US9012420B2 - Aptamer for chymase, and use thereof - Google Patents

Aptamer for chymase, and use thereof Download PDF

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US9012420B2
US9012420B2 US13/377,201 US201013377201A US9012420B2 US 9012420 B2 US9012420 B2 US 9012420B2 US 201013377201 A US201013377201 A US 201013377201A US 9012420 B2 US9012420 B2 US 9012420B2
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aptamer
chymase
sequence
complex
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Yoshikazu Nakamura
Ling Jin
Satoko Yamazaki
Hisako Ikeda
Masahiro Muraguchi
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Ribomic Inc
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an aptamer against chymase, a method of utilizing the same and the like.
  • Human chymase (EC.3.4.21.39), a chymotrypsin-like serine protease, is stored in mast cell secretory granules. Upon external stimulation, mast cells undergo degranulation, resulting in the release of human chymase, along with a wide variety of inflammation mediators, outside the cells. The released human chymase specifically recognizes aromatic amino acids contained in substrate proteins and peptides, such as phenylalanine and tyrosine, and cleaves the peptide bonds adjoining to the amino acids.
  • a representative substrate for human chymase is angiotensin I (AngI). Human chymase cleaves AngI to produce angiotensin II (AngII), a vasoconstricting factor.
  • Mammalian chymases are phylogenetically classified under two subfamilies: ⁇ and ⁇ . Primates, including humans, express only one kind of chymase, which belongs to the ⁇ family. Meanwhile, rodents express both the ⁇ and ⁇ families of chymase.
  • mice there are a plurality of kinds of chymases, of which mouse mast cell protease-4 (mMCP-4), which belongs to the ⁇ family, is considered to be most closely related to human chymase, judging from its substrate specificity and mode of expression in tissue.
  • mMCP-5 and hamster chymase-2 which belong to the ⁇ family as with human chymase, possess elastase-like activity and differ from human chymase in terms of substrate specificity.
  • TGF- ⁇ transforming growth factor ⁇
  • LTBP latent TGF- ⁇ binding protein
  • TGF- ⁇ is released from extracellular matrices as required and activated, and the activated TGF- ⁇ is a cytokine of paramount importance to living organisms reportedly involved in cell proliferation and differentiation and tissue repair and regeneration after tissue injury. Collapse of its signal leads to the onset and progression of a wide variety of diseases. It is thought that in this process, chymase is involved in the release of latent TGF- ⁇ from extracellular matrices and the conversion of latent TGF- ⁇ to active TGF- ⁇ .
  • Chymase is known to be associated with a broad range of diseases, including fibrosis, cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, allergic diseases and organ adhesion.
  • Fibrosis is an illness characterized by abnormal metabolism of extracellular substrates in the lung, heart, liver, kidney, skin and the like, resulting in excess deposition of connective tissue proteins.
  • connective tissue proteins such as collagen deposit in excess in the lung, resulting in hard shrinkage of pulmonary alveoli and ensuing respiratory distress.
  • Lung fibrosis has been shown to result from pneumoconiosis, which is caused by exposure to a large amount of dust, drug-induced pneumonia, which is caused by use of drugs such as anticancer agents, allergic pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis, autoimmune diseases such as collagen disease, and the like.
  • drugs such as anticancer agents, allergic pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis, autoimmune diseases such as collagen disease, and the like.
  • autoimmune diseases such as collagen disease, and the like.
  • TGF- ⁇ is known as a factor that causes these phenomena.
  • administration of an anti-TGF- ⁇ neutralizing antibody to an animal model of fibrosis causes decreased collagen expression and significantly suppressed fibrosis.
  • increased levels of TGF- ⁇ and elevated counts of chymase-positive mast cells are observed.
  • Chymase inhibitors can be used as prophylactic or therapeutic drugs for diseases related to chymase, such as fibrosis.
  • Chymase inhibitors that have been developed include small molecular compounds such as TPC-806, SUN-13834, SUN-C8257, SUN-C8077, and JNJ-10311795 (Patent document 1).
  • RNA aptamers In recent years, applications of RNA aptamers to therapeutic drugs, diagnostic reagents, and test reagents have been drawing attention; some RNA aptamers have already been in clinical study stage or in practical use. In December 2004, the world's first RNA aptamer drug, Macugen, was approved as a therapeutic drug for age-related macular degeneration in the US.
  • An RNA aptamer refers to an RNA that binds specifically to a target molecule such as a protein, and can be prepared using the SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment) method (Patent documents 2-4).
  • an RNA that binds specifically to a target molecule is selected from an RNA pool with about 10 14 different nucleotide sequences.
  • the RNA used has a random sequence of about 40 nucleotides, which is flanked by primer sequences.
  • This RNA pool is allowed to mixed with a target molecule, and only the RNA that has bound to the target molecule is separated using a filter and the like.
  • the RNA separated is amplified by RT-PCR, and this is used as a template for the next round. By repeating this operation about 10 times, an RNA aptamer that binds specifically to the target molecule can be acquired.
  • Aptamer drugs can target extracellular proteins. With reference to many scientific papers and other reference materials in the public domain, aptamer drugs are judged to potentially surpass antibody drugs in some aspects. For example, aptamers often exhibit higher affinity and specificity for target molecules than do antibodies. Aptamers are unlikely to undergo immune elimination, and adverse reactions characteristic of antibodies, such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), are reportedly unlikely to occur with the use of aptamers. From the viewpoint of drug delivery, aptamers are likely to migrate to tissues because of their molecular size of about one-tenth that of antibodies, enabling easier drug delivery to target sites.
  • ADCC antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
  • CDC complement-dependent cytotoxicity
  • aptamers are produced by chemical synthesis, they permit site-selective chemical modifications, and enable cost reduction by mass-production.
  • Other advantages of aptamers include long-term storage stability, heat resistance and solvent resistance. Meanwhile, the blood half-lives of aptamers are generally shorter than those of antibodies; however, this property is sometimes advantageous in view of toxicity.
  • Patent Document 1 U.S. Pat. No. 6,500,835
  • Patent Document 2 WO91/19813
  • Patent Document 3 WO94/08050
  • Patent Document 4 WO95/07364
  • the present invention is directed to providing an aptamer for chymase and a method for utilizing the same, and the like.
  • the present inventors investigated diligently to solve the problem described above and succeeded in preparing an aptamer of good quality for chymase, which resulted in the completion of the present invention.
  • the present invention provides the following:
  • [2] The aptamer according to [1], comprising a nucleotide sequence represented by X 1 GAUAGAN 1 N 2 UAAX 2 (SEQ ID NO: 21; each of X 1 and X 2 , whether identical or not, is A or G, and each of N 1 and N 2 , whether identical or not, is A, G, C, U or T).
  • N 1 N 2 is GA, GU, GC, UU, GT or CU.
  • an aptamer comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from among SEQ ID NO: 4-34, 38-57, 59-65 and 69-72 (with the provision that the uracil may be thymine);
  • an aptamer comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from among SEQ ID NO: 4-34, 38-57, 59-65 and 69-72 (with the provision that the uracil may be thymine), wherein 1 to 5 nucleotides are substituted, deleted, inserted or added; and
  • (a′) a nucleotide sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 73-131 (with the provision that the uracil may be thymine);
  • (b′) a nucleotide sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 73-131 (with the provision that the uracil may be thymine), wherein 1 to 5 nucleotides are substituted, deleted, inserted or added; and
  • (c′) a nucleotide sequence having an identity of 70% or more to a nucleotide sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 73-131 (with the provision that the uracil may be thymine).
  • [11]A complex comprising any one of the aptamers [1] to [10] and a functional substance.
  • a pharmaceutical comprising any one of the aptamers [1] to [10] or the complex [11] or [12].
  • a diagnostic reagent comprising any one of the aptamers [1] to [10] or the complex [11] or [12].
  • the aptamer or the complex of the present invention can be useful as a pharmaceutical or reagent such as a diagnostic reagent for various diseases caused by chymase, such as fibrosis and cardiovascular diseases.
  • the aptamer or the complex of the present invention can also be useful in purifying and concentrating chymase, and detecting and quantifying chymase.
  • FIG. 1 shows the secondary structure of aptamer shown by SEQ ID NO: 4, 5, 12-14, 18 predicted by the MFOLD program, wherein the part enclosed in a circle shows a common sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 21.
  • FIG. 2 shows the secondary structure of aptamer shown by SEQ ID NO: 22-27 predicted by the MFOLD program, wherein the part enclosed in a circle shows a common sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 21.
  • FIG. 3 shows the secondary structure of aptamer shown by SEQ ID NO: 28-34 predicted by the MFOLD program, wherein the part enclosed in a circle shows a common sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 21.
  • FIG. 4 shows how the aptamers shown by SEQ ID NO: 12 and 13 bind to chymase, wherein 40N indicates an RNA pool containing a random sequence of 40 nucleotides.
  • each aptamer or the negative control 40N was immobilized; as an analyte, human chymase was injected.
  • the measurements were taken using Biacore T100 (manufactured by GE Healthcare).
  • FIG. 5 shows the secondary structure of aptamer shown by SEQ ID NO: 38-40, 43, 48 predicted by the MFOLD program, wherein the part enclosed in a circle shows a common sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 21.
  • FIG. 6 shows the secondary structure of aptamer shown by SEQ ID NO: 49, 51, 55-57 predicted by the MFOLD program, wherein the part enclosed in a circle shows a common sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 21.
  • FIG. 7 shows how the aptamers shown by SEQ ID NO: 13, 55, and 56 bind to chymase, wherein 40N indicates an RNA pool containing a random sequence of 40 nucleotides. Chymase was immobilized onto a chip surface; as an analyte, each aptamer or the negative control 40N was injected. The measurements were taken using Biacore T100 (manufactured by GE Healthcare)
  • FIG. 8 shows the results of detection by Western blotting of how LTBP-1 was degraded by chymase and how the LTBP-1 degradation was inhibited by the aptamers listed in Table 9.
  • Lane numbers 1, 8, 9, 23, and 31 show the markers; lane numbers 6, 21, and 29 show the results for negative controls (no inhibitor); lane numbers 7, 22, and 30 show the results for chymase-free controls.
  • the present invention provides an aptamer possessing a binding activity for chymase.
  • the aptamers of the present invention are capable of inhibiting activities of chymase.
  • An aptamer refers to a nucleic acid molecule having a binding affinity for a particular target molecule.
