US7172752B2 - Combination particles for the treatment of asthma - Google Patents

Combination particles for the treatment of asthma Download PDF

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US7172752B2
US7172752B2 US10/398,381 US39838103A US7172752B2 US 7172752 B2 US7172752 B2 US 7172752B2 US 39838103 A US39838103 A US 39838103A US 7172752 B2 US7172752 B2 US 7172752B2
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particles
inhalation
glucocorticosteroid
agonist
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US20040052732A1 (en
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Wiwik Watanabe
Esko Kauppinen
Petri Ahonen
David Brown
Esa Muttonen
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Orion Oyj
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/007—Pulmonary tract; Aromatherapy
    • A61K9/0073—Sprays or powders for inhalation; Aerolised or nebulised preparations generated by other means than thermal energy
    • A61K9/0075—Sprays or powders for inhalation; Aerolised or nebulised preparations generated by other means than thermal energy for inhalation via a dry powder inhaler [DPI], e.g. comprising micronized drug mixed with lactose carrier particles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/57—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane or progesterone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A61P11/06—Antiasthmatics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A61P11/08—Bronchodilators
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to inhalation particles and inhalation compositions suitable for pulmonary drug delivery and to methods for the preparation thereof.
  • the present invention relates to inhalation particles incorporating a combination of two or more different active ingredients.
  • the inhalation particles of the invention are particularly useful in the treatment of asthma and other respiratory disorders.
  • Inhalation has become the primary route of administration in the treatment of asthma. This is because, besides providing direct access to the lungs, medication delivered through the respiratory tract provides rapid and predictable onset of action and requires lower dosages compared to the oral route.
  • Typical delivery systems for inhalable drugs are the pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI) comprising a suspension of fine drug particles in a propellant gas, and the dry powder inhaler (DPI) comprising fine drug particles as dry powder typically admixed with coarser excipient such as lactose.
  • asthma drugs can be classified into two classes, namely anti-inflammatory agents and bronchodilators.
  • Anti-inflammatory drugs do not relieve asthma symptoms once they occur, rather they are used to control the inflammation.
  • One of the drawbacks of anti-inflammatory drugs is that their onset of action is relatively slow. Therefore, patients often do not recognise any immediate therapeutic effects and tend to stop the medication. This could cause the inflammation uncontrollable.
  • bronchodilators are effective to relieve acute asthma symptoms. They have a potent bronchodilating activity and rapid onset of action.
  • a particularly advantageous group of anti-inflammatory agents is anti-inflammatory glucocorticosteroids, such as beclomethasone and budesonide.
  • a particularly advantageous group of bronchodilators is ⁇ 2 -agonists.
  • the short-acting inhaled ⁇ 2 -agonists e.g. salbutamol and terbutaline, are important for an immediate symptomatic asthma relieve, while long-acting ⁇ 2 -agonists, e.g. salmeterol, formoterol and procaterol, are important for the treatment of moderate and severe asthma
  • long-acting ⁇ 2 -agonists e.g. salmeterol, formoterol and procaterol
  • the short-acting nature of the drug requires more frequent drug administrations, which tend to cause patient compliance problem.
  • inhalation compositions comprising a combination of a bronchodilator agent and an anti-inflammatory glucocorticosteroid, have been proposed as described e.g. in patent publications EP 0416950, EP 0416951, WO 93/11773 and WO 98/15280.
  • Such combinations include salmeterol with beclomethasone dipropionate, salmeterol with fluticasone propionate, and formoterol with budesonide.
  • These patent publications disclose a method of mixing mechanically the two drug powders and optionally the carrier material in a certain proportion and placing the resulting inhalation powder into an inhaler device. When these combinations are used in dry powder inhalers, the consistency of drug proportion in each dose cannot be easily controlled.
  • the ratio of drugs in each dose significantly depends on the forces existing in each drug, between the drugs, between the drug and carrier material, and between the drug and the dry powder container of the inhaler device. It is well acknowledged that the current powder manufacturing methods, especially the conventional methods, produce dry powder that is highly charged and therefore very cohesive. Hence, it is not easy to maintain the ratio of the drugs in each dose constant. The inconsistency of the dose could cause serious problems especially when a very potent drug is delivered in a much higher amount than expected.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a composition that is better adapted than products of the prior art, for delivery of a drug combination into the lungs.
