroxyapatite to amorphous calcium phosphate is at least 10:1.
  • the thermally converted first layer functions as a simulated dental enamel layer in the demonstration model.
  • an example resultant structure of the demonstration model thus may resemble one of the structures depicted in either FIG. 1 or FIG. 3 , as described above.
  • the structure in FIG. 1 for example, comprises a natural nucleation template
  • the structure in FIG. 3 for example, comprises a synthetic nucleation template.
  • Demonstration models having enhanced bilayer structures may be formed by first depositing a fast-dissolving layer on a natural or synthetic nucleation template, both described above, according to steps 105 through 150 of FIG. 5 and then removing the substrate from the growth solution when a fast-dissolving layer is formed, depicted as step 180 . Then, at step 185 a second layer is grown on at least part of a surface of the fast-dissolving layer.
  • the fast-dissolving layer may comprise amorphous calcium phosphate and the second layer may comprise hydroxyapatite (i.e., simulated dental enamel), both grown according to example methods described above.
  • the second layer may comprise a thick layer or a thin veneer layer of hydroxyapatite.
  • growth of the second layer to form a simulated dental enamel layer according to step 190 may comprise exposing the substrate and first layer to a second growth solution, such as a solution described above for growth of hydroxyapatite, for a time sufficient to produce a second layer of a desired thickness.
  • a second growth solution such as a solution described above for growth of hydroxyapatite
  • the substrate may be removed from the second growth solution.
  • an example resultant structure of the demonstration model thus may resemble the bilayer demonstration model 2 , shown in FIG. 2 on a natural nucleation template, or the bilayer-on-monolayer demonstration model 4 , shown in FIG. 4 on a synthetic nucleation template.
  • Demonstration models comprising enhanced bilayer structures prepared according to methods comprising steps 180 , 185 , and 190 are especially advantageous for use in visual demonstrations, particularly when the first layer is chosen so that it dissolves in acid faster than the second layer.
  • a demonstration model may be prepared according to a method comprising steps 180 , 185 , and 190 , wherein the first layer may comprise amorphous calcium phosphate and the second layer may comprise a thin, veneer layer of hydroxyapatite.
  • the first layer may comprise amorphous calcium phosphate
  • the second layer may comprise a thin, veneer layer of hydroxyapatite.
  • the dissolution rate increases substantially. Not to be limited by theory, it is believed that the increase in dissolution rate results because amorphous calcium phosphate is less resistant to acids than is hydroxyapatite.
  • the amorphous calcium phosphate layer would be expected to dissolve noticeably more quickly and more thoroughly in a given amount of time than would a homogeneous layer of hydroxyapatite.
  • Visual impact of a demonstration is directly related to the amount of material dissolved in the acid challenge solution, because the dissolution of layers such as simulated dental enamel layers produces a visual contrast between remaining layers and bare substrate.
  • a demonstration conducted with a demonstration model having an enhanced bilayer comprising an amorphous calcium phosphate first layer and a hydroxyapatite (simulated dental enamel) second layer would be expected to produce faster results with increased visual impact over the results from demonstration models comprising single-layer simulated dental enamel layers.
  • one or more coloring agents may be added to one or more of the layers or layer structures described above to enhance the visual impact of demonstrations conducted using the example demonstration materials as shown and described above herein.
  • multiple mineral layers may be grown consecutively on top of each other, such that each layer comprises a coloring agent of a slightly different shade or hue, each defined above.
  • Coloring agents may include, as non-limiting examples, dyes, pigments, opacifiers, combinations thereof, and any other additive both compatible with the layers of the demonstration model and effective at imparting color to the layers.
  • Further example coloring agents may comprise chemical compounds capable of indicating the presence of components of the simulated dental enamel layers.
  • One such example coloring agent is Alizarin Red, which indicates the presence of calcium.
  • the coloring agents may be added to the mineral layer growth solutions described above.
  • the simulated enamel layers may be grown by successive immersions or dips in mineral growth solutions, each of which solutions comprises a different coloring agent.
  • a composite structure of individual layers of varying shades or hues is formed.
  • the composite structure is amenable to quantitatively illustrating progression of erosion when the demonstration model is used in a visual demonstration. Extent of erosion after an acid challenge, for example, would be evidenced by the color of the layer remaining after the challenge.
  • Demonstration models prepared according to example embodiments, as shown and described above may be used as visual aids to illustrate comparative effectiveness among selected oral care products (e.g., dentifrices) at preventing acid-related dental erosion.
  • an oral care product is “effective” at preventing dental erosion to the extent that a first sample of simulated dental enamel treated with the oral care product exhibits less erosion when subjected to an acid challenge than does a second sample of simulated dental enamel, having identical structure to the first sample, but subjected to the same acid challenge without being treated with any oral care product.
  • These example visual illustrations may be presented or shown to potential consumers, customers, dental practitioners, health officials, regulators, or other interested persons.
  • demonstration models described herein are particularly advantageous over use of, for example, actual teeth such as from humans or bovines, because actual teeth become worn over time.
  • actual teeth portray the desirable effects of erosion-preventive oral care products less accurately than do prepared demonstration models such as the demonstration models described and illustrated above.