  • the aptamer can also inhibit the activity of a particular target molecule by binding to the particular target molecule.
  • the aptamer of the present invention possesses binding activity for chymase, and is capable of inhibiting a chymase activity.
  • the aptamer of the present invention can be an RNA, a DNA, a modified nucleic acid or a mixture thereof.
  • the aptamer of the present invention can also be in a linear or circular form.
  • Chymase a publicly known serine protease, is stored in mast cell secretory granules. Chymase is profoundly involved in a wide variety of biological reactions mediated by mast cells, including, for example, bioactive peptide production and degradation, extracellular matrix remodeling, networks with cytokines, and immunity.
  • the aptamer of the present invention can exhibit inhibitory activity against chymase derived from any mammals. Such mammals include primates (e.g., humans, monkeys), rodents (e.g., mice, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters), and companion animals, domesticated animals and work animals (e.g., dogs, cats, horses, bovines, goat, sheep, pigs), with preference given to humans.
  • human chymase The amino acid sequence of human chymase is shown by Accession Number AAB26828, and may be a sequence having one to several mutated residues, a domain moiety thereof, or a peptide moiety thereof.
  • the structure of human chymase may be not only a monomer, but also a dimer or polymer.
  • the aptamer of the present invention binds to chymase in physiological buffer solutions.
  • buffer solutions having a pH of about 5.0-10.0.
  • buffer solutions include, for example, the solution A and solution C described below (see Examples 1 and 2).
  • the aptamer of the present invention binds to chymase at strength detectable by any one of the tests described below.
  • Binding strength is measured using Biacore T100 (manufactured by GE Healthcare).
  • the aptamer is first immobilized onto a sensor chip, the amount immobilized being about 1000 RU. 20 ⁇ L of a chymase solution for analyte, prepared at 0.2 ⁇ M, is injected, and the binding of chymase to the aptamer is detected.
  • An RNA comprising a random nucleotide sequence of 30 or 40 nucleotides is used as a negative control. If the chymase binds to the aptamer equivalently or significantly more potently compared with the control RNA, the aptamer is judged to have the capability of binding to chymase.
  • chymase is first immobilized onto a sensor chip, the amount immobilized being about 4000 RU. 20 ⁇ L of an aptamer solution for analyte, prepared at 0.01 ⁇ g/ ⁇ L, is injected, and the binding of the aptamer to chymase is detected. An RNA containing a random nucleotide sequence of 30 or 40 nucleotides is used as a negative control. If the chymase binds to the aptamer equivalently or significantly more potently compared with the control RNA, the aptamer is judged to have the capability of binding to chymase.
  • An inhibitory activity against chymase means an inhibitory potential against any activities possessed by chymase.
  • enzyme activity to hydrolyze and cleave peptide chains which is one of the functions of chymase, is inhibited.
  • Acceptable substrates for enzyme activity are not limited to proteins and bioactive peptides present in living organisms (e.g., AngI, latent TGF- ⁇ and the like), but include peptides, containing partial amino acid sequences of the foregoing peptides, conjugated with chromogenic substance or fluorescent substance. Chromogenic substances and fluorescent substances are known to those skilled in the art.
  • Phenomena that occur via protein or bioactive peptide degradation reactions include increased expression of collagen I/III, increased hydroxyproline content, increased expression of IgE and the like; suppressive effects thereon are also included in the inhibitory activities against chymase.
  • inhibitory activities against the migration of neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils to chymase is also included in inhibitory activity against chymase.
  • suppressive effects against chymase-induced histamine release promotion, mast cell count elevation, increased vascular permeability, tissue fibrosis, inflammation, angiogenesis, vascular intimal thickening and the like are also included in the inhibitory activities against chymase.
  • a substrate for chymase means a peptide, protein or the like that undergoes hydrolytic cleavage by chymase.
  • Substrates for chymase known to exist in living organisms include peptides and proteins such as AngI, latent TGF- ⁇ , stem cell factor (SCF), procollagen, procollagenase, fibronectin, promatrix metalloprotease-1 (pro-MMP-1), pro-MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), apoE, phospholipid transfer protein, IL-1 ⁇ precursor, big-endothelin-1 (big-ET-1), big-ET-2, connective tissue-activating peptide III, IL-18 precursor, substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), kallidin, bradykinin, and C3a.
  • AngI latent TGF- ⁇
  • SCF stem cell factor
  • procollagen pro
  • chymase substrates are not limited to them, but include artificially designed model peptides comprising amino acid residues specifically recognized by chymase, such as Phe and Tyr, as well as these peptides conjugated with chromogenic substance or fluorescent substance.
  • Whether an aptamer inhibits the enzyme activity of chymase can be determined by, for example, the three testing methods described below.
  • a first method employs a synthetic substrate.
  • a useful chymase substrate is Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-MCA (4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide group) (manufactured by Peptide Institute, Inc.), which contains the 4-amino acid peptide “Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe”, a standard substrate for chymotrypsin-like proteases.
  • the assay is performed using a 96-well plate (F16 Black Maxisorp Fluoronunc, manufactured by Nunc), with a reaction mixture volume of 100 ⁇ L, in a buffer solution (solution C; see Example 2 below).
  • a buffer solution solution C; see Example 2 below.
  • each nucleic acid is prepared in solution C to obtain 50 ⁇ L solutions.
  • the plate is set to the microplate reader SpectraMax190 (manufactured by Molecular Devices Corporation), and incubated at 37° C. for 5 minutes.
  • 0.05 ⁇ g of chymase (recombinant, manufactured by SIGMA) is diluted in solution C, and 40 ⁇ L of this dilution is incubated at 37° C.
  • the chymase solution is added to the mixture of the nucleic acid and substrate to initiate an enzyme reaction.
  • the plate containing the reaction mixture is set to the microplate reader SpectraMax190 (manufactured by Molecular Devices Corporation), and examined for time-dependent changes in the fluorescence intensity at 37° C. for 5 minutes (excitation wavelength 380 nm, detection wavelength 460 nm).
  • excitation wavelength 380 nm, detection wavelength 460 nm A linear approximation of the increase in the fluorescence of the AMC (7-amino-4-methylcoumarine) released from the substrate by chymase activity is generated, and its slope is taken as the initial reaction velocity.
  • samples are treated and analyzed in the same manner in two cases: use of a nucleic acid pool containing a random sequence of 30 or 40 nucleotides (negative control), and use of chymostatin, a known chymotrypsin-like serine protease inhibitor (positive control).
  • negative control use of a nucleic acid pool containing a random sequence of 30 or 40 nucleotides
  • positive control use of chymostatin, a known chymotrypsin-like serine protease inhibitor
  • the inhibitory rate for each test substance is calculated, and the inhibitor concentration required to cause a 50% inhibition of the enzyme activity (IC 50 ) is determined.
  • An aptamer exhibiting a lower IC 50 value than that of chymostatin, a known inhibitor is judged to possess excellent inhibitory activity.
  • a second method of evaluation employs a native substrate.
  • a useful native substrate for chymase is angiotensin I.
  • His-Leu a peptide fragment released upon degradation of angiotensin I, is fluorescently derivatized, and the fluorescence intensity therefrom is quantified.
  • an enzyme reaction is carried out in 50 ⁇ L of solution C.
  • 0.3-0.75 ng of chymase (recombinant, manufactured by SIGMA; or native, manufactured by Calbiochem) is diluted in solution C to obtain 5 ⁇ L chymase solution.
  • Each nucleic acid is prepared in solution C to obtain 25 ⁇ L solutions.
  • 5 ⁇ L of each chymase dilution and 25 ⁇ L of each nucleic acid solution are mixed, and then the mixture is incubated at 37° C. for 5 minutes.
  • 20 ⁇ L of 125 ⁇ M angiotensin I (manufactured by Peptide Institute, Inc.) is prepared in solution C and incubated at 37° C. for 5 minutes.
  • the angiotensin I solution is added to the mixture of chymase and nucleic acid, and the enzyme reaction is initiated. After the reaction was allowed to proceed at 37° C. for 90 minutes, 25 ⁇ L of ice-cooled 30% trichloroacetic acid solution is added to terminate the reaction. The entire mixture is centrifuged at 4° C., 14000 rpm for 10 minutes, and 30 ⁇ L of the resulting supernatant is used for the subsequent reaction for fluorescent derivatization.
  • a third method of evaluation employs a native substrate contained in a cell culture supernatant.
  • degradation of chymase substrate LTBP-1 is detected by Western blotting.
  • NHLF cells manufactured by Cambrex Bio Science
  • a medium (10% FBS/F-12).
  • the resulting supernatant is removed, and the cells are re-suspended in the medium.
  • Total volume of 10 mL medium is added to the centrifuged cells, and the cell suspension is transferred to a cell culture dish and cultured at 37° C. in the presence of 5% CO 2 .
  • the cells are observed morphology and proliferation status under a microscope. When the cells become confluent, the medium is replaced with a serum-free medium (0.2% BSA/F-12). Two days after replacement of the medium, the culture supernatant is collected, dispensed, and stored under freezing at ⁇ 30° C.
  • a tube After 40 ⁇ L of the NHLF culture supernatant, freshly thawed before use, is dispensed to a tube, 5 ⁇ L of the nucleic acid solution diluted with solution C is added thereof. For positive control, chymostatin is diluted with solution C, and this dilution is added in the same manner. For negative control, solution C alone is added. Next, 5 ⁇ L of a 100 ng/mL dilution of chymase in solution E (solution C+0.1% BSA, 0.05% sodium azide) is added. For control, a chymase-free tube is prepared. After stirring, the sample is incubated at 37° C. for 1 hour, and mixed with an equal volume of lysis buffer for electrophoresis to terminate the reaction. LTBP-1 in the sample is detected by the procedure of Western blotting described below.
  • the sample mixed in the lysis buffer is boiled for 3 minutes, and 10 ⁇ L of the sample is subjected to electrophoresis on 5-20% acrylamide gel. After completion of the electrophoresis, the sample is transferred onto a nitrocellulose filter, after which the filter is blocked with 5% skimmed milk, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), and 0.05% sodium azide. The filter is reacted with a 2 ⁇ g/mL dilution of anti-LTBP-1 monoclonal antibody in 2% BSA, PBS, and 0.05% sodium azide at room temperature overnight.
  • the filter is washed 3 times and incubated with secondary antibody solution (HRP-labeled anti-mouse IgG antibody diluted 10000 fold with 0.1% BSA/PBS) at room temperature for 2 hours.