  • inhalation particles incorporating, in an individual particle, a combination of a ⁇ 2 -agonist and a glucocorticosteroid, in a predetermined and constant ratio, the particles being especially suitable to be administered by inhalation.
  • the mean mass aerodynamic diameter of the particles is typically between about 0.5–10 ⁇ m, more typically between about 1–5 ⁇ m.
  • the aerodynamic particle size distribution of said particles is typically between about 0.5–10 ⁇ m, more typically between about 1–5 ⁇ m.
  • the predetermined and constant molar ratio of the ⁇ 2 -agonist to the glucocorticosteroid in a particle of the invention may be from about 3:1 to about 1:3000, preferably from about 1:1 to about 1:1000. It has been found that particularly advantageous are particles, wherein the molar ratio of the ⁇ 2 -agonist to the glucocorticosteroid is from about 1:5 to about 1:100, especially from about 1:10 to about 1:60.
  • the particles provide more controlled delivery of the combination of a ⁇ 2 -agonist and a glucocorticosteroid by inhalation, since it is now possible to keep the ratio of the drugs in each dose constant.
  • the particles exhibit good dispersibility and stability.
  • the particles also have a narrow aerodynamic particle size distribution which is especially suitable for the preparation of compositions for dry powder inhalers. Moreover, their preparation by aerosol flow reactor method is simple and can be easily scaled-up to higher production rates.
  • the present invention provides an inhalation composition
  • an inhalation composition comprising particles incorporating, in an individual particle, a combination of a ⁇ 2 -agonist and a glucocorticosteroid.
  • the particles may be formulated into an inhalation composition together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable additives, diluents or carriers.
  • the composition is provided in the form of dry inhalation powder
  • the present invention provides a method for preparing particles incorporating a combination of a ⁇ 2 -agonist and a glucocorticosteroid, comprising the steps of:
  • liquid feed stock comprising a ⁇ 2 -agonist and a glucocorticosteroid in a predetermined ratio
  • FIGS. 1 a , 1 b and 1 c are schematic diagrams showing parts of the apparatus used in the method of the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the electrostatic precipitator.
  • FIGS. 3 a and 3 b show the normalised and cumulative mass size distribution of the drug combination particles of the invention.
  • FIG. 4 shows the XRD pattern of the combination powder of the invention.
  • FIG. 5 shows moisture absorption profile of the combination powder of the invention when exposed in different humidity levels.
  • FIG. 6 depicts a scanning electron microscopy image of the combination powder of the invention.
  • ⁇ 2 -agonists include salbutamol, formoterol, formoterol, procaterol, salmeterol, clenbuterol and the like and their salts and hydrates.
  • anti-inflammatory glucocorticosteroids include beclomethasone, budesonide, fluticasone, mometasone, betamethasone, triamcinolone, flunisonide and the like and their salts and hydrates.
  • Typical combinations include formoterol fumarate with beclomethasone dipropionate, salbutamol with beclomethasone dipropionate, formoterol fumarate with budesonide, salmeterol with fluticasone propionate, and salmeterol with beclomethasone dipropionate.
  • the molar ratio of the ⁇ 2 -agonist to the glucocorticosteroid in a particle of the invention may be selected from a broad range. For example, it may be from about 3:1 to about 1:3000, preferably from about 1:1 to about 1:1000. It has been found that particularly advantageous are particles, wherein the molar ratio of the ⁇ 2 -agonist to the glucocorticosteroid is from about 1:5 to about 1:100, especially from about 1:10 to about 1:60.
  • the mean mass aerodynamic diameter of the particles is generally between about 0.5–10 ⁇ m, preferably between about 1–5 ⁇ m Particularly it is preferred that more than 98% of the mass is in particles having a diameter of 5 ⁇ m or less, and less than about 5% of the mass being in particles having a diameter of 0.5 ⁇ m or less. It is particularly preferred that the aerodynamic particle size distribution of said particles is between about 0.5–10 ⁇ m, more preferably between about 1–5 ⁇ m.
