US7112667B1 - Sequences of an Ih ion channel and use thereof - Google Patents

Sequences of an Ih ion channel and use thereof Download PDF

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US7112667B1
US7112667B1 US09/640,582 US64058200A US7112667B1 US 7112667 B1 US7112667 B1 US 7112667B1 US 64058200 A US64058200 A US 64058200A US 7112667 B1 US7112667 B1 US 7112667B1
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channel
spih
sequence
voltage
dna
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Arnd Baumann
Wolfgang Bönigk
Renate Gauss
Alexander Scholten
Reinhard Seifert
Benjamin Kaupp
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Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/43504—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from invertebrates
    • C07K14/43563—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from invertebrates from insects
    • C07K14/43577—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from invertebrates from insects from flies
    • C07K14/43581—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from invertebrates from insects from flies from Drosophila
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/04—Centrally acting analgesics, e.g. opioids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/20—Hypnotics; Sedatives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/43504—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from invertebrates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K48/00—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a nucleic acid, preferably a DNA, comprising at least part of the sequence of an I h ion channel.
  • Said sequence may e.g. be derived from a human DNA, a rat DNA, a bovine DNA, a Drosophila melanogaster DNA or a sea urchin DNA.
  • the present invention relates to an mRNA molecule which contains the corresponding sequences.
  • the invention further relates to a polypeptide or protein comprising the corresponding derived amino acid sequence.
  • the invention relates to the use of one or more of the above-mentioned sequences in a screening and/or diagnosing method and to the kits required therefor.
  • the invention relates to the use of one or more of the above-mentioned sequences for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of cardiovascular disorders and sleep disturbances.
  • the many different functions of the nerve system are substantially determined by finely adjusted interactions between the intrinsic characteristics of the neurons and the synaptic connections.
  • the electrophysiological characteristics inherent to the neurons and synapses are, in turn, determined by the localization and density of the voltage- and ligand-controlled ion channels which regulate the flow of ion currents across the neuronal plasma membrane and which are controlled by a great number of transmitter substances and intracellular messenger systems (Hille, 1992).
  • neurons have a great repertory of ion channels, including the classic channels that produce voltage-dependent sodium (Na + ) and potassium (K + ) currents during an action potential (Hodgkin and Huxley, 1952) and also a number of unusual ion conductances (Unas, 1988).
  • the current in the photoreceptors was designated as I h because it is activated by hyperpolarization.
  • I h The current in the photoreceptors was designated as I h because it is activated by hyperpolarization.
  • a similar ion current was discovered in the heart, in the pacemaker cells of the sinus node and in the Purkinje fibers of the mammalian heart (Brown and Di Francesco, 1980; Brown et al., 1979; Di Francesco, 1981 a; Di Francesco, 1981b; Yanagihara and Irisawa, 1980), and it became clear that the slow inward current is accompanied by sodium and potassium ions.
  • This current was called “funny” current (I f ) to emphasize its unusual behavior, i.e., the fact that an inward current is concerned which is activated by hyperpolarization and, oddly enough, was similar to the previously described K + conductance I K2 . There is a growing interest in said current because it participates, for instance, in the generation and control of spontaneous activity of the heart.
  • I h channels are important targets for neurotransmitters and messenger systems, which emphasizes their important physiological role in the control of cellular electrical activities.
  • I h significantly contributes to the rest potential, limits an excessive hyperpolarization, determines the form of action patterns (firing patterns) and takes part in the generation of rhythmic oscillations of the membrane potential.
  • I h currents have a few special characteristics that distinguish the same from other voltage-controlled ion channels. Like voltage-controlled Na + , Ca 2+ and specific K + currents, they have a steep voltage-dependence curve and activate with a sigmoidal time course; they are however activated by hyperpolarization and deactivate by sigmoidal kinetics.
  • the activation in negative potentials and the blockage by Cs + ions reminds of inwardly rectifying K + channels.