  • the filter is washed 5 times, and detection is performed using a chemiluminescent substrate.
  • the band from the chymase-free well serves for positive control (+), and the band from the negative control well serves for negative control ( ⁇ ).
  • Each test substance is examined for inhibitory activity by visual inspection.
  • aptamer of the present invention there is no limitation on the aptamer of the present invention, as far as it is capable of binding to any portions of chymase to inhibit the activity thereof.
  • the length of the aptamer of the present invention is not limited, and can usually be about 10 to about 200 nucleotides, and can be, for example, not more than about 100 nucleotides, preferably not more than about 50 nucleotides, more preferably not more than about 40 nucleotides, most preferably not more than about 30 nucleotides.
  • the total number of nucleotides is smaller, chemical synthesis and mass-production will be easier, and there is a major advantage in terms of cost. It is also thought that chemical modification is easy, stability in the body is high, and toxicity is low.
  • Each of the nucleotides contained in the aptamer of the present invention can be a nucleotide comprising a hydroxyl group at the 2′ position of ribose (e.g., ribose of pyrimidine nucleotide, ribose of purine nucleotide) (i.e., an unsubstituted nucleotide) or a nucleotide substituted by any atom or group at the 2′ position of ribose.
  • ribose e.g., ribose of pyrimidine nucleotide, ribose of purine nucleotide
  • nucleotide substituted by any atom or group at the 2′ position of ribose i.e., an unsubstituted nucleotide
  • a nucleotide substituted by a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom or an —O-alkyl group (e.g., —O-Me group), an —O-acyl group (e.g., —O—COMe group), or an amino group (e.g., —NH 2 group) can be mentioned.
  • the aptamer of the present invention has a sequence represented by X 1 GAUAGAN 1 N 2 UAAX 2 (SEQ ID NO: 21; wherein each of X 1 and X 2 , whether identical or not, is A or G, and each of N 1 and N 2 , whether identical or not, is A, G, C, U or T; with the provision that the uracil may be thymine).
  • An aptamer having this sequence strongly binds to chymase to inhibit a chymase activity.
  • X 1 and X 2 are preferably both A or both G; N 1 N 2 is preferably GA, GU, GC, UU, GT or CU (with the provision that the uracil may be thymine).
  • the aptamer of the present invention can also be the nucleotide wherein at least one kind (e.g., 1, 2, 3 or 4 kinds) of nucleotide comprises a hydroxyl group, or the above-described any atom or group, for example, at least two kinds (e.g., 2, 3 or 4 kinds) of groups selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a hydroxyl group and a methoxy group, at the 2′ position of ribose.
  • at least one kind (e.g., 1, 2, 3 or 4 kinds) of nucleotide comprises a hydroxyl group, or the above-described any atom or group, for example, at least two kinds (e.g., 2, 3 or 4 kinds) of groups selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a hydroxyl group and a methoxy group, at the 2′ position of ribose.
  • all pyrimidine nucleotides can be nucleotides substituted by a fluorine atom, or nucleotides substituted by any atom or group mentioned above, preferably an atom or group selected from the atom or group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group and a methoxy group whether identical or not, at the 2′ position of ribose.
  • all purine nucleotides can be nucleotides comprising a hydroxyl group, or nucleotide substituted by any atom or group mentioned above, preferably an atom or a group selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a methoxy group, and a fluorine atom, whether identical or not, at the 2′-position of ribose.
  • the aptamer of the present invention can also be one wherein all nucleotides identically comprise a hydroxyl group, or any atom or group mentioned above, for example, the identical group selected by the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a hydroxyl group and a methoxy group, at the 2′ position of ribose.
  • the nucleotides constituting the aptamer are assumed to be RNAs (i.e., the sugar groups are assumed to be ribose) in describing how the sugar groups are modified in the nucleotides.
  • RNA i.e., the sugar groups are assumed to be ribose
  • this does not mean that DNA is exempted from the aptamer-constituting nucleotides, and a modification of RNA should read as a modification of DNA as appropriate.
  • the nucleotide constituting the aptamer is DNA, for example, substitution of the hydroxyl group at the 2′ position of ribose by X should read as a substitution of one hydrogen atom at the 2′ position of deoxyribose by X.
  • the aptamer of the present invention can also be:
  • an aptamer comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from among SEQ ID NO:4-34, 38-57, 59-65 and 69-72 (with the provision that the uracil may be thymine);
  • an aptamer comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from among SEQ ID NO:4-34, 38-57, 59-65 and 69-72 (with the provision that the uracil may be thymine), wherein 1 to 5 nucleotides are substituted, deleted, inserted or added; or
  • an aptamer comprising a nucleotide sequence having an identity of 70% or more (preferably 80% or more, more preferably 90% or more, most preferably 95% or more) to a nucleotide sequence selected from among SEQ ID NO: 4-34, 38-57, 59-65 and 69-72 (with the provision that the uracil may be thymine).
  • the aptamer of the present invention also includes: (d) a conjugate selected from the group consisting of a conjugate of a plurality of aptamers (a) above, a conjugate of a plurality of aptamers (b) above, a conjugate of a plurality of aptamers (c) above, and a conjugate of a plurality of aptamers (a), (b) and (c) above.
  • the aptamers (b) to (d) are capable of binding to chymase and/or inhibiting a chymase activity (chymase enzyme activity and the like).
  • the aptamer of the present invention can also be:
  • a′ an aptamer comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 73-131 (with the provision that the uracil may be thymine);
  • c′ an aptamer comprising a nucleotide sequence having an identity of 70% or more to a nucleotide sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 73-131 (with the provision that the uracil may be thymine).
  • the aptamer of the present invention also includes:
  • the aptamer of the present invention also includes: (e) a conjugate consisting of one or more aptamers selected from the group consisting of (a), (b) and (c) above, and one or more aptamers selected from the group consisting of (a′), (b′) and (c′).
  • the aptamers (a′)-(d′) and (e) above are also capable of binding to chymase and/or inhibiting a chymase activity (chymase enzyme activity and the like).
  • nucleotides substituted, deleted, inserted or added there is no limitation on the number of nucleotides substituted, deleted, inserted or added, as far as the aptamer is capable of binding to chymase and/or inhibiting a chymase activity (chymase enzyme activity and the like).
  • the number of nucleotides can be, for example, not more than about 30, preferably not more than about 20, more preferably not more than about 10, still more preferably not more than 5, most preferably 4, 3, 2 or 1.
  • an identity means a ratio (%) of identical nucleotide residues to all overlapping nucleotide residues in the optimal alignment where two nucleotide sequences are aligned using a mathematical algorithm known in the technical field (preferably, the algorithm considers introduction of gaps on one or both of the sequences for the best alignment).
  • NCBI BLAST-2 National Center for Biotechnology Information Basic Local Alignment Search Tool
  • conjugation can be achieved by tandem binding.
  • a linker may be utilized.
  • nucleotide chains e.g., 1 to about 20 nucleotides
  • non-nucleotide chains e.g., —(CH 2 )n- linker, —(CH 2 CH 2 O)n- linker, hexaethylene glycol linker, TEG linker, peptide-containing linker, —S—S— bond-containing linker, —CONH— bond-containing linker, —OPO 3 — bond-containing linker
  • the plurality as mentioned in the above-described plurality of conjugates is not particularly limited, as long as it is two or more, and the plurality can be, for example, 2, 3 or 4.
  • Each of the nucleotides in (a) to (d), (a′) to (d′) and (e) above, whether identical or different can be a nucleotide comprising a hydroxyl group at the 2′ position of ribose or a nucleotide substituted by any groups (e.g., hydrogen atom, fluorine atom or —O-Me group) at the 2′ position of ribose (e.g., ribose of pyrimidine nucleotide).
  • groups e.g., hydrogen atom, fluorine atom or —O-Me group
  • the aptamer of the present invention may be one wherein a sugar residue (e.g., ribose) of each nucleotide has been modified to increase the chymase binding activity, stability, drug deliverability and the like.
  • a sugar residue e.g., ribose
  • As examples of the site to be modified in a sugar residue one having the oxygen atom at the 2′-position, 3′-position and/or 4′-position of the sugar residue replaced with another atom, and the like can be mentioned.
  • fluorination O-alkylation (e.g., O-methylation, O-ethylation), O-arylation, S-alkylation (e.g., S-methylation, S-ethylation), S-arylation, and amination (e.g., —NH 2 )
  • O-alkylation e.g., O-methylation, O-ethylation
  • O-arylation e.g., S-methylation, S-ethylation
  • S-arylation e.g., S-methylation, S-ethylation
  • S-arylation e.g., S-arylation
  • amination e.g., —NH 2
  • Such alterations in the sugar residue can be performed by a method known per se (see, for example, Sproat et al., (1991) Nucle. Acid. Res. 19, 733-738; Cotton et al., (1991) Nucl. Acid. Res. 19, 2629-2635; Hobbs
  • the aptamer of the present invention may also have a nucleic acid base (e.g., purine or pyrimidine) altered (e.g., chemical substitution) to increase the chymase binding activity and the like.
  • a nucleic acid base e.g., purine or pyrimidine
  • a nucleic acid base e.g., purine or pyrimidine
  • 5-position pyrimidine alteration, 6- and/or 8-position purine alteration, alteration with an extracyclic amine, substitution with 4-thiouridine, and substitution with 5-bromo or 5-iodo-uracil can be mentioned.
  • the phosphate group contained in the aptamer of the present invention may be altered to confer resistance to nuclease and hydrolysis.
  • the P(O)O group may be substituted with P(O)S (thioate), P(S)S (dithioate), P(O)NR 2 (amidate), P(O)CH 3 , P(O)BH 3 , P(O)R, R(O)OR′, CO or CH 2 (formacetal) or 3′-amine (—NH—CH 2 —CH 2 —) [wherein each unit of R or R′ is independently H or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl)].
  • the joining group is, for example, —O—, —N— or —S—, and nucleotides can bind to an adjoining nucleotide via these joining groups.
  • the alterations may also include alterations such as capping at 3′ and 5′.
  • An alteration can further be performed by adding to an end a polyethyleneglycol, amino acid, peptide, inverted dT, nucleic acid, nucleosides, Myristoyl, Lithocolic-oleyl, Docosanyl, Lauroyl, Stearoyl, Palmitoyl, Oleoyl, Linoleoyl, other lipids, steroids, cholesterol, caffeine, vitamins, pigments, fluorescent substances, anticancer agent, toxin, enzymes, radioactive substance, biotin and the like.
