US7950846B2 - Coupled resonators for a timepiece - Google Patents

Coupled resonators for a timepiece Download PDF

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US7950846B2
US7950846B2 US12/497,136 US49713609A US7950846B2 US 7950846 B2 US7950846 B2 US 7950846B2 US 49713609 A US49713609 A US 49713609A US 7950846 B2 US7950846 B2 US 7950846B2
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resonator
balance
spring
balance spring
fixed
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US20100002548A1 (en
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Thierry Hessler
Kaspar Trumpy
Jean-Luc Helfer
Thierry Conus
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Swatch Group Research and Development SA
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Swatch Group Research and Development SA
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Assigned to THE SWATCH GROUP RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LTD. reassignment THE SWATCH GROUP RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CONUS, THIERRY, HELFER, J.-L., TRUMPY, K., HESSLER, THIERRY
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G04HOROLOGY
    • G04BMECHANICALLY-DRIVEN CLOCKS OR WATCHES; MECHANICAL PARTS OF CLOCKS OR WATCHES IN GENERAL; TIME PIECES USING THE POSITION OF THE SUN, MOON OR STARS
    • G04B17/00Mechanisms for stabilising frequency
    • G04B17/04Oscillators acting by spring tension
    • G04B17/06Oscillators with hairsprings, e.g. balance
    • GPHYSICS
    • G04HOROLOGY
    • G04BMECHANICALLY-DRIVEN CLOCKS OR WATCHES; MECHANICAL PARTS OF CLOCKS OR WATCHES IN GENERAL; TIME PIECES USING THE POSITION OF THE SUN, MOON OR STARS
    • G04B17/00Mechanisms for stabilising frequency
    • G04B17/04Oscillators acting by spring tension
    • GPHYSICS
    • G04HOROLOGY
    • G04BMECHANICALLY-DRIVEN CLOCKS OR WATCHES; MECHANICAL PARTS OF CLOCKS OR WATCHES IN GENERAL; TIME PIECES USING THE POSITION OF THE SUN, MOON OR STARS
    • G04B17/00Mechanisms for stabilising frequency
    • G04B17/20Compensation of mechanisms for stabilising frequency
    • GPHYSICS
    • G04HOROLOGY
    • G04CELECTROMECHANICAL CLOCKS OR WATCHES
    • G04C5/00Electric or magnetic means for converting oscillatory to rotary motion in time-pieces, i.e. electric or magnetic escapements
    • G04C5/005Magnetic or electromagnetic means

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a resonator for a timepiece that results from coupling a first, low frequency resonator to a second, higher frequency resonator.
  • the first, low frequency resonator is a sprung balance and the second, high frequency resonator is a tuning fork.
  • One branch of the tuning fork is directly connected to the outer coil of the balance spring to form the coupling between the two resonators.
  • the object of this arrangement is to stabilise the operating frequency of the timepiece, to render the frequency more independent of external stress, and ultimately to improve the working precision of the timepiece.
  • the natural frequency of the first resonator is a few hertz, and that of the second resonator is of the order of a kHz.
  • first resonator which is very sensitive to external interference
  • second resonator which, because of its high operating frequency, is much less sensitive to said interference.
  • This slaving results in an improvement in the performance of the first resonator as regards shock resistance, for example, as said first resonator cooperates with a conventional escape system.
  • the conventional escape wheel generally has 15 teeth for sprung balance resonator frequencies of 2.5 to 3 Hz. This number has been accepted for a long time as it is, since it takes account of escape wheel manufacturing problems and proper distribution of the ratios and numbers of teeth of the wheels and pinions of the going train of the watch. With higher resonator frequencies of between 4 and 10 Hz, the gear ratios become too high, but this drawback disappears if the number of teeth in the escape wheel is increased. 21 teeth is the number cited for an oscillation frequency of 5 Hz, with this change however causing a reduction in security such as rest and drop, which require particular care during winding. Moreover, and generally, it is well known that the yield of a Swiss lever escapement greatly decreases beyond 4 or 5 Hz.
  • the first, low frequency resonator 2 . 41 is formed by a sprung balance driven by an escapement and a going train 70 , which is driven by a barrel 74 .
  • the time display 72 embodied by hands, for example, is derived from going train 70 .