  • K + channel family many characteristics of I h clearly differ from that K + channel family: The activation kinetics is slower, the activation range is more positive and is independent of the extracellular K + concentration, conductance is substantially resistant to extracellular Ba 2+ ions and the I h channels are permeable not only to K + ions, but also to Na + ions.
  • the I h channels are very selective for Na + and K + ions and have a steep voltage-dependent control.
  • the pacemaker activity in the heart is due to specialized myocytes that are located in specific regions of the heart (sinus venosus) and are characterized by their ability to beat spontaneously even if separated from the rest of the cardiac muscle.
  • the spontaneous activity follows from a typical phase of their action potential, the slow diastolic depolarization.
  • the membrane depolarizes again at a slow pace after termination of the action potential until the threshold value for the generation of a new action potential is reached.
  • the diastolic depolarization is responsible for the initiation of the rhythmic behavior and characterizes action potentials of the sinus node and other spontaneously active cardiocytes.
  • the diastolic (or pacemaker) depolarization takes part in the control of the heartbeat frequency by autonomous neurotransmitters. It is known that the stimulation of the sympathic and parasympathic nerve system leads to an acceleration and deceleration of the heartbeat.
  • the I h current of the sinus node is an unspecific cation current, normally accompanied by Na + and K + , which after hyperpolarization slowly activates in a voltage range encompassing that of the diastolic depolarization.
  • the I h features are well suited for producing a depolarization process as a reaction to a hyperpolarization in a voltage range in which the I h channel is activated.
  • I h ion channels So far, however, it has not been possible to identify sequences of genes coding for I h ion channels. Furthermore, channel protein has so far not been available in a sufficient amount for characterizing the same biochemically. Finally, the pharmacological characterization of I h channels has so far been extremely difficult because the I h currents were identified on whole cells, which additionally exhibit K + - and Na + -selective conductivities, and were experimentally isolated from the other currents.
  • I h ion channel is here to stand for those ion channels that (1) open by hyperpolarization and are closed at more positive voltage values (V m ⁇ 10 mV); (2) whose activation and deactivation take place with a relatively slow sigmoidal time course; (3) conduct not only K + ions, but also Na + ions; (4) are almost entirely blocked by 0.1–3 mM extracellular Cs + and (5) are directly modulated by cyclic nucleotides, in particular cyclo AMP and cyclo GMP.
  • “Stringent conditions” means hybridization with 0.1–5 ⁇ SSC, preferably 1–2 ⁇ SSC, at 60–70° C., preferably 65° C.
  • “Conditions of low stringency” means hybridization at 0.1–5 ⁇ SSC, preferably 1–2 ⁇ SSC at 50–60° C., preferably at 55° C.
  • Parts of the I h ion channel means a section of the protein sequence suited as antigenic determinant, for example, a section of at least 6 amino acids. Sections that occur in the form of domains, such as the sections S1, S2, etc. as indicated in FIG. 1A , are also regarded as parts. This encompasses sections of the ion channel that derive from the DNA sequences indicated in SEQ ID NO 1 to 15 using the IUPAC code, namely by way of amino acid exchanges, deletions and additions, while maintaining the biological function.
  • Part thereof in connection with the nucleic acid means a fragment having a length of at least 6 nucleotides, preferably 12 nucleotides, particularly preferably a length of 18 nucleotides.
  • the part is suited for hybridizing via oligonucleotide hybridization specifically (selectively) with the corresponding total sequence.
  • a “part” of the nucleic acid is a section from the sequences according to SEQ ID NO 1 to 15 that is suited for selectively hybridizing with one of the said sequences.
  • “Selectively” means that under suitable hybridization conditions a nucleic acid only hybridizes with one nucleic acid as is indicated by one of the sequences according to SEQ ID NO 1 to 15, whereas it does not hybridize with another nucleic acid of the respective host organism with which it is normally associated.