  • a polyethyleneglycol amino acid, peptide, inverted dT, nucleic acid, nucleosides, Myristoyl, Lithocolic-oleyl, Docosanyl, Lauroyl, Stearoyl, Palmitoyl, Oleoyl, Linoleoyl, other lipids, steroids, cholesterol, caffeine, vitamins, pigments, fluorescent substances, anticancer agent, toxin, enzymes, radioactive substance, biotin and
  • the aptamer of the present invention can be synthesized as disclosed herein and by a method known per se in the art.
  • a method of synthesis employs RNA polymerase.
  • a DNA having a desired sequence and a promoter sequence of RNA polymerase is chemically synthesized, which, as a template, is transcribed by a publicly known method to obtain the desired RNA.
  • the aptamer of the present invention can also be synthesized using DNA polymerase.
  • a DNA having a desired sequence is chemically synthesized, which, as a template, is amplified by a method of public knowledge known as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This is rendered single-stranded by a publicly known method of polyacrylamide electrophoresis or enzyme treatment.
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • An aptamer can be synthesized in large amounts by chemical synthetic methods such as the amidite method and the phosphoramidite method. These synthetic methods are well known, as described in Nucleic Acid (Vol. 2) [1] Synthesis and Analysis of Nucleic Acid (edited by Yukio Sugiura, published by Hirokawa Publishing Company) and the like. Practically, a synthesizer such as OligoPilot100 or OligoProcess (manufactured by GE Healthcare Bioscience) is used. The aptamer thus synthesized can be purified by a method known per se such as chromatography.
  • an active group such as an amino group
  • a functional substance can be added after the synthesis.
  • an amino group to an end of the aptamer, it is possible to condense a polyethylene glycol chain incorporating a carboxyl group.
  • An aptamer binds to the target molecule in a wide variety of binding modes, such as ionic bonds based on the negative charge of the phosphate group, hydrophobic bonds and hydrogen bonds based on ribose, and hydrogen bonds and stacking interaction based on nucleic acid bases.
  • ionic bonds based on the negative charge of the phosphate group which are present in the same number as the number of constituent nucleotides, are strong, and bind to lysine and arginine being present on the surface of the positive charge of protein. For this reason, nucleic acid bases not involved in the direct binding to the target molecule can be substituted.
  • nucleic acid bases are unlikely to bind directly to the target molecule. Therefore, even when a base pair is replaced with another base pair, the activity of the aptamer often does not decrease.
  • base substitution is possible.
  • modifications of the 2′-position of ribose the functional group at the 2′-position of ribose infrequently interacts directly with the target molecule, but in many cases, it is of no relevance, and can be substituted by another modified molecule.
  • an aptamer unless the functional group involved in the direct binding to the target molecule is substituted or deleted, often retains the activity thereof. It is also important that the overall three-dimensional structure does not change widely.
  • An aptamer can be prepared by utilizing the SELEX method or an improved version thereof (for example, Ellington et al., (1990) Nature, 346, 818-822; Tuerk et al., (1990) Science, 249, 505-510).
  • SELEX method by rendering the selection criteria more rigorous by increasing the number of rounds or using a competing substance, an aptamer exhibiting a stronger binding potential for the target molecule is concentrated and selected.
  • the SELEX method comprises a process of amplification by PCR; by causing a mutation by using manganese ions and the like in the process, it is possible to perform SELEX with higher diversity.
  • the aptamers obtained by SELEX are nucleic acids that exhibit high affinity for the target molecule, but this does not mean inhibiting a bioactivity of the target molecule.
  • Chymase is a basic protein to which nucleic acids are thought to be likely to bind non-specifically, but aptamers other than those that bind strongly to a particular site of chymase do not influence the activity of the target molecule.
  • the RNA comprising a random sequence used as a negative control did not inhibit the enzyme activity of chymase, although it bound to chymase weakly.
  • SELEX can be performed to acquire an aptamer possessing higher activity. Specifically, after preparing a template wherein an aptamer with a determined sequence is partially randomized or a template doped with about 10 to 30% of random sequences, SELEX is performed again.
  • An aptamer obtained by SELEX has a length of about 80 nucleotides, and this is difficult to prepare as a pharmaceutical as it is. Hence, it is necessary to repeat try-and-error efforts to shorten the aptamer to a length of about 50 nucleotides or less enabling easy chemical synthesis.
  • the primer design for an aptamer obtained by SELEX the ease of the subsequent minimization operation changes. Unless the primer is designed successfully, subsequent development will be impossible even if an aptamer with activity is selected by SELEX. In the present invention, an aptamer retaining activity even with 23 nucleotides was obtained.
  • Aptamers are easily modifiable because they permit chemical synthesis.
  • For aptamers by predicting the secondary structure using the MFOLD program, or by predicting the steric structure by X-ray analysis or NMR analysis, it is possible to predict to some extent which nucleotide can be substituted or deleted, and where to insert a new nucleotide.
  • a predicted aptamer with the new sequence can easily be chemically synthesized, and it can be determined whether or not the aptamer retains the activity using an existing assay system.
  • the length of the new sequence is not particularly limited.
  • aptamers permit a wide range of design or alterations of modifications.
  • the present invention also provides a production method of aptamer that enables a wide range of design or alteration of an aptamer comprising a specified sequence (e.g., a sequence corresponding to a portion selected from among stem regions, internal loop regions, bulge regions, hairpin loop regions and single-strand regions: hereinafter, abbreviated as fixed sequence as required).
  • a specified sequence e.g., a sequence corresponding to a portion selected from among stem regions, internal loop regions, bulge regions, hairpin loop regions and single-strand regions: hereinafter, abbreviated as fixed sequence as required.
  • the production method of such aptamer includes production of an aptamer comprising a fixed sequence by using a single kind of nucleic acid molecule or a plurality of kinds of nucleic acid molecules (e.g., a library of nucleic acid molecules with different numbers for “a” or “b”) consisting of a nucleotide sequence shown by the formula:
  • (N)a represents a nucleotide chain consisting of “a” units of N
  • (N)b represents a nucleotide chain consisting of “b” units of N
  • each of the units of N, whether identical or different is a nucleotide selected from the group consisting of A, G, C, U and T (preferably, A, G, C and U).
  • Each of “a” and “b”, whether identical or different, can be any numbers, and can be, for example, 1 to about 100, preferably 1 to about 50, more preferably 1 to about 30, still more preferably 1 to about 20 or 1 to about 10], and primer pairs corresponding to the primer sequences (i) and (ii), respectively.
  • the present invention also provides a complex comprising the aptamer of the present invention and a functional substance bound thereto.
  • the bond between the aptamer and the functional substance in the complex of the present invention can be a covalent bond or a non-covalent bond.
  • the complex of the present invention can be one wherein the aptamer of the present invention and one or more (e.g., 2 or 3) of functional substances of the same kind or different kinds are bound together.
  • the functional substance is not particularly limited, as far as it newly confers a certain function to an aptamer of the present invention, or is capable of changing (e.g., improving) a certain characteristic which an aptamer of the present invention can possess.
  • proteins, peptides, amino acids, lipids, sugars, monosaccharides, polynucleotides, and nucleotides can be mentioned.
  • affinity substances e.g., biotin, streptavidin, polynucleotides possessing affinity for target complementary sequence, antibodies, glutathione Sepharose, histidine
  • substances for labeling e.g., fluorescent substances, luminescent substances, radioisotopes
  • enzymes e.g., horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase
  • drug delivery vehicles e.g., liposome, microspheres, peptides, polyethyleneglycols
  • drugs e.g., those used in missile therapy such as calicheamycin and duocarmycin; nitrogen mustard analogues such as cyclophosphamide, melphalan, ifosfamide or trofosfamide; ethylenimines such as thiote
  • the molecules may be peptides that can be recognized and cleaved by enzymes such as thrombin, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), and Factor X, and may be polynucleotides that can be cleaved by nucleases or restriction endonuclease.
  • enzymes such as thrombin, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), and Factor X
  • MMP matrix metalloproteinase
  • Factor X Factor X
  • the aptamer or the complex of the present invention can be used as, for example, a pharmaceutical or a diagnostic reagent, a test reagent or a reagents.
  • the aptamer and complex of the present invention can possess an activity to inhibit a function of chymase. As stated above, chymase is profoundly associated with fibrosis and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the aptamer and complex of the present invention are useful as pharmaceuticals for treating or preventing diseases accompanied by fibrosis or cardiovascular disorders.
  • the aptamer and complex of the present invention can be used as ligands for purification of chymase.
  • pulmonary fibrosis Diseases involved by organ or tissue fibrosis include pulmonary fibrosis, prostatic hyperplasia, myocardial fibrosis, musculoskeletal fibrosis, myelofibrosis, hysteromyoma, scleroderma, adhesion after surgical operations, postoperative scars, burn scars, hypertrophic scars, keloid, atopic dermatitis, peritoneal sclerosis, asthma, liver cirrhosis, chronic pancreatitis, scirrhous gastric cancer, liver fibrosis, renal fibrosis, fibrous vascular diseases, retinitis due to fibrous microvasculitis as a diabetic complication, neurosis, nephropathies, glomerulonephritis, tubulointerstitial nephritis, hereditary renal diseases, arteriosclerotic peripheral arteritis and the like.
  • Cardiovascular diseases include angiopathies, aortic aneurysms, renal insufficiency, hypertension, arteriosclerosis, myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, re-stenosis after angiopathies due to percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and the like, diabetic and non-diabetic nephropathies, peripheral circulatory disorders and the like.
  • Chymase possesses enzyme activity and cleaves bioactive substances that can serve as substrates.
  • substrates known to date include AngI, latent TGF- ⁇ , SCF, procollagen, procollagenase, pro-MMP-9, IL-1 ⁇ precursor and the like.
  • Chymase exhibits biological actions, via reactions for production or degradation of these bioactive peptides, including extracellular matrix remodeling, networks with cytokines, immunity, and vasoconstriction. Meanwhile, chymase itself acts to activate mast cells and to promote histamine release, and is closely associated with inflammation.
  • the aptamer and complex of the present invention are not limited to the above-described substrates, and can be used as pharmaceuticals or diagnostic reagents, testing reagents, and analytical reagents for diseases related to biological functions mediated by substrates accepted by chymase and diseases involved by chymase itself.