  • the particles are in crystaline form, since this reduces the tendency of moisture adsorption and increases the stability. It is especially preferred, that the relative degree of crystallinity of an active ingredient is 90% or higher, more preferably 95% or higher, most preferably 99% or higher.
  • the inhalation particles are essentially spherical in form.
  • the spherical form reduces the contact areas between particles and thereby improves aerosolization and deagglomeration of the particles upon inhalation.
  • the surface of the spherical particles is preferably rough. Rough surface is advantageous since it increases the effective separation distance of the particles, and thus improves aerosolization and deagglomeration properties of the particles.
  • additives known in the art may be additionally incorporated in the particles together with the active ingredients.
  • Such additives include e.g. diluents, carriers and stabilizers and the like.
  • suitable solid diluents or carriers comprise lactose, dextran, mannitol and glucose, lactose being preferred.
  • additives incorporated in the particle are preferably in the crystalline form.
  • the active ingredients constitute at least 90 w-%, preferably at least 95 w-%, more preferably at least 99 w-%, of the total weight of particles. Most preferably the particles are free from other material than the active ingredients.
  • the particles of the invention may be formulated into an inhalation composition together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable additives, diluents or carriers.
  • suitable solid diluents or carriers comprise lactose, dextran, mannitol and glucose, lactose being preferred.
  • aerosol carriers include non-chlorofluorocarbon-based carriers such as HFA (hydrofluoroalkane).
  • HFA hydrofluoroalkane
  • Typical additives include solubilizers, stabilizers, flavouring agents, colorizing agents and preserving agents.
  • the particles of the invention are preferably administered in the form of a dry powder composition.
  • the particles can be used for pulmonary drug delivery by inhalation as such, e.g. they can be filled directly into capsules, cartridges, blister packs or reservoirs of dry powder inhalers. However, if desired the particles may be adapted to form loose agglomerates of several individual particles, said agglomerates breaking into individual particles upon dispersion into the inhaled air stream.
  • the particles may also be combined with pharmaceutically acceptable carrier materials or excipients typically used in dry inhalation powders. Such carriers may be used simply as bulking agents or to improve the dispersibility of the powder.
  • the particles may be used in admixture with carrier particles, e.g.
  • lactose having larger particle size than the active ingredients, typically in the range of 5 to 100 ⁇ m.
  • the total amount of the active ingredients is typically about 0.1–50% (w/w), preferably about 1–10% (w/w), based on total weight of the composition.
  • Such compositions can be prepared by methods known in the art.
  • the particles of the invention can be also administered in the form of pressurized metered dose inhalation suspension, where the particles are suspended in pressurized aerosol carrier and delivered using pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI).
  • pMDI pressurized metered dose inhaler
  • the particles of the present invention are preferably prepared by using an aerosol flow reactor method (aerosol synthesis method). It is a one-step continuous process, which can directly produce desirable particle size range.
  • aerosol synthesis method aerosol synthesis method
  • the method has been used to produce various materials, e.g. ceramic powder (U.S. Pat. No. 5,061,682) or zirconia powder (U.S. Pat. No. 4,999,182), at high operation temperatures.
  • the method has not been used to produce pharmaceutical materials, which requires a significantly lower-temperature operation (less than 300° C.).
  • the aerosol flow reactor method comprises generally the following steps: (a) providing liquid feed stock comprising a ⁇ 2 -agonist and a glucocorticosteroid in a predetermined ratio, (b) atomising said liquid feed stock to create droplets, (c) suspending said droplets in a carrier gas, (d) passing said carrier gas and droplets suspended therein through a heated tube flow reactor under predetermined residence time and temperature history, and (e) collecting the particles produced.
  • the above method differs significantly from the conventional spray-drying process.
  • spray-drying hot gas is used as a source of heat to evaporate the solvent.
  • the spray-drying chamber is only used as a place for the heat transfer to occur, the chamber itself is not heated.
  • the temperature of the gas is changing across the chamber as heat transfer occurs between the cold feed and the hot gas.