  • the second, higher frequency resonator is represented by unit 3 . 42 .
  • the coupling between the two resonators is represented by the double arrow unit 8 . 46 .
  • the present invention presents two embodiments, wherein the second embodiment is a particular case of the first embodiment.
  • the first embodiment is characterized in that the first resonator has a first inertia mass associated with a first spring, in that the second resonator includes a second inertia mass associated with a second spring and in that a third spring is arranged between the first and second inertia masses to couple said first and second resonators.
  • the second embodiment is characterized in that the first resonator includes a first inertia mass associated with a first spring, in that the second resonator includes a second inertia mass associated with a second balance spring and in that said second spring connects said first and second inertia masses to couples said first and second resonators.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the resonator of the invention and the involvement thereof in a timepiece
  • FIG. 2 is a similar diagram showing how the two resonators are arranged and coupled in accordance with the first embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 3 is a plan view of the first embodiment of a resonator that results from coupling resonators that are each formed of a sprung balance;
  • FIG. 4 is a cross-section along the line IV-IV of FIG. 3 ;
  • FIGS. 5 and 6 are perspective views of the resonator shown in plan and cross-section in FIGS. 3 and 4 ;
  • FIG. 7 is a graph showing the natural oscillation frequency of each of the resonators when the torque of the balance spring connecting the two resonators is varied;
  • FIG. 8 is a graph showing the stabilising effect, resulting from coupling the first and second resonators, on interference that affects either the torque of the balance spring of the first resonator, or the inertia mass of the balance of said first resonator when the torque of the balance spring connecting the two resonators is varied,
  • FIG. 9 is a similar diagram showing how the two resonators are arranged and coupled in accordance with the second embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 10 is a plan view of the second embodiment of a resonator that results from coupling resonators, which are each formed of a sprung balance,
  • FIG. 11 is a cross-section along the line XI-XI of FIG. 10 .
  • FIGS. 12 and 13 are perspective views of the resonator shown in plan and cross-section in FIGS. 10 and 11 ,
  • FIG. 14 is a graph showing the natural oscillation frequency of each of the resonators when the torque of the balance spring of the first resonator is varied.
  • FIG. 15 is a graph showing the stabilising effect, resulting from the coupling of the first and second resonators, on interference that affects either the balance spring of the first resonator, or the inertia mass of the balance of said first resonator, when the torque of the balance spring of said first resonator is varied.
  • Resonator 1 executed in according with the first embodiment of the invention, can be likened to the equivalent diagram of FIG. 2 .
  • This resonator 1 results from coupling a first resonator 2 with a second resonator 3 .
  • the first resonator 2 includes a first inertia mass 4 (illustrated here by a square mass), associated with a first spring 5 (illustrated here by a helical spring one end of which is attached to the square mass, and the other end of which is attached to a fixed part 73 of the timepiece, for example to the bottom plate).
  • the second resonator 3 includes a second inertia mass 6 (illustrated here by a square mass) associated with a second spring 7 (illustrated here by a helical spring, one end of which is attached to the square mass and the other end of which is attached to a fixed part 74 of the timepiece, for example to a bridge).
  • a third spring 8 (represented here by a helical spring) is arranged between the first ( 4 ) and second ( 6 ) inertia masses for coupling said first ( 2 ) and second ( 3 ) resonators.
  • FIGS. 3 to 6 illustrate a practical construction of the first embodiment of the invention.
  • the first and second inertia masses are respectively formed by first and second balances 4 and 6
  • the first, second and third springs are respectively first, second and third balance springs 5 , 7 and 8 .
  • the first and second resonators 2 and 3 are arranged coaxially to the inside of the timepiece between a bottom plate 11 and a bridge 17 .
  • the invention is not, however, limited to this arrangement, and the two resonators could, for example, be arranged side by side in the timepiece.
  • the first resonator 2 essentially includes a first balance 4 , associated with a first balance spring 5 .
  • This first resonator 2 is mounted on a first arbour 9 , which pivots at the first end thereof in a bearing 10 , secured in a bottom plate 11 and at the second end thereof in a bearing 12 , secured to an intermediate bridge 13 .