  • the pharmaceutical of the present invention can be one formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier examples include excipients such as sucrose, starch, mannit, sorbit, lactose, glucose, cellulose, talc, calcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate; binders such as cellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxylpropylcellulose, polypropylpyrrolidone, gelatin, gum arabic, polyethylene glycol, sucrose, and starch; disintegrants such as starch, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxylpropylstarch, sodium-glycol-starch, sodium hydrogen carbonate, calcium phosphate, and calcium citrate; lubricants such as magnesium stearate, Aerosil, talc, and sodium lauryl sulfate; flavoring agents such as citric acid, menthol, glycyrrhizin-ammonium salt, glycine, and orange powder; preservatives such as sodium benzoate, sodium hydrogen sulfit
  • Preparations suitable for oral administration are a solution prepared by dissolving an effective amount of ligand in a diluent such as water, physiological saline, or orange juice; capsules, sachets or tablets comprising an effective amount of ligand in solid or granular form; a suspension prepared by suspending an effective amount of active ingredient in an appropriate dispersant; an emulsion prepared by dispersing and emulsifying a solution of an effective amount of active ingredient in an appropriate dispersant; C10, which promotes the absorption of water-soluble substances, and the like.
  • a diluent such as water, physiological saline, or orange juice
  • capsules, sachets or tablets comprising an effective amount of ligand in solid or granular form
  • a suspension prepared by suspending an effective amount of active ingredient in an appropriate dispersant
  • an emulsion prepared by dispersing and emulsifying a solution of an effective amount of active ingredient in an appropriate dispersant C10, which promote
  • the pharmaceutical of the present invention can be coated by a method known per se for the purpose of taste masking, enteric dissolution, sustained release and the like as required.
  • coating agents used for the coating hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, polyoxyethylene glycol, Tween 80, Pluronic F68, cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate, hydroxymethylcellulose acetate succinate, Eudragit (manufactured by Rohm, Germany, methacrylic acid/acrylic acid copolymer), pigments (e.g., red iron oxide, titanium dioxide and the like) and the like are used.
  • the pharmaceutical may be a rapid-release preparation or sustained-release preparation.
  • aqueous and non-aqueous isotonic sterile injectable liquids are available, which may comprise an antioxidant, a buffer solution, a bacteriostatic agent, an isotonizing agent and the like.
  • Aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions can also be mentioned, which may comprise a suspending agent, a solubilizer, a thickener, a stabilizer, an antiseptic and the like.
  • the preparation can be included in a container such as an ampoule or a vial in a unit dosage volume or in several divided doses.
  • An active ingredient and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can also be freeze-dried and stored in a state that may be dissolved or suspended in an appropriate sterile vehicle just before use.
  • sustained-release preparations are also suitable preparations.
  • Dosage forms of sustained-release preparations include sustained release from carriers or containers embedded in the body, such as artificial bones, biodegradable bases or non-biodegradable sponges, bags and the like.
  • Devices for continuous or intermittent, systemic or topical delivery from outside the body, such as drug pumps and osmotic pressure pumps, are also included in the scope of sustained-release preparations.
  • Biodegradable bases include liposome, cationic liposome, Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA), atherocollagen, gelatin, hydroxyapatite, polysaccharide sizofiran.
  • PLGA Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid
  • inhalants suitable for transpulmonary administration In addition to liquid injections, suspensions and sustained-release preparations, inhalants suitable for transpulmonary administration, ointments suitable for percutaneous administration, and the like are acceptable.
  • an active ingredient in a freeze-dried state is micronized and administered by inhalation using an appropriate inhalation device.
  • An inhalant can be formulated as appropriate with a conventionally used surfactant, oil, seasoning, cyclodextrin or derivative thereof and the like as required.
  • An inhalant can be produced according to a conventional method. Specifically, an inhalant can be produced by powdering or liquefying the aptamer or complex of the present invention, blending it in an inhalation propellant and/or carrier, and filling it in an appropriate inhalation vessel.
  • an ordinary mechanical powder inhalator can be used; in the case of a liquid, an inhalator such as a nebulizer can be used.
  • the propellant conventionally known one can be widely used; chlorofluorocarbon-series compounds such as chlorofluorocarbon-11, chlorofluorocarbon-12, chlorofluorocarbon-21, chlorofluorocarbon-22, chlorofluorocarbon-113, chlorofluorocarbon-114, chlorofluorocarbon-123, chlorofluorocarbon-142c, chlorofluorocarbon-134a, chlorofluorocarbon-227, chlorofluorocarbon-C318, and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, hydrocarbons such as propane, isobutane, and n-butane, ethers such as diethyl ether, compressed gases such as gaseous nitrogen and gaseous carbon dioxide and the like can be mentioned.
  • surfactant oleic acid, lecithin, diethyleneglycol dioleate, tetrahydroflufuryl oleate, ethyl oleate, isopropyl myristate, glyceryl trioleate, glyceryl monolaurate, glyceryl monoleate, glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl monolysinoate, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, polyethyleneglycol 400, cetylpyridinium chloride, sorbitan trioleate (trade name Span 85), sorbitan monoleate (trade name Span 80), sorbitan monolaurate (trade name Span 20), polyoxyethylene hardened castor oil (trade name HCO-60), polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate (trade name Tween 20), polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monoleate (trade name Tween 80), lecithin of natural resource origin (trade name E
  • an appropriate pharmaceutically acceptable base white petrolatum, paraffin, plastibase, silicone, white ointment, beeswax, lard, vegetable oils, hydrophilic ointment, hydrophilic petrolatum, purified lanolin, hydrolyzed lanolin, water-absorbing ointment, hydrophilic plastibase, macrogol ointment and the like
  • an aptamer of the present invention which is the active ingredient, and used as a preparation.
  • the dosage of the pharmaceutical of the present invention varies depending on the kind and activity of active ingredient, seriousness of disease, animal species being the subject of administration, drug tolerability of the subject of administration, body weight, age and the like, and the usual dosage, based on the amount of active ingredient per day for an adult, can be about 0.0001 to about 100 mg/kg, for example, about 0.0001 to about 10 mg/kg, preferably about 0.005 to about 1 mg/kg.
  • the resin examples include agarose particles, silica particles, a copolymer of acrylamide and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide, polystyrene-crosslinked divinylbenzene particles, particles of dextran crosslinked with epichlorohydrin, cellulose fiber, crosslinked polymers of aryldextran and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide, monodispersed synthetic polymers, monodispersed hydrophilic polymers, Sepharose, Toyopearl and the like can be mentioned, and also resins prepared by binding various functional groups to these resins were included.
  • the solid phase carrier of the present invention can be useful in, for example, purifying, detecting and quantifying chymase.
  • the aptamer and/or the complex of the present invention can be immobilized onto a solid phase carrier by a method known per se.
  • a method that introduces an affinity substance (e.g., those described above) or a predetermined functional group into the aptamer and/or the complex of the present invention, and then immobilizing the aptamer or complex onto a solid phase carrier via the affinity substance or predetermined functional group can be mentioned.
  • the present invention also provides such methods.
  • the predetermined functional group can be a functional group that can be subjected to a coupling reaction; for example, an amino group, a thiol group, a hydroxyl group, and a carboxyl group can be mentioned.
  • the present invention also provides an aptamer having such a functional group introduced thereto.
  • the present invention also provides a method of purifying and concentrating chymase.
  • the present invention makes it possible to separate chymase from the proteins of other family proteins.
  • the method of purification and concentration of the present invention can comprise adsorbing chymase to the solid phase carrier of the present invention, and eluting the adsorbed chymase with an eluent.
  • Adsorption of chymase to the solid phase carrier of the present invention can be achieved by a method known per se. For example, a chymase-containing sample (e.g., bacterial or cell culture or culture supernatant, blood) is introduced into the solid phase carrier of the present invention or a composition containing the same.
  • a chymase-containing sample e.g., bacterial or cell culture or culture supernatant, blood
  • the method of purification and concentration of the present invention can further comprise washing the solid phase carrier using a washing solution after chymase adsorption.
  • washing solution include those containing urea, a chelating agent (e.g., EDTA), Tris, an acid, an alkali, Transfer RNA, DNA, surfactants such as Tween 20, salts such as NaCl and the like.
  • the method of purification and concentration of the present invention can still further comprise heating the solid phase carrier. This step enables the regeneration and sterilization of the solid phase carrier.
  • the present invention also provides a method of detecting and quantifying chymase.
  • the present invention makes it possible to detect and quantify chymase separately from the proteins of other family proteins.
  • the method of detection and quantitation of the present invention can comprise measuring chymase by utilizing the aptamer of the present invention (e.g., by the use of the complex and solid phase carrier of the present invention).
  • the method of detecting and quantifying chymase can be performed in the same manner as an immunological method, except that the aptamer of the present invention is used in place of an antibody.
  • RNA aptamers that bind specifically to chymase were prepared using the SELEX method.
  • SELEX was performed with improvements of the method of Ellington et al. (Ellington and Szostak, Nature 346, 818-822, 1990) and the method of Tuerk et al. (Tuerk and Gold, Science 249, 505-510, 1990).
  • Chymase Human Skin, manufactured by Calbiochem
  • NHS-activated Sepharose 4 Fast Flow manufactured by GE Healthcare
  • Chymase immobilization to the carrier was performed as directed in the specifications by GE Healthcare.
  • the amount immobilized was confirmed by examining the chymase solution before immobilization and the supernatant just after immobilization by SDS-PAGE. As a result of the SDS-PAGE, no band of chymase was detected in the supernatant; it was confirmed that nearly all of the chymase used had been coupled. This means that about 167 pmol of chymase was immobilized to about 3 ⁇ L of the resin.
  • the RNA used in the first round was obtained by transcribing a chemically synthesized DNA using the DuraScribeTM T7 Transcription Kit (manufactured by Epicentre).
  • the RNA obtained by this method has the 2′-position of ribose of the pyrimidine nucleotide fluoro-substituted.
  • the DNA template and primers used were prepared by chemical synthesis.
  • the sequential Ns in the DNA template are 40 nucleotides in any combinations (40N: each N is A, G, C or T), producing a sequence region unique to each aptamer obtained.
  • the primer Fwd comprises a promoter sequence of T7 RNA polymerase. The variation of the RNA pool used in the first round was theoretically 10 14 .
  • RNA pool was added to the chymase-immobilized carrier, and allowed to stand at room temperature for 30 minutes. Then, to remove the RNA not bound to chymase, the resin was washed with solution A.