  • the evaporation is so rapid that it is not easy to properly control the temperature history and the residence time of each droplet and product particle.
  • the crystallization can not be easily controlled either, and therefore the particles formed are commonly amorphous.
  • the droplets are already suspended in the carrier gas before they are fed into the tubular flow reactor, which is placed in an oven set at a constant temperature.
  • the carrier gas flows evenly in the tubular reactor with a constant rate, uniform temperature field and non-circulating flow. Therefore, the temperature history and the residence time of each droplet and product particle can be properly controlled and excellent uniformity of the particles can be ensured. Accordingly, the method provides better control of the droplet size distribution, and thus the particle size distribution such that particles with optimal aerodynamic particle size distribution typically between about 1–5 ⁇ m can be obtained.
  • the method allows essentially complete crystallization of the particles.
  • the method is able to produce consistent and controlled particle properties, including particle size and size distribution, shape, crystallinity, polymorphic phase, surface roughness and chemical purity.
  • the liquid feed stock of step (a) may be prepared by mixing each active ingredient with a suitable liquid solution, e.g. solvent
  • a suitable liquid solution e.g. solvent
  • the two liquid feed stocks are then mixed to form a solution, suspension, dispersion, gel, emulsion, slurry or the like, and is preferably homogenous to ensure uniform distribution of the components in the mixture. It is also possible to mix the active ingredients directly in one liquid feed stock.
  • the liquid feed stock in the form of a solution is preferred.
  • solvents may be employed in the preparation of the liquid feed stock, including but not limited to, water, hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, alchohols, ketones and the like.
  • suitable solvents include water, hexane, perfluorohexane, ethanol, methanol, acetone, chloroform, methylene chloride and combinations thereof.
  • the active ingredients should be sufficiently soluble in the solvent of the solution so as to obtain, from the atomized droplets of the liquid feed stock, uniform particles with the desired particle size, size distribution and drug ratio.
  • the total solids dissolved may be present in wide range of concentrations, typically from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight, for example from about 1% to about 5% by weight.
  • a liquid feed stock containing relatively low concentration of solids results in particles having relatively small diameter.
  • the finding of suitable liquid feed stock concentrations for each active agents/solvent combinations is considered to be a routine to one skilled in the art.
  • the liquid feed stock concentration is firstly chosen at its maximum solubility so as to obtain the largest particle size with the atomizer and atomizer conditions used. From the results, the liquid feed stock concentration required to obtain the desired particle size range with the atomizer and the atomizer conditions used can be approximated.
  • the liquid feed stock is atomized to create droplets in a suitable atomizer, which are well known in the art, such as a spray nozzle (e.g. a two fluid nozzle), an ultrasonic or air assisted nebuliser or a spinning disc, an ultrasonic nebulizer being preferred.
  • a spray nozzle e.g. a two fluid nozzle
  • an ultrasonic or air assisted nebuliser or a spinning disc
  • an ultrasonic nebulizer being preferred.
  • the devices used in this process include ultrasonic generators sold under trademarks Omron NE-U12 and RBI Pyrosol 7901. While there are no special restrictions placed on the atomisers used in the process, it is recommended to use an atomiser, which can produce uniform droplets of constant composition and in a specific size range.
  • Such devices are suitable to produce dry powders of controlled composition and with particle size range suitable for dry powder inhalation.
  • the droplets of the liquid feed stock are suspended in a carrier gas before passing through a heated tube flow reactor.
  • the carrier gas must be inert with respect to the drug molecules and the solvent. It is recommended to use nitrogen gas or other inert gases.
  • the temperature of the carrier gas is typically ambient. To maintain a uniform solution concentration in the droplets in the suspending phase, it is preferred to bubble the carrier gas through a bottle containing the same solvent as the liquid feed stock before entering the atomizer.
  • the temperature history and residence time of each droplet and product particle can be better controlled than in the conventional spray-drying method. Therefore, excellent uniformity of the resulted particles and narrow particle size distribution can be ensured.
  • the droplets suspended in the carrier gas are passed through a tubular flow reactor, which is maintained at a constant temperature.