  • the outer and inner coils of the first balance spring 5 are respectively secured to a balance spring stud 23 carried by bottom plate 11 and on an inner point of attachment 28 secured to first arbour 9 .
  • the second resonator 3 essentially includes a second balance 6 , which is associated with a second balance spring 7 .
  • This second resonator 3 is mounted on a second arbour 14 , which pivots at the first end thereof in a bearing 15 , secured in intermediate bridge 13 and at the second end thereof in a bearing 16 , secured in a bridge 17 .
  • the outer and inner coils of second balance spring 7 are respectively secured on a balance spring stud 25 , carried by bridge 17 , and on an inner point of attachment 26 , secured to second arbour 14 .
  • FIGS. 3 to 6 An examination of FIGS. 3 to 6 shows that the first resonator 2 includes a balance 4 that has a larger diameter than balance 6 of resonator 3 , which indicates that the frequency of the first resonator is lower than the frequency of the second resonator, provided, of course, that the torque developed by each of the balance springs is approximately the same.
  • the escape mechanism will have to be connected to the first resonator, which will have to be enslaved by the second resonator in order to improve its resistance to interference.
  • FIG. 4 shows that the first arbour 9 to which the first resonator 2 is attached, carries a roller 18 and an impulse pin 19 , which cooperates, for example, with pallets, which cooperate in turn with an escape wheel.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 show that this balance spring 8 includes two windings 20 and 21 arranged in series and mounted on either side of intermediate bridge 13 .
  • this balance spring 8 includes two windings 20 and 21 arranged in series and mounted on either side of intermediate bridge 13 .
  • the inner coil of the first winding 20 is secured to an inner point of attachment 27 , secured to the second arbour 14
  • the inner coil of the second winding 21 is secured to an inner point of attachment 22 , secured to the first arbour 9 , the outer coils of said windings being connected to each other by a strip 75 .
  • the invention is not limited to the description that has just been given.
  • the third balance spring may, in fact, have only one winding. In such case, and without any need to show this in a drawing, the inner coil of this single winding is secured to a point of attachment 27 , secured to the second arbour 14 , whereas the outer coil is secured to a balance spring stud carried by the first balance 4 .
  • a mechanical resonator formed of a mass and a spring is characterized by the weight of its mass m and the constant of its spring k which are expressed, in the equivalent diagram of FIG. 2 and in orders of magnitude relating to timepiece making, respectively in milligrams (mg) and micro-newtons per meter ( ⁇ N/m).
  • mass m is a balance, characterized by its inertia mass expressed in milligrams per square centimeter (mg ⁇ cm2), and the constant k is relative to a balance spring, which is characterized by its unitary torque, expressed in micronewton meters per radian ( ⁇ N ⁇ m/rad). Consequently, the frequency of a resonator is written as:
  • the central question is to know whether the presence of the second, higher frequency resonator stabilises the frequency of the first, low frequency resonator. This effect is taken into account by the stabilising factor S defined by:
  • low frequency resonator 1 bears the reference 2 , m 1 being balance 4 , k 1 being the constant of balance spring 5 .
  • Resonator 2 with the higher frequency bears the reference 3 , m2 being balance 6 , k 2 being the constant of balance spring 7 .
  • the balances have the same dimensions, which is not the case of the balances of FIG. 4 , the second resonator having a higher natural frequency because of its spring constant, which is also higher.
  • FIG. 7 is a graph showing the evolution of the natural frequencies f 1 and f 2 of the coupled resonator system as a function of constant k c of the balance spring that couples the two resonators.
  • FIG. 8 is a graph showing the evolution of stabilising factor S as a function of constant k c of balance spring 8 that couples the two resonators.
  • Curve S m shows the stabilising effect resulting from the coupling of the first and second resonators on interference that affects the inertia mass of the balance of the first, low frequency resonator when constant k c is varied. This effect is not very pronounced, which is relatively unimportant, since the inertia mass of the balance is unaffected by external interference.
  • Curve S k shows the stabilising effect resulting from coupling the first and second resonators on interference that affects the torque of the first resonator balance spring, namely the resonator driven by the escape system. It can be seen that for a value k c of 1 ⁇ Nm/rad, the stabilising factor is not far off 2, which is positive, since the interference, due, among other things, to the position of the spring, shocks and temperature variations, affects the balance spring above all.