  • the solution A was a mixed solution of 145 mM sodium chloride, 5.4 mM potassium chloride, 1.8 mM calcium chloride, 0.8 mM magnesium chloride, and 20 mM Tris.
  • the RNA bound to chymase was heated at 95° C. for 10 minutes with the addition of solution B as an eluent, and recovered from the supernatant.
  • the solution B was a mixture of 7M Urea, 3 mM EDTA, and 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 6.6).
  • each of N 1 and N 2 indicates any nucleotides out of A, G, C, and U, and X 1 and X 2 are both A or both G.
  • SELEX was continued under the similar conditions. After completion of the 11th round, the sequences of 93 clones were sequenced. Some of the sequences of the clones are shown by SEQ ID NO: 22-27. A number of sequences were identical to some of the sequences obtained after the 8 rounds; there existed 22 sequences shown by SEQ ID NO: 4 and 4 sequences shown by SEQ ID NO: 14. This means that the common sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 21 was concentrated. There also existed 1 sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 5, 3 sequences shown by SEQ ID NO: 22, and 2 sequences shown by SEQ ID NO: 23 and 24. One sequence was shown by SEQ ID NO: 25-27. SEQ ID NO: 22 and 11 differed only by one base.
  • chymase Human Skin, manufactured by Calbiochem
  • Heparin Sepharose 6 Fast Flow manufactured by GE Healthcare
  • the chymase in solution was added to the carrier and retained at room temperature for 30 minutes, whereby the chymase was immobilized to the carrier.
  • the amount immobilized was checked by examining the chymase solution before immobilization and the supernatant just after immobilization by SDS-PAGE.
  • the results of the SDS-PAGE detected no chymase band in the supernatant, confirming that almost all of the chymase used was immobilized. It was evident that about 100 pmol of chymase was immobilized to about 3 ⁇ L of the resin.
  • SEQ ID NO: 28-34 There were a number of sequences identical to the sequences obtained after the above-described 8 rounds; there existed 9 sequences shown by SEQ ID NO: 4 and 1 sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 19. There were a number of sequences identical to the sequences obtained after the above-described 11 rounds; there existed 2 sequences shown by SEQ ID NO: 27. Additionally, there existed 4 sequences shown by SEQ ID NO: 28, 2 sequences shown by SEQ ID NO: 29, and 1 sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 30-34. SEQ ID NO: 30 and 31 differed only by one base.
  • SEQ ID NO: 32 is a sequence resulting from deletion of one base from SEQ ID NO: 31.
  • the common sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 21 was present in 14 of the 79 clones. Of the sequences that newly emerged by the 11th round, those of SEQ ID NO: 30-32 and 34 were found to comprise the common sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 21.
  • Putative secondary structures of the aptamers of the sequences shown by SEQ ID NO: 28-34 are given in FIG. 3 , wherein each portion formed by the common sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 21 is enclosed in a circle. All these portions, except for the clone shown by SEQ ID NO: 34, had a characteristic loop structure, as in FIG. 1 .
  • the binding activities against chymase of the nucleic acids shown by SEQ ID NO: 4-20 and 22-34 were determined by the surface plasmon resonance method using Biacore T100 (manufactured by GE Healthcare).
  • the sensor chip used was the SA chip, which had streptavidin immobilized thereon. Bound thereto was about 1500 RU of a 16-nucleotide Poly dT with biotin bound to the 5′ end thereof.
  • the ligand nucleic acid had a 16-nucleotide Poly A added to the 3′ end thereof, and was immobilized to the SA chip by annealing between T and A.
  • SEQ ID NO: 21 Irrespective of whether the common sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 21 was present or absent, some sequences exhibited higher binding activity than 40N, and others exhibited equivalent binding activity compared with 40N.
  • Binding activity for chymase Binding activity as SEQ ID NO: Length determined using Biacore 4 73 ++ 5 72 ++ 6 73 ++ 7 73 ++ 8 73 ++ 9 74 ++ 10 73 ++ 11 73 ++ 12 73 ++ 13 73 ++ 14 73 ++ 15 73 ++ 16 72 ++ 17 74 ++ 18 73 ++ 19 73 ++ 20 73 + 22 73 + 23 73 ++ 24 72 ++ 25 73 ++ 26 73 ++ 27 73 ++ 28 73 + 29 73 ++ 30 71 ++ 31 71 + 32 70 + 33 73 + 34 73 + “++” represents a sequence that binds to chymase significantly more strongly than the negative control 40N. “+” represents a sequence that binds to chymase equivalently compared with the negative control 40N.
  • 40N represents the nucleic acid pool used in the 1st round, which comprises a random sequence of 40 nucleotides
  • SELEX was performed in the same manner as Example 1, but using a template whose random sequence was of 30 nucleotides, and a primer sequence different from that used in Example 1.
  • the target molecule used in the SELEX was chymase (recombinant, manufactured by SIGMA), immobilized on NHS-activated Sepharose 4 Fast Flow (manufactured by GE Healthcare) carrier.
  • the sequences of the template and primers used are shown below.
  • the DNA template and primers were chemically synthesized.
  • the sequential Ns in the DNA template are 30 nucleotides in any combinations (30N: each N is A, G, C or T), producing a sequence region unique to each aptamer obtained.
  • the Primer Fwd comprises a promoter sequence of T7 RNA polymerase. The variation of the RNA pool used in the first round was theoretically 10 14 .
  • RNA pool was added to the carrier with chymase immobilized thereon, and retained at room temperature for 30 minutes, after which the resin was washed with solution C to eliminate the RNA not bound to the chymase.
  • the solution C was a mixed solution of 145 mM sodium chloride, 5.4 mM potassium chloride, 1.8 mM calcium chloride, 0.8 mM magnesium chloride, 20 mM Tris (pH 7.6), and 0.05% Tween 20.
  • the RNA bound to the chymase was recovered by adding solution D as an eluent, and stirring the mixture at room temperature for 10 minutes.
  • the solution D was prepared by adding 6M guanidine hydrochloride to the solution C to obtain a pH of 7.6.
  • RNA recovered was amplified by RT-PCR, and transferred using the DuraScribeTM T7 Transcription Kit for use as a pool in the next round. Each round of these steps was repeated a plurality of times.
  • SELEX the PCR product was cloned into the pGEM-Easy vector (manufactured by Promega), and Escherichia coli strain DH5 ⁇ (manufactured by Toyobo) was transformed therewith. After the plasmid was extracted from a single colony, the clones were sequenced using a DNA sequencer (3130 ⁇ 1 Genetic Analyzer, manufactured by ABI).
  • sequences were determined; sequence convergence was not seen. Hence, 2 mg/mL heparin as a competing agent was added, and SELEX was continued to the 11th round.
  • the sequences of 40 clones were determined, and convergence was seen; the sequences of all the 40 clones were found to contain the common sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 21.
  • the sequences of some of these clones are shown by SEQ ID NO: 38-48. There existed 6 sequences shown by SEQ ID NO: 38, 2 sequences shown by SEQ ID NO: 39, and 1 sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 40-48.
  • FIG. 5 Putative secondary structures of the aptamers of the sequences shown by SEQ ID NO: 38-40, 43, and 48 are given in FIG. 5 , wherein each portion formed by the common sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 21 is enclosed in a circle. In many of these portions, the common sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 21 formed a characteristic loop structure similar to that shown in FIG. 1 .
  • nucleotide sequences shown by SEQ ID NO: 38-48 are shown in the direction from 5′ to 3′, with the purine bases (A and G) being in the 2′-OH form, and the pyrimidine bases (U and C) in the 2′-fluoro-modified form.
  • SEQ ID NO: 38 GGGAGGAGGAGAGAGGUCAGAUGGAUAGAGUUAAGAUCUGGCUGGCGCAUUAGCCUAUGCGU GCUAGUGUGA
  • SEQ ID NO: 39 GGGAGCAGGAGAGGUCAGAUGGUUACGGAUAGAGUUAAGGUAACGGUACGGCCUAUGCGU GCUAGUGUGA
  • SEQ ID NO: 40 GGGAGCAGGAGAGAGGUCAGAUGAACGGAUAGAGCUAAGAGUUCGUCAGAGGGGCCUAUGCG UGCUAGUGUGA
  • SEQ ID NO: 43 GGGAGCAGGAGAGGUCAGAUGAUGCCAAGAUAGAUUUAAA
  • the binding activities against chymase of the nucleic acids shown by SEQ ID NO: 38-48 were evaluated by the surface plasmon resonance method.
  • SEQ ID NO: 38-48 measurements were taken in the same manner as Example 1.
  • Solution C was used as a running buffer. The results of the measurements are shown in Table 2.
  • SEQ ID NO: 38-48 The nucleic acids shown by SEQ ID NO: 38-48 were identified as aptamers that bind to chymase significantly more potently than 30N. It was found that the X 1 and X 2 contained in the common sequence SEQ ID NO: 21 may be both A or both G, and that the N 1 N 2 contained in the common sequence may be GU, GC, GA, or UU.
  • Binding activity for chymase As SEQ ID NO: Length determined using Biacore 38 72 ++ 39 72 ++ 40 73 ++ 41 72 ++ 42 72 ++ 43 72 ++ 44 72 ++ 45 72 ++ 46 72 ++ 47 72 ++ 48 72 ++ “++” indicates a sequence that binds to chymase significantly more strongly than the negative control 30N.
  • 30N represents the nucleic acid pool used in the 1st round, which comprises a random sequence of 30 nucleotides.
  • the chymase substrate used was Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-MCA (manufactured by Peptide Institute, Inc.), which contains the 4-amino-acid peptide Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe, a standard substrate for chymotrypsin-like proteases.
  • Suc is a protecting succinyl group
  • MCA is a 4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide group; upon cleavage of the C-terminal side of phenylalanine, AMC (7-amino-4-methylcoumarine) is released.
  • the enzyme activity of chymase can be determined.
  • the assay was performed using a 96-well plate (F16 Black Maxisorp Fluoronunc, manufactured by Nunc), with a reaction mixture volume of 100 ⁇ L, in solution C as a buffer solution.
  • each nucleic acid was serially diluted to 0.0027-2 ⁇ M concentrations in solution C to obtain 50 ⁇ L solutions.
  • the plate was set to the microplate reader SpectraMax190 (manufactured by Molecular Devices Corporation), and incubated at 37° C. for 5 minutes.