  • the temperature and the flow rate of the carrier gas are adjusted to evaporate the solvent and to allow the crystallisation process to complete.
  • the particles formed are then collected using an electrostatic precipitator, a cyclone, a planar filter (e.g. nylon) or other particle collecting devices.
  • the aerosol flow reactor conditions are selected such that crystalline spherical particles of homogeneous constituents having a narrow particle size distribution and rough surfaces are formed.
  • Suitable mean mass aerodynamic diameter of the particles is between 0.5–10 ⁇ m, preferably between 1–5 ⁇ m.
  • the aerodynamic particle size distribution between about 0.5–10 ⁇ m, especially between about 1–5 ⁇ m, is preferred.
  • the particles obtained from the heated tube flow reactor are in a crystalline form. It is especially preferred, that the relative degree of crystallinity of an active ingredient is 90% or higher, more preferably 95% or higher, most preferably 99% or higher.
  • the aerosol flow reactor conditions are selected such that all active ingredients in the particle are in a crystalline form.
  • the relative degree of crystallinity can be determined based on the x-ray powder diffraction patterns. The value of the relative degree of crystallinity can be estimated by a known method of broadening of the diffraction maxima (FWHM-values).
  • the aerosol flow reactor method generally produces particles which are essentially spherical, i.e. the spherical form is consistent and apparent when examined under the scanning electron microscope.
  • the surface of the obtained spherical particles is generally rough, i.e. the roughness is consistent over the entire surface of the particle and apparent when examined under the scanning electron microscope and the ratio of the maximum and minimum diameter of the particle is generally between 1.001–1.5, preferably between 1.002–1.2, more preferably between 1.01–1.1.
  • additives known in the art may be additionally incorporated in the particles together with the active ingredients.
  • additives include e.g. diluents, carriers and stabilizers and the like.
  • the additives are included in the liquid feed stock of the process together with the active ingredients.
  • the active ingredients constitute at least 90 w-%, preferably at least 95 w-%, more preferably at least 99 w-%, of the total weight of particles. Most preferably the particles are free from other material than the active ingredients.
  • the particle size may be controlled to any expected particle size ranges by selection of the atomizer and concentration of the liquid feed stock It is also possible to employ a droplet size modification apparatus (e.g. impactor or virtual impactor, or using size selective collection of particles, e.g. a cyclone) upstream and/or downstream of the flow reactor. Normally, however, this is not needed.
  • a droplet size modification apparatus e.g. impactor or virtual impactor, or using size selective collection of particles, e.g. a cyclone
  • the reactor tube is preferably placed inside an oven to maintain a uniform reactor wall temperature during the process.
  • the oven can be of any kind, which has sufficient temperature control (i.e. ⁇ 1° C. or less) at low temperatures (less than 300° C.). The temperature of the oven is set such that the materials being processed do not decompose.
  • the selected oven temperature is within the range of about 30 to 300° C., more typically between about 70 to 200° C.
  • the range of oven temperature used for the combination particle production may vary between 30 to 110° C., preferably between 70 to 100° C.
  • the particle collection system and the line from the flow reactor outlet to the particle collection system are preferably heated to a temperature above the boiling point of the solution to prevent the recondensation process to occur.
  • the temperature should not be too high so as to cause material degradation.
  • the temperature of the collection system and the line may be kept constant at a temperature between 80 to 100° C., preferably between 80 and 90° C.
  • dry carrier gas may be flown to the particle collection system. The carrier gas is preferably heated at a temperature between 80 to 90° C.
  • the particles obtained incorporate, in an individual particle, a combination of a ⁇ 2 -agonist and a glucocorticosteroid.
  • An individual particle means here an unagglomerated particle.
  • Such individual (unagglomerated) particles are well suited for pulmonary drug delivery by inhalation as such, or they may be mixed with suitable carrier materials.
  • compositions produced according to the present invention fulfill the strict specification for content and purity required for pharmaceutical products.
  • Beclomethasone dipropionate is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticosteroid, which is practically insoluble in water, freely soluble in acetone and in chloroform, and sparingly soluble in alcohol.
  • the solvent could be acetone, chloroform, methanol, ethanol, or other alcohols.