  • the demonstration models according to embodiments described above can be reproducibly formed, thereby lending themselves to highly objective comparisons when untreated or when treated with oral care products.
  • one or more demonstration models comprising a simulated dental enamel layer, according to a method shown and described above, may be used. If a plurality of models are used, the models may be on a plurality of substrates. In an alternative embodiment, a single substrate comprising a simulated dental enamel layer may be scored or otherwise marked to provide boundaries in the simulated dental enamel layer, effectively providing a plurality of models on the single substrate. Thus, subsequent stages of the demonstration method may be performed on only a portion of the simulated dental enamel layer or on the entire simulated dental enamel layer, as desired.
  • the models may be rinsed with purified water and then treated with a selected oral care product. Alternatively, a model may be left untreated so as to function as a control sample in a visual demonstration.
  • the oral care product may comprise a toothpaste or a mouthwash, but it will be understood that the use of the demonstration models is not limited to only toothpastes and mouthwashes.
  • the oral care product may comprise a solution that includes an active ingredient being investigated for use in a consumer product.
  • the rinsing may be accomplished by quickly dipping one or more of the demonstration models into the water and quickly removing the one or more models from the water. The dipping and removal may occur, for example, in the course of about 1 to about 5 seconds.
  • the treatment may comprise, for example, immersing one or more of the demonstration models in a slurry comprising the toothpaste.
  • the slurry may further comprise water, an artificial-saliva mixture, or combinations thereof.
  • Example artificial-saliva mixtures may comprise aqueous solutions containing calcium ions, phosphate ions, fluoride ions, buffers, enzymes, or combinations of any of these.
  • Example slurries may comprise, for example, 1 part oral care product and from about 3 parts to about 10 parts artificial saliva.
  • the example treatment method may comprise immersing the one or more of the demonstration models in undiluted product or a product slurry.
  • the immersion time should approximate the recommended time for personal use of the oral care product in a consumer setting.
  • Example immersion times may include, but not be limited to, from about 0 seconds to about 10 minutes, from about 5 seconds to about 4 minutes, or from about 30 seconds to about 2 minutes.
  • the immersion time in the product slurry or undiluted liquid product preferably is controlled among the demonstration models.
  • multiple demonstration models may be prepared and treated with the same oral care product to compare effectiveness as a function of time of exposure, but the immersion times may be different. After the one or more demonstration models are treated with the oral care product, the models may be rinsed with purified water.
  • Treated or untreated demonstration models then may be subjected to an acid challenge to demonstrate erosion.
  • acid challenge involves exposure of the simulated dental enamel to a corrosive influence that simulates an acidic environment inside the oral cavity.
  • dilute solutions of weak acids are used.
  • the acid challenge may comprise immersing the demonstration models in an acid challenge solution.
  • the acid challenge solution may comprise an aqueous solution containing 1% by weight citric acid.
  • the length of exposure to the acid challenge i.e., erosion challenge
  • the length of acid exposure may range from about 0 seconds to about 24 hours, from about 5 seconds to about 15 hours, or from about 10 seconds to about 10 hours; however, to facilitate short visual demonstrations for consumers, the length of acid exposure may be from about 0 seconds to about 10 minutes, from about 5 seconds to about 8 minutes, or from about 10 seconds to about 5 minutes.
  • the acid challenge time preferably is approximately identical for all treated demonstration models.
  • erosion-preventive effectiveness of a single oral care product may be demonstrated with respect to time of acid exposure by exposing each demonstration model to acid for various amounts of time. Following the acid challenge, the models may be rinsed, dried, or both.
  • Rinsing may comprise quickly dipping one or more of the models in purified water as described above. Drying may comprise quickly dipping one or more of the models in methanol, followed by exposure to air, heat, or both. It will be understood, however, that the exposure times above have been described for illustration purposes only, and not for limitation. As such, it is understood that the exposure times may comprise any conceivable time as desired.
  • oral care product is not limited to formulations suitable for consumer use but includes also specific compounds that may be desirable ingredients of consumer products.
  • erosion-preventive effectiveness of phosphate compounds may be demonstrated. Not to be limited by theory, it is believed that certain phosphate compounds may impart increased erosion-preventive effectiveness through the ability of their phosphate groups to chelate calcium in mineral layers such as hydroxyapatite.
  • Example phosphate compounds include, but are not limited to, inorganic polyphosphates such as sodium acid pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, and sodium hexametaphosphate; polyphosphorylated inositol compounds such as phytic acid and sodium phytate; alkyl phosphates or alkali metal, ammonium, or alkaline earth metal phosphate salts thereof; and combinations of any of these.
  • inorganic polyphosphates such as sodium acid pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, and sodium hexametaphosphate
  • polyphosphorylated inositol compounds such as phytic acid and sodium phytate
  • alkyl phosphates or alkali metal, ammonium, or alkaline earth metal phosphate salts thereof and combinations of any of these.
  • a demonstration model may be used for demonstrating erosion-preventive effectiveness of phosphate compounds.
  • the demonstration model may comprise a uniform layer of hydroxyapatite on at least a test portion of a substrate such as, for example, a single-sided adhesive tape.