  • chymase recombinant, manufactured by SIGMA
  • solution C 0.05 ⁇ g (or 0.005 ⁇ g) of chymase (recombinant, manufactured by SIGMA) was diluted in solution C to obtain a 40 ⁇ L chymase solution, and incubated at 37° C. for 5 minutes.
  • the chymase solution was added to the mixture of the nucleic acid and substrate to initiate an enzyme reaction.
  • the final chymase concentration in the reaction mixture was 16.7 nM (or 1.67 nM), the final substrate concentration being 100 ⁇ M.
  • the plate containing the reaction mixture was set to the microplate reader SpectraMax190 (manufactured by Molecular Devices Corporation), and examined for time-dependent changes in the fluorescence intensity at 37° C.
  • the negative control 30N or 40N did not exhibit inhibitory activity (IC 50 >0.5 ⁇ M).
  • the positive control chymostatin exhibited IC 50 values of 0.1 ⁇ M-0.2 ⁇ M.
  • aptamers listed in Table 3 exhibited inhibitory activity against chymase.
  • the aptamers comprising the common sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 21 all exhibited inhibitory activity.
  • nucleotide sequences shown by SEQ ID NO: 49-57 are shown in the direction from 5′ to 3′, with the purine bases (A and G) being in the 2′-OH form, and the pyrimidine bases (U and C) in the 2′-fluoro-modified form.
  • the nucleic acids of SEQ ID NO: 49-57 were all chemically synthesized.
  • Whether these nucleic acids bind to chymase was determined by the surface plasmon resonance method. Measurements were taken using Biacore T100 (manufactured by GE Healthcare) as described below. About 4000 RU of chymase (recombinant, manufactured by SIGMA) was immobilized on the sensor chip surface of a CM5 chip, using an amine coupling kit. 20 ⁇ L of each nucleic acid, prepared at 0.3 ⁇ M, as an analyte was injected at a flow rate of 20 ⁇ L/min. Solution C was used as a running buffer. The results of the measurements are shown in Table 4. The method of evaluation used was the same as Example 1.
  • nucleic acids other than SEQ ID NO: 52 were identified as aptamers that bind to chymase significantly more potently than the control 40N (Table 4).
  • a sensorgram showing how the aptamers shown by SEQ ID NO: 13, 55, and 56 bound to chymase is given in FIG. 7 .
  • Chymase inhibitory activity was determined in the same manner as Example 3. The respective IC 50 values are shown in Table 4.
  • the nucleic acids other than SEQ ID NO: 52 exhibited potent inhibitory activity (Table 4).
  • the results for SEQ ID NO: 51 and 52 showed that the aptamer shown by SEQ ID NO: 12, which does not comprise the common sequence, retained its activity after being shortened to a 45-nucleotide length, and lost the activity when shortened to a 26-nucleotide length.
  • N 1 N 2 contained in the common sequence is not limited to GU, and that there is no limitation on the sequence contained in the stem structure of SEQ ID NO: 56 in FIG. 6 , as far as the stem structure is retained.
  • aptamers are considered to be useful as chymase inhibitors.
  • Sequence ID Binding activity SEQ ID number of as determined IC 50 NO: parent clone Length using Biacore [ ⁇ M] 49 4 29 ++ 0.117 ⁇ 0.066 50 4 35 ++ 0.138 ⁇ 0.093 51 12 45 ++ 0.024 ⁇ 0.009 52 12 26 + >1 53 13 42 ++ 0.066 ⁇ 0.024 54 13 36 ++ 0.051 ⁇ 0.033 55 13 29 ++ 0.055 ⁇ 0.023 56 13 23 ++ 0.046 ⁇ 0.031 57 14 27 ++ 0.099 ⁇ 0.013 “++” represents a sequence that binds to chymase significantly more strongly than the negative control 40N.
  • “+” represents a sequence that binds to chymase equivalently compared with the negative control 40N.
  • 40N represents the nucleic acid pool used in the 1st round in Example 1, which comprises a random sequence of 40 nucleotides.
  • “>1” indicates that no inhibitory activity was observed in the concentration range up to 1 ⁇ M.
  • Each IC 50 value is a mean value for 2 to 3 measurements.
  • the negative control 40N did not exhibit inhibitory activity at concentrations of up to 1 ⁇ M (IC 50 >1 ⁇ M).
  • the positive control chymostatin exhibited IC 50 values of 0.1 ⁇ M-0.2 ⁇ M.
  • nucleic acids listed in Table 4 exhibited inhibitory activity against chymase.
  • nucleotide sequences of respective aptamers shown by the following SEQ ID NO: 58-68 are shown below. Unless otherwise specified, the respective sequences recited below are in the direction of from 5′ to 3′, modification at the 2′-position of ribose (e.g., U(F) shows modification of the 2′-position of ribose of uracil with F) is shown in the parenthesis, and F is a fluorine atom.
  • nucleic acids of SEQ ID NO: 58-68 were prepared by chemical synthesis. Whether these nucleic acids are bound to chymase was assessed by surface plasmon resonance method in the same manner as in Example 4. The inhibitory activity on chymase was measured in the same manner as in Example 3. The results are shown in Table 5.
  • nucleic acids of SEQ ID NO: 59-65 from among those shown in Table 5 retained strong binding force and strong inhibitory activity.
  • SEQ ID NO: 58 Since the binding activity and inhibitory activity of SEQ ID NO: 58 decreased to almost the same level as 40N/30N used in Examples 1 and 2, it was shown that the common sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 21 is important for the binding and inhibitory activities on chymase. From these results, SEQ ID NO: 58 was used as a negative control of the shortened aptamer in the following Examples (Examples 5-9).
  • N 1 and N 2 contained in the common sequence may be any nucleotides, which are preferably GU, GA, GC and UU.
  • X 1 and X 2 may be any nucleotides, and are preferably A and G, more preferably both A or both G.
  • the base pair sequence (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 56 in FIG. 6 ) of the stem structure contained therein except the common sequence may be any nucleotides as long as the stem structure is maintained, and the length is preferably 3 base pairs or longer.
  • SEQ ID NO: 58 did not show an inhibitory activity in the concentration range up to 1 ⁇ M (IC 50 >1 ⁇ M).
  • IC 50 value of chymostatin which is a positive control, was 0.1 ⁇ M-0.2 ⁇ M. From the above results, it is clear that, among the aptamers shown in Table 5, the aptamers shown by SEQ ID NO: 59-65 have a strong chymase-inhibitory activity (IC 50 ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ M).
  • an altered aptamer with terminal modification an altered aptamer wherein the 2′-position of ribose of purine base in the sequence is modified with O-methyl group or F, and an altered aptamer wherein phosphorothioate is introduced were prepared.
  • the sequences are shown by SEQ ID NOs: 73-77, 56(8), 80, 56(10), 81-82, 56(13)-56(14), and 85-87.
  • an altered aptamer wherein modification of pyrimidine nucleotide contained in the common sequence of the aptamer shown by SEQ ID NO: 56 (2′-F; modification of the 2-position of ribose with F) is changed to native type (2′-OH) was prepared, and the necessity of modification was evaluated.
  • the sequences thereof are shown by SEQ ID NOs: 83-84.
  • nucleotide sequences are shown below. Unless otherwise specified, the respective sequences recited below are in the direction of from 5′ to 3′, modification at the 2′-position of ribose is shown in the parenthesis, F is a fluorine atom and M is an O-methyl group.
  • F is a fluorine atom
  • M is an O-methyl group.
  • idT shows modification with inverted-dT
  • PEG shows modification with 40 kDa branched polyethylene glycol.
  • s shows phosphorothioation of a phosphate group between the nucleotides.
  • nucleic acids of SEQ ID NOs: 73-79, 56(8), 80, 56(10), 81, 56(13)-56(14), 83-87 were prepared by chemical synthesis. Whether these nucleic acids are bound to chymase was assessed by surface plasmon resonance method in the same manner as in Example 4. The measurement results are shown in Table 6.
  • nucleic acids other than SEQ ID NO: 56(8), 56(10), 56(13), 56(14) showed a significant chymase-binding activity than SEQ ID NO: 58, which is a negative control.
  • the inhibitory activity on chymase was measured in the same manner as in Example 3.
  • the IC 50 values are shown in Table 6. It was found that the nucleic acids other than SEQ ID NO: 56(8), 56(10), 56(13), 56(14) showed an inhibitory activity, though the level of inhibitory activity varied. By comparison of the IC 50 values, the inhibitory activity of SEQ ID NO: 73-79, 81, 82 was maintained almost at the same level as SEQ ID NO: 56. On the other hand, the inhibitory activity of SEQ ID NO: 80, 83, 84, 85 was decreased as compared to SEQ ID NO: 56, and the inhibitory activity of SEQ ID NO: 56(8), 56(10), 56(13), 56(14) was shown to have disappeared. Furthermore, the inhibitory activity of SEQ ID NO: 86, 87 was shown to have increased than SEQ ID NO: 56.
  • nucleotide of the aptamer shown by SEQ ID NO: 56 may be modified to increase the stability of the aptamer.
  • modification of nucleotide for example, 2′-amino modification and the like can be mentioned in addition to 2′-O-methyl modification.
  • the inhibitory activity decreases by changing any (9th or 15th) of the nucleotide modified aptamers (U(F)) contained in the common sequence of the clone shown by SEQ ID NO: 56 to native ribonucleotide (U).
  • the modification of nucleotide increases nuclease resistance of aptamer. Therefore, at least one of the pyrimidine nucleotides (9th U and 15th U of the clone shown by SEQ ID NO: 56) contained in the common sequence is preferably a modified nucleotide.
  • At least one of the 6th A, 11th G and 12th A of the native purine bases contained in the common sequence of the clone shown by SEQ ID NO: 56 is preferably a native ribonucleotide, since introduction of modification thereinto decreases the inhibitory activity.
  • SEQ ID NO: 58 which is a negative control, did not show an inhibitory activity in the concentration range up to 1 ⁇ M (IC 50 >1 ⁇ M).
  • IC 50 value of chymostatin which is a positive control, was 0.1 ⁇ M-0.2 ⁇ M.
  • the aptamer shown by SEQ ID NO: 56 was altered further based on the results of Example 6. Altered aptamers subjected to introduction of 2′-O-methyl group, various terminal modifications, introduction of phosphorothioate, substitution of ribonucleotide to DNA and the like, and a combination of such modifications were synthesized. The sequences are shown in SEQ ID NO: 88-115, 121, 69, 122, 123, 70-74, 74(1), 75-77, 77(1), 77(2), 78-82.