  • ethanol was used as a solvent, not only because ethanol is cheap and readily available but it is also recommended for use in production of pharmaceutical agents because it is non-toxic.
  • the beclomethasone dipropionate liquid feed stock was prepared by dissolving 1 gram of beclomethasone dipropionate powder in 40 ml of ethanol (99.5%) at room temperature.
  • Formoterol fumarate is a ⁇ 2 -agonist bronchodilator, which is freely soluble in glacial acetic acid, soluble in methanol, sparingly soluble in ethanol.
  • the solvent could be glacial acetic acid, methanol or ethanol.
  • ethanol was used as a solvent, not only because ethanol is cheap and readily available but it is also harmless and recommended for use in production of pharmaceuticals.
  • the formoterol karate liquid feed stock was prepared by dissolving 1 gram of formoterol fumarate powder in 613 ml of ethanol (99.5%) at room temperature.
  • the two liquid feed stocks were then mixed in such a way that the ratio between beclomethasone dipropionate and formoterol fumarate in the mixture is 200:6 (weight basis), which was considered to be a suitable drug ratio the treatment of asthma.
  • FIG. 1 a shows the experimental set-up of the particle synthesis
  • FIG. 1 b and 1 c show optional configurations used for particle analysis.
  • the liquid feed stock described above was atomised using an ultrasonic atomizer ( 2 ), sold under trademark RBI Pyrosol 7901.
  • the resulted droplets, which were suspended into a carrier gas, were then passed through a heated tube flow reactor ( 4 ).
  • Nitrogen gas was used as a carrier gas, with a constant flow rate of 1.5 l/min.
  • the carrier gas was bubbled through ethanol in a saturation bottle ( 1 ) before entering the atomizer.
  • a vertical tube which was inserted into an oven ( 3 ), was used to dry up the droplets.
  • the oven used was a WTB Binder EDIFED 400, which has temperature variations of ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2° C. for temperature at 70 and 110° C., respectively.
  • the tube was made of stainless steel, with an inner diameter and a heated length of 30 and 800 mm, respectively.
  • the oven temperature was set at 100° C.
  • the minimum particle residence time in the heated zone under the selected process conditions was approximately 12 seconds. From the CFD calculation, it is shown that temperature field is uniform and the velocity is fully developed and non-circulating in the heated zone.
  • FIG. 2 shows the schematic diagram of ESP having inlet ( 16 ) and exit for exhaust gas ( 19 ).
  • the ESP was made of a tubular stainless steel collection plate ( 20 ) with inside diameter and length of 10 and 50 cm, respectively.
  • a 0.05 mm diameter tungsten wire was placed on the center axis of the collection plate and a high voltage ( 18 ) of 16 kV was applied between the wire and the plate.
  • the high electric field formed a corona discharge ( 17 ) on the wire and charged the gas molecules.
  • the gas ions were then formed. These ions migrated across the space between the wire and the plate under the influence of the applied electric field. During the migration, the ions collided with the aerosol particles, which thus acquired charge. The charged particles then migrated toward the grounded surface electrode. When the particles struck the grounded plate, they lost their charges and adhered to the plate surface via surface forces. Therefore, the particles collected were not charged. Dry nitrogen gas with a flow rate of 22.5 l/min was flowed into the ESP and temperature in the ESP and in the line from tubular tube outlet to the ESP were maintained at a constant temperature of 85° C., to avoid condensation of organic vapours and moisture to occur.
  • Condensation particle counter (CPC) model 3022 shown as ( 8 ) in FIG. 1 a , was used to determine efficiency of the ESP. Particles collected were then removed from the plate surface of ESP by scraping, and then placed in a tight glass bottle to avoid moisture penetration or other contamination.
  • CPC Condensation particle counter
  • the particle size distribution was measured by an electrical low pressure impactor ( 12 ) (ELPI) connected to a vacuum ( 13 ).
  • ELPI electrical low pressure impactor
  • the particles exiting the tubular tube were passed into a diluter ( 10 ), with a dilution ratio of 1:10, before entering the ELPI.
  • Exhaust gas exit ( 11 ) was arranged in the diluter.