  • Resonator 40 executed in accordance with the second embodiment of the invention can be compared to the equivalent diagram of FIG. 9 .
  • Resonator 40 results from coupling a first resonator 41 with a second resonator 42 .
  • First resonator 41 has a first inertia mass 43 (illustrated here by a square mass) associated with a first spring 44 (illustrated here by a helical spring, one end of which is attached to the square mass and the other end of which is attached to a fixed part 73 of the timepiece, for example the bottom plate).
  • the second resonator 42 has a second inertia mass 45 (illustrated here by a square mass) associated with a second spring 46 (illustrated here by a helical spring, one end of which is attached to square mass 43 and the other end of which is attached to square mass 45 ).
  • This second balance spring 46 thus connects the first ( 43 ) and second ( 45 ) inertia masses to couple said first ( 41 ) and second ( 42 ) resonators.
  • spring 46 plays a dual part here: it forms the second resonator 42 and couples the first and second resonators 41 and 42 .
  • This second embodiment may be considered a particular case of the first embodiment. Indeed, if the third spring 7 and the attachment thereof to a fixed point 74 is removed from the first embodiment shown in FIG. 2 , we are left with the equivalent diagram of FIG. 9 , which illustrates the second embodiment, and which will now be explained in detail with reference to FIGS. 10 to 13 .
  • FIGS. 10 to 13 illustrate a practical construction of the second embodiment of the invention.
  • the first and second inertia masses are respectively formed by first and second balances 43 and 45
  • the first and second springs are respectively first and second balance springs 44 and 46 .
  • the first balance 43 has a circular cage which encloses the second, higher frequency resonator 42 , said circular cage 43 forming the first, low frequency resonator 41 , with the first balance spring 44 .
  • the circular cage 43 forming the first balance is fitted with a first cheek 47 carrying a first trunnion 48 , which pivots in a bearing 49 secured to a plate 50 .
  • This first trunnion 48 carries a roller 51 and an impulse pin 52 , and the latter cooperates, for example, with pallets, which in turn cooperate with an escape wheel.
  • the circular cage 43 is also fitted with a second cheek 53 carrying a second trunnion 54 , which pivots in a bearing 55 , secured in a bridge 56 .
  • Bridge 56 is fitted with a balance spring stud 57 , to which the outer coil of the first balance spring 44 is fixed, the inner coil of said first balance spring 44 being fixed to an inner point of attachment 58 , secured to the second trunnion 54 .
  • the circular cage or balance 43 and the balance spring 44 form the first, low frequency resonator 41 , whose performance has to be improved.
  • FIG. 11 also shows that the second balance 45 and balance spring 46 forming the second resonator 42 —and which is enclosed in cage 43 —are carried by an arbour 59 that pivots at the first end thereof in a bearing 60 secured in the first cheek 47 of cage 43 and at the second end thereof in a bearing 61 secured in the second cheek 53 of the cage.
  • the outer and inner coils of the second balance spring 46 are respectively fixed to a balance spring stud 62 carried by the second cheek 53 of cage 43 and to an inner point of attachment 63 , secured to arbour 59 .
  • the first resonator 41 includes a balance or cage 43 with a larger diameter than that of balance 45 of the second resonator 42 , which indicates that the frequency of the first resonator is lower than the frequency of the second resonator, and the torque developed by each of the balance springs is also equal. It will thus be clear that the escape mechanism will be connected to the first resonator, which has to be enslaved by the second resonator to improve its resistance to interference.
  • low frequency resonator 1 bears the reference 41
  • m 1 being the balance or cage 43
  • k 1 being the constant of balance spring 44
  • higher frequency resonator 2 bears the reference 42
  • m 2 being balance 45
  • k c being the constant of balance spring 46
  • k c also being the balance spring that couples the two resonators.
  • FIG. 14 is a graph showing the evolution of the natural frequencies f 1 and f 2 of the coupled resonator system as a function of the constant k 1 of balance spring 44 forming first resonator 41 .
  • FIG. 15 is a graph showing the evolution of the stabilising factor—which was defined above with reference to the first embodiment—as a function of the constant k 1 of mainspring 44 affecting first resonator 41 .