  • At least the test portion may be treated, for example, by soaking at least the test portion for about 15 seconds in an aqueous solution comprising an amount of sodium hexametaphosphate, for example, about 2% by weight.
  • the treated substrate and layer may be rinsed one or more times with fresh tap water.
  • the layer may be soaked in a solution of a calcium-specific dye such as, for example, a 0.25% by weight solution of Alizarin Red.
  • a calcium-specific dye such as, for example, a 0.25% by weight solution of Alizarin Red.
  • Calcium ions combine with Alizarin Red and form a bright red color.
  • a deep red color would indicate a high level of calcium ions and thus a low level of chelation of calcium in the hydroxyapatite.
  • the red color level can be used during a demonstration to predict the level of chelation of the hydroxyapatite by the sodium hexametaphosphate and, furthermore, to predict erosion-preventive effectiveness of the sodium hexametaphosphate, even before the layer is exposed to an acid solution.
  • the chelated layer of hydroxyapatite then may be exposed to an acid solution and optionally may be rinsed.
  • erosion-preventive effectiveness may be demonstrated on simulated dental enamel layers treated with one or more ingredients selected from alkyl phosphates, stannous fluoride, one or more surfactants, or combinations of these.
  • alkyl phosphates may impart increased erosion-preventive effectiveness through the ability of their phosphate groups to chelate with calcium in mineral layers such as hydroxyapatite and that surfactants may further increase the erosion-preventive effectiveness.
  • the surfactants are believed to impart further chelation of the alkyl phosphates with the mineral layers.
  • hydrophobic tail groups of the surfactants may further increase erosion-preventive effectiveness by imparting hydrophobicity to the mineral layer surface after treatment with the alkyl phosphates.
  • Example alkyl phosphates include, but are not limited to, lauryl phosphate; laureth 1-phosphate; laureth-3 phosphate; trilaureth-4 phosphate; sodium, potassium, or ammonium salts of any of these; and combinations of any of these.
  • Examples of effective surfactants in this regard include, but are not limited to, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sarcosinate, sodium lauroyl lactylate, sodium lauroyl glutamate, sodium methyl cocoyl taurate, sodium cocoyl glycinate, cocamidopropyl betaine, lauryl betaine, arginine cocoate, potassium cocoate, or combinations of any of these.
  • Specific example surfactants include sodium cocoyl glycinate.
  • Surfactants also may interact with stannous fluoride, a common dentifrice ingredient, in a manner that may increase erosion prevention generally and may increase visual impact of demonstrations involving treatments with stannous fluoride.
  • surfactants not only increase surface hydrophobicity of mineral layers but also chelate strongly with stannous fluoride.
  • Specific example surfactants for interaction with stannous fluoride include sodium cocoyl glycinate, arginine cocoate, and potassium cocoate.
  • a demonstration model may be used.
  • the demonstration model may comprise, for example, a uniform layer of hydroxyapatite disposed on one side of a tape substrate. At least a test portion of the layer may be exposed to alkyl phosphate by soaking, for example, for about 15 seconds in an aqueous solution comprising an amount of alkyl phosphate, for example, about 2% by weight. At least the test portion of the layer may be treated further with an optional surfactant, stannous fluoride, or both.
  • the treatment with chelation enhancer may involve soaking the layer in a solution comprising the surfactant and, for example, a 0.5% by weight solution of stannous fluoride.
  • the soaked layer may be rinsed one or more times with fresh tap water.
  • the layer may be soaked in a solution of a calcium-specific dye such as, for example, Alizarin Red.
  • the dye may be present in a small amount such as, for example, in a 0.25% by weight solution. Again the red color level can be used during the demonstration to predict the level of chelation of the hydroxyapatite by the alkyl phosphate and its erosion-preventive effectiveness, even before the layer is exposed to an acid solution.
  • hydrophobicity of the hydroxyapatite layer may be assessed by observing placing a drop of water on the surface of the layer and observing if the drop of water spreads. This observation may be predictive of erosion-preventive effectiveness even before the acid challenge.
  • the chelated layer of hydroxyapatite then may be exposed to an acid solution and optionally rinsed.
  • any oral care product at preventing dental erosion may be inferred from the amount of the simulated dental enamel layer remaining on the substrate of the demonstration model after the treatments, the exposure to the acid challenge, and the optional rinsing and drying.
  • a demonstration model treated with a highly effective oral care product will retain a substantial amount of the simulated dental enamel layer after exposure to the acid challenge.
  • a demonstration model treated with a less effective oral care product will retain less of the simulated dental enamel layer after exposure to the acid challenge.
  • an untreated demonstration model may retain less of the simulated dental enamel after exposure to the acid challenge than the model treated with an oral care product.
  • an untreated demonstration model may be configured such that after exposure to an acid challenge it is substantially free of simulated dental enamel layer so as to maximize the visual impact of the demonstration. If coloring agents were used during the preparation of the simulated enamel layers, as in embodiments described above, the extent of the simulated erosion may be qualified or highlighted further through observations of the specific color or colors of the mineral layers remaining after exposure.

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