  • the diluter, the line to the diluter and the gas line into the diluter were layered with heating elements, which were kept at a temperature higher than that of the solution dew point.
  • 3 a and 3 b show normalised and cumulative mass size distributions of beclomethasone dipropionate/formoterol fumarate particles, respectively, measured gravimetrically. It is shown that a narrow size distribution within the range of aerodynamic particle size of interest, i.e. at around 1–5 ⁇ m, was obtained.
  • Crystallinity of the sample was studied by X-ray powder diffraction (Diffractometer D500, Siemens GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany).
  • a copper target X-ray (wavelength 0.1541 nm) tube was operated with the power of 40 kV ⁇ 40 mA.
  • the relative degree crystallinity of the powder was also determined based on the x-ray powder diffraction patterns shown in FIG. 4 , wherein “A” means typical beclomethasone dipropionate, “B” means typical formoterol fumarate and “C” means the (200:6) combination of beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) and formoterol fumarate. It is noticed that the diffraction pattern of the combination of beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) and formoterol fumarate resembles very much to the diffraction pattern of pure BDP. Hence, formoterol fumarate may be partly or totally in amorphous state.
  • the ratio of BDP to formoterol fumarate in the powder is 200:6 (formoterol fumarate is about 2.9% w/w).
  • formoterol fumarate in the powder may be in amorphous state.
  • the stability tests were carried out by observing moisture adsorption profiles of the powder when exposed to different relative humidity levels. From FIG. 5 , it can be seen that the combination powder of the invention is stable when exposed to different humidity levels, with a maximum weight increase of 0.02% when exposed to 80% relative humidity level for24 h.
  • FIG. 1 c individual particles were collected on the surface of a holey carbon film TEM grid ( 14 ) connected to a vacuum ( 15 ) after particle collection.
  • the morphology of the particles were then imaged using a field emission low voltage scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) operated at 2 kV acceleration voltage.
  • FIG. 6 is a scanning electron microscope image of the powder (magnification ⁇ 27000). It is shown that the particles are spherical with rough surfaces and diameter of about 2–3 ⁇ m
  • the product purity was analysed using Hewlett_Packard HP 1090 Liquid Chromatograph equipped with diode array detector.
  • the column used is Hewlett-Packard Hypersil ODS, 5 ⁇ m, 100 ⁇ 2.1 mm.
  • the powder was dissolved into 25 ml of a mixture of water-methanol (25:75). The sample was then analysed using the high performance liquid chromatograph with diode array detector (wavelengths 200 nm and 214 nm), and the quantitative analyses were carried out using external standard method with four standard concentrations. Eluents used were 0.01M ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH 3 is added to obtain pH 8) (solvent A) and acetonitrile (solvent B) with gradient elution of 40% B for 2 minutes followed by 100% B in 5 minutes. The flow rate and injection volume used were 0.4 ml/min and 5 ⁇ l, respectively, and the oven temperature was set to 40° C.
  • Example 1 and part of lactose is added into a blender.
  • the powder mixture is mixed until it is homogenous.
  • the mixture is sieved to reduce the number of particle clusters present. Thereafter the rest of lactose is added and the powder is again mixed until it is homogenous.
  • Powder is poured into a supply chamber of the multi-dose powder inhaler Easyhaler (Orion Corporation trademark) for a supply of 200 doses.