  • Curve S m shows the stabilising effect resulting from coupling the first and second resonators 41 and 42 on interference that affects the inertia mass of the balance of the first, low frequency resonator 41 when the constant k 1 of balance spring 44 is varied. This effect is much more pronounced that the effect observed in relation to the first embodiment.
  • the curve S k shows the stabilising effect resulting from coupling the first and second resonators 41 and 42 on interference affecting the torque of the first balance spring 44 of first resonator 41 . It can be seen that for a value of 2 ⁇ N ⁇ m/rad for k 1 , the stabilising factor S is of the order of 2.5.
  • Both of the embodiments shown have demonstrated that the performance of a first, low frequency resonator, sprung balance resonator with a frequency of the order of 2 to 6 Hz, can be improved if it is coupled to a second, higher frequency, sprung balance resonator with a frequency of the order of 10 Hz.
  • the first, low frequency resonator is more sensitive to some interference due, for example, to being worn or to shocks, than the second, higher frequency resonator.
  • the first resonator easily cooperates with a usual escape system, whereas this is not the case of the second resonator. It is thus logical to couple the two resonators concerned in order to benefit both from the good adaptation of the first to the escape system and the high level of insensitivity of the second to the aforecited interference.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Unknown Time Intervals (AREA)
  • Springs (AREA)
  • Piezo-Electric Or Mechanical Vibrators, Or Delay Or Filter Circuits (AREA)
  • Gyroscopes (AREA)
  • Electric Clocks (AREA)
US12/497,136 2008-07-04 2009-07-02 Coupled resonators for a timepiece Active 2029-07-21 US7950846B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP08159759A EP2141555B1 (fr) 2008-07-04 2008-07-04 Résonateurs couplés pour pièce d'horlogerie
EP08159759 2008-07-04
EP08159759.3 2008-07-04

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US20100002548A1 US20100002548A1 (en) 2010-01-07
US7950846B2 true US7950846B2 (en) 2011-05-31

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EP (1) EP2141555B1 (ja)
JP (1) JP5302120B2 (ja)
KR (1) KR20100004896A (ja)
CN (1) CN101620406B (ja)
DE (1) DE602008006057D1 (ja)
HK (1) HK1140552A1 (ja)
TW (1) TW201017350A (ja)

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US20130070569A1 (en) * 2011-09-15 2013-03-21 The Swatch Group Research And Development Ltd. Oscillators synchronised by an intermittent escapement
US20140254331A1 (en) * 2009-09-07 2014-09-11 Manufacture Et Fabrique De Montres Et Chronometres , Ulysse Nardin Le Locie Sa Spiral spring
CN105467810A (zh) * 2014-09-26 2016-04-06 Eta瑞士钟表制造股份有限公司 等时近轴时计谐振器
US9354609B2 (en) * 2014-09-09 2016-05-31 The Swatch Group Research And Development Ltd Synchronization of timepiece resonators
US9465363B2 (en) * 2015-02-03 2016-10-11 Eta Sa Manufacture Horlogere Suisse Timepiece oscillator mechanism
US20170068216A1 (en) * 2014-09-09 2017-03-09 Eta Sa Manufacture Horlogere Suisse Method for synchronization of two timepiece oscillators with one gear train
US20180046141A1 (en) * 2016-08-15 2018-02-15 Rolex Sa Device for winding a timepiece movement
RU2687510C1 (ru) * 2017-07-26 2019-05-14 Эта Са Мануфактюр Орложэр Сюис Механический часовой механизм с поворотным резонатором, являющийся изохронным и не чувствительным к расположению
US11543775B2 (en) * 2017-02-13 2023-01-03 Patek Philippe Sa Geneve Drive member for a timepiece
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JP6111380B2 (ja) * 2014-09-09 2017-04-05 ザ・スウォッチ・グループ・リサーチ・アンド・ディベロップメント・リミテッド 等時性が改善された複合共振器
EP3147725B1 (fr) * 2015-09-28 2018-04-04 Nivarox-FAR S.A. Oscillateur a detente tournante
CH711928A2 (fr) * 2015-12-18 2017-06-30 Montres Breguet Sa Oscillateurs couplés d'horlogerie.