  • “Homology” as is here used is calculated as follows: The amino acids are counted in the sequences or sequence sections to be compared that are either identical or similar at the respective position. This number is divided by the total number of the amino acid residues and multiplied by 100. This yields a percentage of the sequence similarity or homology. This is illustrated by the sample given below:
  • An exchange of similar amino acids is also designated as a conservative exchange (cf. Dayhoff et al., 1978).
  • nucleic acid molecules also can be characterized in terms of “percentage of sequence identity.”
  • a given nucleic acid molecule as described above can be compared to a nucleic acid molecule encoding a corresponding gene (i.e., the reference sequence) by optimally aligning the nucleic acid sequences over a comparison window, wherein the portion of the polynucleotide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) as compared to the reference sequence, which does not comprise additions or deletions, for optimal alignment of the two sequences.
  • the percentage of sequence identity is calculated by determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base occurs in both sequences, i.e., the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison, and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity.
  • Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison may be conducted by computerized implementations of known algorithms (e.g., GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group (GCG), 575 Science Dr., Madison, Wis., or BlastN and BlastX available from the National Center for Biotechnology Information, Bethesda, Md.), or by inspection. Sequences are typically compared using BESTFIT or BlastN with default parameters.
  • “Substantial sequence identity” means that at least 75%, preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 95% of the sequence of a given nucleic acid molecule is identical to a given reference sequence.
  • two polypeptides are considered to be substantially similar if at least 40%, preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 95% of the amino acids of which the polypeptides are comprised are identical to or represent conservative substitutions of the amino acids of a given reference sequence.
  • polynucleotide sequences can be substantially different at the nucleic acid level, yet encode substantially similar, if not identical, amino acid sequences, due to the degeneracy of the genetic code.
  • the present invention is intended to encompass such polynucleotide sequences.
  • nucleic acid which comprises at least a part of the sequence of an I h ion channel.
  • the nucleic acid complementary thereto is also regarded as an inventive embodiment.
  • Said nucleic acid may preferably be derived from a human DNA and is then in particular characterized by the sequences according to SEQ ID NO 1, SEQ ID NO 10, SEQ ID NO 11 and SEQ ID NO 15.
  • sequence may also be derived from a rat DNA and is then in particular characterized by the SEQ ID NO 2 and SEQ ID NO 8, SEQ ID NO 9, SEQ ID NO 13 and SEQ ID NO 14.
  • sequence may be derived from a bovine DNA and is then characterized by the sequences according to SEQ ID NO 3 and SEQ ID NO 6, SEQ ID NO 7 and SEQ ID NO 12.
  • sequence may preferably be derived from a sea urchin DNA, and it is then preferably characterized by the sequence SEQ ID NO 4.
  • the DNA may preferably be derived from Drosphophila melanogaster.
  • the complete sequence is then in accordance with SEQ ID NO 5.
  • a particularly preferred embodiment comprises sequences that exhibit a homology of at least 80% to one of the sequences with the SEQ ID NO 1 to 15. In a further preferred embodiment the sequence exhibits a homology of at least 90% to one of the sequences designated by SEQ ID NO 1 to 15.
  • the present invention covers modifications of the sequences according to SEQ ID NO 1 to 15 which result e.g. from the degeneration of the genetic code, deletions, insertions, inversions and further mutations, the biological property of the encoded channel protein or part thereof being preferably maintained.
  • the invention relates to an mRNA molecule comprising a sequence corresponding to one of the above-described sequences. Accordingly the invention covers a polypeptide which is encoded by the above-mentioned nucleic acid.
  • a nucleic acid molecule as described above can be cloned into any suitable vector.
  • the selection of vectors and methods to construct them are commonly known to persons of ordinary skill in the art and are described in general technical references (see, in general, “Recombinant DNA Part D,” Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 153, Wu and Grossman, eds., Academic Press (1987); Birren et al., Genome Analysis: A Laboratory Manual Series, Volume 1, Analyzing DNA, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1997); Birren et al., Genome Analysis: A Laboratory Manual Series, Volume 2, Detecting Genes, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
  • the vector comprises regulatory sequences, such as transcription and translation initiation and termination codons, which are specific to the type of host into which the vector is to be introduced, as appropriate and taking into consideration whether the vector is DNA or RNA.