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US20080254127A1 (en) * 2000-10-06 2008-10-16 Orion Corporation Inhalation particles incorporating a combination of two or more active ingredients
US20100119609A1 (en) * 2006-10-17 2010-05-13 John Daniel Dobak Methods, compositions, and formulations for the treatment of thyroid eye disease
US20110130373A1 (en) * 2009-05-27 2011-06-02 Lithera, Inc. Methods for administration and formulations for the treatment of regional adipose tissue
US20110224176A1 (en) * 2010-01-15 2011-09-15 Lithera, Inc. Lyophilized Cake Formulations
WO2012041031A1 (zh) 2010-09-28 2012-04-05 健乔信元医药生技股份有限公司 一种用于哮喘的吸入性复方组合物
WO2012049444A1 (en) 2010-10-12 2012-04-19 Cipla Limited Pharmaceutical composition
US8420625B2 (en) 2005-07-14 2013-04-16 Lithera, Inc Lipolytic methods for regional adiposity
WO2013153349A2 (en) 2012-04-11 2013-10-17 Cipla Limited Pharmaceutical composition
US9050267B2 (en) 2011-02-04 2015-06-09 Novartis Ag Dry powder formulations of particles that contain two or more active ingredients for treating obstructive or inflammatory airways diseases
US9597531B2 (en) 2010-11-24 2017-03-21 Neothetics, Inc. Selective, lipophilic, and long-acting beta agonist monotherapeutic formulations and methods for the cosmetic treatment of adiposity and contour bulging

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AU2006269961B2 (en) * 2005-07-15 2012-07-19 Map Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Multiple active pharmaceutical ingredients combined in discrete inhalation particles and formulations thereof
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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20080254127A1 (en) * 2000-10-06 2008-10-16 Orion Corporation Inhalation particles incorporating a combination of two or more active ingredients
US9198885B2 (en) 2005-07-14 2015-12-01 Neothetics, Inc. Lipolytic methods for regional adiposity comprising salmeterol or formoterol
US9452147B2 (en) 2005-07-14 2016-09-27 Neothetics, Inc. Lipolytic methods
US8420625B2 (en) 2005-07-14 2013-04-16 Lithera, Inc Lipolytic methods for regional adiposity
US9707192B2 (en) 2005-07-14 2017-07-18 Neothetics, Inc. Lipolytic methods
US9370498B2 (en) 2005-07-14 2016-06-21 Neothetics, Inc. Methods of using lipolytic formulations for regional adipose tissue treatment
US20100137267A1 (en) * 2006-10-17 2010-06-03 John Daniel Dobak Formulations for treatment of adipose tissue, cutaneous tissue and disorders, and muscular tissue
US20100119609A1 (en) * 2006-10-17 2010-05-13 John Daniel Dobak Methods, compositions, and formulations for the treatment of thyroid eye disease
US9452132B2 (en) 2009-05-27 2016-09-27 Neothetics, Inc. Methods for administration and formulations for the treatment of regional adipose tissue
US9132084B2 (en) 2009-05-27 2015-09-15 Neothetics, Inc. Methods for administration and formulations for the treatment of regional adipose tissue
US8404750B2 (en) 2009-05-27 2013-03-26 Lithera, Inc. Methods for administration and formulations for the treatment of regional adipose tissue
US20110130373A1 (en) * 2009-05-27 2011-06-02 Lithera, Inc. Methods for administration and formulations for the treatment of regional adipose tissue
US20110224176A1 (en) * 2010-01-15 2011-09-15 Lithera, Inc. Lyophilized Cake Formulations
WO2012041031A1 (zh) 2010-09-28 2012-04-05 健乔信元医药生技股份有限公司 一种用于哮喘的吸入性复方组合物
WO2012049444A1 (en) 2010-10-12 2012-04-19 Cipla Limited Pharmaceutical composition
US9597531B2 (en) 2010-11-24 2017-03-21 Neothetics, Inc. Selective, lipophilic, and long-acting beta agonist monotherapeutic formulations and methods for the cosmetic treatment of adiposity and contour bulging
US9050267B2 (en) 2011-02-04 2015-06-09 Novartis Ag Dry powder formulations of particles that contain two or more active ingredients for treating obstructive or inflammatory airways diseases
US9402854B2 (en) 2012-04-11 2016-08-02 Cipla Limited Pharmaceutical composition
WO2013153349A2 (en) 2012-04-11 2013-10-17 Cipla Limited Pharmaceutical composition

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AU2001293900A1 (en) 2002-04-15
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DE60107863D1 (de) 2005-01-20
DE60107863T2 (de) 2005-12-15
WO2002028378A1 (en) 2002-04-11
EP1322301A1 (en) 2003-07-02
EP1322301B1 (en) 2004-12-15
US20040052732A1 (en) 2004-03-18
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JP4768212B2 (ja) 2011-09-07
JP2004510732A (ja) 2004-04-08

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