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CH712100A2 (fr) 2016-02-08 2017-08-15 Hepta Swiss Sa Mouvement d'horlogerie comportant deux balanciers.
DE102016122936B4 (de) * 2016-11-28 2018-11-08 Lange Uhren Gmbh Federhaus für eine Uhr
EP3336613B1 (fr) 2016-12-16 2020-03-11 Association Suisse pour la Recherche Horlogère Resonateur pour piece d'horlogerie comportant deux balanciers agences pour osciller dans un meme plan
EP3382468B1 (fr) * 2017-03-30 2020-01-15 The Swatch Group Research and Development Ltd Mouvement avec prolongateur de réserve de marche
EP3534222A1 (fr) * 2018-03-01 2019-09-04 Rolex Sa Procédé de réalisation d'un oscillateur thermo-compensé
EP3561609B1 (fr) 2018-04-23 2022-03-23 ETA SA Manufacture Horlogère Suisse Protection antichoc d'un mecanisme résonateur a guidage flexible rotatif
JP6558761B1 (ja) * 2018-06-19 2019-08-14 セイコーインスツル株式会社 脱進機、時計用ムーブメント及び時計
FR3094804B1 (fr) * 2019-04-02 2021-10-22 Vianney Halter « Dispositif de couplage de deux oscillateurs d’horlogerie »
EP3929667A1 (fr) * 2020-06-26 2021-12-29 ETA SA Manufacture Horlogère Suisse Système mobile tournant d'un mouvement horloger
EP4006649A1 (fr) * 2020-11-27 2022-06-01 ETA SA Manufacture Horlogère Suisse Dispositif de fixation de réglage d'ébat de balancier
EP4009113A1 (fr) * 2020-12-02 2022-06-08 The Swatch Group Research and Development Ltd Ensemble de guidages flexibles pour mécanisme résonateur rotatif, notamment d'un mouvement d horlogerie
WO2024175797A1 (fr) * 2023-02-24 2024-08-29 Rolex Sa Assemblage horloger et procédé de fabrication d'un assemblage horloger

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US20140254331A1 (en) * 2009-09-07 2014-09-11 Manufacture Et Fabrique De Montres Et Chronometres , Ulysse Nardin Le Locie Sa Spiral spring
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US20110096636A1 (en) * 2009-10-26 2011-04-28 Gilles Pellet Regulating organ comprising at least two balances
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US9958832B2 (en) * 2014-09-09 2018-05-01 Eta Sa Manufacture Horlogere Suisse Method for synchronization of two timepiece oscillators with one gear train
CN105467810A (zh) * 2014-09-26 2016-04-06 Eta瑞士钟表制造股份有限公司 等时近轴时计谐振器
CN105467810B (zh) * 2014-09-26 2017-11-28 Eta瑞士钟表制造股份有限公司 等时近轴时计谐振器
US9429916B2 (en) * 2014-09-26 2016-08-30 Eta Sa Manufacture Horlogere Suisse Isochronous paraxial timepiece resonator
US9465363B2 (en) * 2015-02-03 2016-10-11 Eta Sa Manufacture Horlogere Suisse Timepiece oscillator mechanism
US20180046141A1 (en) * 2016-08-15 2018-02-15 Rolex Sa Device for winding a timepiece movement
US11144011B2 (en) * 2016-08-15 2021-10-12 Rolex Sa Device for winding a timepiece movement
US11934149B2 (en) * 2016-12-01 2024-03-19 Lvmh Swiss Manufactures Sa Device for timepiece, timepiece movement and timepiece comprising such a device
US11543775B2 (en) * 2017-02-13 2023-01-03 Patek Philippe Sa Geneve Drive member for a timepiece
RU2687510C1 (ru) * 2017-07-26 2019-05-14 Эта Са Мануфактюр Орложэр Сюис Механический часовой механизм с поворотным резонатором, являющийся изохронным и не чувствительным к расположению

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US20100002548A1 (en) 2010-01-07
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JP2010014717A (ja) 2010-01-21
TW201017350A (en) 2010-05-01
CN101620406B (zh) 2012-04-18
JP5302120B2 (ja) 2013-10-02
EP2141555A1 (fr) 2010-01-06
EP2141555B1 (fr) 2011-04-06
KR20100004896A (ko) 2010-01-13

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