  • RNA and lower case letters show DNA.
  • the modification at the 2′-position of ribose is shown in parenthesis, F is a fluorine atom and M is an O-methyl group.
  • idT shows modification with inverted-dT
  • PEG shows modification with 40 kDa branched polyethylene glycol
  • Cho shows modification with cholesterol
  • B shows modification with biotin.
  • Peptide 1 shows conjugation of Phe-Cys at the C-terminal side
  • Peptide 2 shows conjugation of Cys-Phe at the N-terminal side
  • each peptide is conjugated to the 5′ end of the nucleic acid via a disulfide bond.
  • s shows phosphorothioation of a phosphate group between the nucleotides.
  • SEQ ID NO: 88 G(M)G(M)G(M)U(F)U(F)AG(M)A(M)U(F)A(M)GAGU(F)U(F)A(M)A(M)AA(M)A (M)C(F)C(F)C(F)SEQ ID NO: 89: G(M)G(M)G(M)U(F)U(F)AG(M)A(M)U(F)A(M)GAG(M)U(F)U(F)A(M)A(M)A(M)A(M) A(M)A(M)C(F)C(F)C(F)C(F) SEQ ID NO: 90: G(M)G(M)G(M)U(F)U(F)sAG(M)A(M)U(F)A(M)GAG(M)U(F)U(F)A(M)A(M)A(M)A(M)A(M)
  • nucleic acids of SEQ ID NO: 88-120, 121, 69, 122, 123, 70-72, 124-131 were prepared by chemical synthesis. Whether these nucleic acids are bound to chymase was assessed by surface plasmon resonance method in the same manner as in Example 4. The results are shown in Table 7.
  • the chymase inhibitory activity was measured in the same manner as in Example 3.
  • the IC 50 values are shown in Table 7. As a result, all nucleic acids shown in Table 7 exhibited a strong inhibitory activity.
  • the terminal modification may be peptide, amino acid or a compound such as biotin and the like, besides idT and PEG shown in Example 6.
  • terminal modification such as idT and PEG via a polynucleotide chain does not influence the inhibitory activity.
  • any polynucleotide chain and, for example, an alkyl type spacer may be used.
  • SEQ ID NO: 58 which is a negative control, did not show an inhibitory activity in the concentration range up to 1 ⁇ M (IC 50 >1 ⁇ M).
  • IC 50 value of chymostatin which is a positive control, was 0.1 ⁇ M-0.2 ⁇ M.
  • an aptamer effective as a chymase inhibitor satisfies particularly at least one of the following conditions.
  • pyrimidine nucleotide contained in the common sequence may be a native nucleotide, a part of the pyrimidine nucleotide is preferably a modified nucleotide or DNA.
  • N 1 N 2 may be any nucleotide, it is preferably GU, GA, GC, UU, CU or GT.
  • X 1 and X 2 may be any nucleotides, they are preferably, whether identical or not, A or G, more preferably are both A or both G.
  • base pairs sequence in the stem structure may be any nucleotide as long as the stem structure is maintained, its length is preferably 3 base pairs or longer.
  • each nucleotide is partially modified or partially substituted by DNA.
  • a part of a phosphate group between nucleotides may be phosphorothioated.
  • angiotensin I which is a native substrate for chymase
  • Angiotensin I is converted by chymase to angiotensin II, during which a peptide fragment His-Leu is released. Since the peptide His-Leu is fluorescently derivatized by o-phthalaldehyde, its fluorescence intensity can be quantitatively measured.
  • the total volume of solution for an enzyme reaction in the assay was set to 50 ⁇ L, and the reaction was performed in solution C buffer.
  • 0.3-0.75 ng of chymase (recombinant, (manufactured by SIGMA) or native (manufactured by Calbiochem)) was diluted with solution C to give 5 ⁇ L thereof.
  • the recombinant is chymase expressed by yeast
  • the native is chymase purified from human skin mast cell.
  • the nucleic acid was serially diluted with solution C at a concentration of 0.0027-2 ⁇ M to give 25 ⁇ L thereof.
  • the chymase solution (5 ⁇ L) and the nucleic acid solution (25 ⁇ L) were mixed, and the mixture was incubated at 37° C. for 5 min.
  • 125 mM angiotensin I manufactured by PEPTIDE INSTITUTE, INC.
  • the angiotensin I solution was added to a mixture of chymase and nucleic acid to start an enzyme reaction.
  • the final chymase concentration of the reaction solution was 0.2-0.5 nM, and the final substrate concentration was 50 ⁇ M. After reaction at 37° C.
  • the above-mentioned supernatant (30 ⁇ L) was added to a 96 well plate (black, manufactured by Costar), a solution (15 ⁇ L) of 2% o-phthalaldehyde (manufactured by SIGMA) in methanol and 0.3M NaOH solution (170 ⁇ L) were added to each well, and the mixture was incubated at room temperature for 10 min. Then, 3M HCl solution (25 ⁇ L) was added to quench the reaction. The plate was set on a microplate reader SpectraMax190 (manufactured by Molecular device) and the fluorescence intensity was measured at an excitation wavelength of 355 nm and a fluorescence wavelength of 460 nm.
  • IC 50 chymase inhibitory activity using angiotensin I as substrate.
  • SEQ ID NO: 58 used as a negative control did not show an inhibitory activity (IC 50 >1 ⁇ M).
  • the IC 50 values of chymostatin, a positive control were 0.35-0.5 ⁇ M (Native), 0.45-0.6 ⁇ M (Recombinant).
  • the activity of PEG-conjugated aptamer is relatively low as compared to aptamer not bound with PEG. This is a general phenomenon caused by the larger size of PEG (molecular weight about 40,000) than aptamer (molecular weight about 10,000). Since PEG-conjugation markedly improves in vivo pharmacokinetics, an in vivo effect is expected even if efficacy decreases somewhat in vitro.
  • any nucleic acid contained in Table 8 is expected as a drug for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of various diseases involving angiotensin, since it shows a strong chymase inhibitory activity even when angiotensin I, a native substrate, is used.
  • Chymase is deeply involved in the activation of TGF- ⁇ , which is one of the important factors causing fibrosis. It is suggested that, in the process of TGF- ⁇ activation, chymase degrades LTBP-1 to liberate latent TGF- ⁇ , which is present as a latent form in an extracellular matrix, and is involved in the reaction converting latent TGF- ⁇ to active TGF- ⁇ . Whether the nucleic acid of the present invention has an inhibitory activity against LTBP-1 degradation by chymase was assessed by the method shown below.
  • Cryopreserved NHLF cells (manufactured by Cambrex Bio Science) were rapidly thawed in a water bath at 37° C. and suspended in a medium (10% FBS/F-12). After centrifugation (1200 rpm, 5 min), the supernatant was removed and the cells were re-suspended in the medium. The medium was added to a total amount of 10 mL, and the mixture was transferred to a petri dish for cell culture and the cells were cultured at 37° C., 5% CO 2 . The cell form and growth state were observed with a microscope and, upon confluence, the medium was exchanged with a serum-free medium (0.2% BSA/F-12). Two days after medium exchange, the culture supernatant was collected, dispensed and cryopreserved at ⁇ 30° C.
  • a positive control chymostatin was diluted with solution C and added in the same manner.
  • a negative control only solution C was used and added in the same manner.
  • chymase diluted with solution E solution C+0.1% BSA, 0.05% sodium azide
  • a tube free of chymase was prepared. After pipetting, samples were incubated at 37° C. for 1 hr, and mixed with an equivalent amount of electrophoresis Lysis buffer to terminate the reaction. Then, LTBP-1 in the sample was detected by Western blotting shown below.
  • a sample obtained by mixing with a lysis buffer was boiled for 3 min, 10 ⁇ L of the sample was electrophoresed by applying the sample to 5-20% acrylamide gel. After completion of the migration, the mixture was transferred onto a nitrocellulose filter, and the filter was blocked with 5% skim milk, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) and 0.05% sodium azide. The filter was reacted with an anti-LTBP-1 monoclonal antibody diluted with 2% BSA, PBS and 0.05% sodium azide to 2 ⁇ g/mL at room temperature overnight.
  • the filter was washed 3 times, and incubated with a secondary antibody solution (HRP-labeled anti-mouse IgG antibody diluted 10000-fold with 0.1% BSA/PBS) at room temperature for 2 hr.
  • the filter was washed 5 times, and detected with a chemical luminescence substrate.
  • the presence or absence of an inhibitory activity of each test substance was determined based on the density and position of LTBP-1 band (molecular weight). The analysis was demonstrated in three independent experiments. The band of a well without addition of chymase was taken as a positive control (+), the band of the well of the negative control was taken as negative ( ⁇ ), and the presence or absence of an inhibitory activity of each test substance was visually determined from the band of the well of each test substance.
  • the analysis results by Western blotting are shown in FIG. 8 , and the determination results of the inhibitory activity are shown in Table 9.
  • inhibitory activity SEQ ID NO: 56 4, 10, 16, 24 + 56(1) 2 + 56(17) 12 + 56(19) 14 + 56(23) 15 + 56(26) 13, 25 + 56(27) 11 + 56(28) 17 + 56(29) 19 + 58 3, 27 ⁇ 69(1) 18 + 72(1) 26 + Others marker 1, 8, 9, 23, 31 Chymostatin 5, 20, 28 + negative control 6, 21, 29 ⁇ control (without 7, 22, 30 + addition of chymase) “+” shows detection of a band with the same level of density as an LTBP-1 band in the control, and “ ⁇ ” shows absence of detection of LTBP-1 band as clear as that of the negative control.
  • SEQ ID NO: 58 did not show an inhibitory activity ( ⁇ ). Chymostatin, a positive control, showed an inhibitory activity (+). All aptamers other than SEQ ID NO: 58, which are contained in Table 9, showed an inhibitory activity against LTBP-1 degradation.
  • the aptamer of the present invention inhibits LTBP-1 degradation by chymase. Therefore, it was shown that the aptamer can be used for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of various diseases involving activation of TGF- ⁇ , such as fibrosis.
  • the aptamer and the complex of the present invention can be useful as pharmaceuticals, diagnostic agents or reagents for diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, fibrosis and the like.
  • the aptamer and the complex of the present invention can also be useful for the purification and concentration of chymase, as well as detection and quantification of chymase.

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WO2021006305A1 (ja) * 2019-07-08 2021-01-14 株式会社リボミック ＴＧＦ－β１に対するアプタマー及びその使用
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