  • the vector comprises regulatory sequences that are specific to the genus of the host.
  • the vector comprises regulatory sequences that are specific to the species of the host.
  • Constructs of vectors which are circular or linear, can be prepared to contain an entire nucleic acid sequence as described above or a portion thereof ligated to a replication system functional in a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell.
  • Replication systems can be derived from ColE1, 2 m ⁇ plasmid, ⁇ , SV40, bovine papilloma virus, and the like.
  • the construct can include one or more marker genes, which allow for selection of transformed or transfected hosts.
  • Marker genes include biocide resistance, e.g., resistance to antibiotics, heavy metals, etc., complementation in an auxotrophic host to provide prototrophy, and the like.
  • Suitable vectors include those designed for propagation and expansion or for expression or both.
  • a preferred cloning vector is selected from the group consisting of the pUC, series the pBluescript series (Stratagene, LaJolla, Calif.), the pET series (Novagen, Madison, Wis.), the pGEX series (Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden), and the pEX series (Clonetech, Palo Alto, Calif.).
  • Bacteriophage vectors such as ⁇ GT10, ⁇ GT11, ⁇ ZapII (Stratagene), ⁇ EMBL4, and ⁇ NM1149, also can be used.
  • plant expression vectors examples include pBI101, pBI101.2, pBI101.3, pBI121 and pBIN19 (Clonetech, Palo Alto, Calif.).
  • animal expression vectors include pEUK-C1, pMAM and pMAMneo (Clonetech).
  • An expression vector can comprise a native or normative promoter operably linked to an isolated or purified nucleic acid molecule as described above.
  • the selection of promoters e.g., strong, weak, inducible, tissue-specific and developmental-specific, is within the skill in the art.
  • the combining of a nucleic acid molecule as described above with a promoter is also within the skill in the art.
  • the present invention also provides a host cell comprising an isolated or purified nucleic acid molecule or a vector as described above.
  • host cells include, but are not limited to, a human cell, a human cell line, E. coli, B. subtilis, P. aerugenosa, S. cerevisiae , and N. crassa .
  • Other examples include E. coli TB-1, TG-2, DH5 ⁇ , XL-Blue MRF′ (Stratagene), SA2821 and Y1090.
  • sequences can be used for a screening method or also a diagnosing method.
  • a screening method it is possible owing to the identification of the sequence of the I h channel to test the effect of substances on ion channels using said sequences.
  • Such a screening method may e.g. comprise the following steps:
  • the invention also relates to a kit for performing such a screening method which comprises at least one of the above-described nucleic acids or polypeptides.
  • the sequences can also be used for a diagnosing method, in particular for recognizing cardiovascular disorders.
  • the nucleic acid of the patient is preferably contacted with a sequence section of one of the above-described DNAs and/or RNAs, whereby a signal is obtained that is indicative of the presence and/or absence of an ion-channel nucleic acid sequence.
  • Mutations in the ion channels of the patient can also be detected by selecting suitable samples, e.g. short oligonucleotides, which in turn is of help to the differential diagnosis.
  • the present invention refers to a kit for carrying out such a diagnosing method comprising one of the above-described sequences.
  • cardiovascular disorders that are due to a faulty control of the sinus node can be treated or recognized at an early stage.
  • disturbances of consciousness that are due to a malfunction of cortico-thalamic neurons are preferably recognized.
  • a fully operable ion channel as encoded by the nucleic acids described herein are introduced into a patient to replace a channel that is no longer operative.
  • the present invention provides a method of prophylactically or therapeutically treating a mammal for a cardiovascular disorder, in particular a cardiovascular disorder that is due to a faulty control of the sinus node.
  • the method comprises administering to a mammal (i) a vector comprising and expressing a prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount of an above-described nucleic acid or (ii) a prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount of an above-described polypeptide, whereupon the mammal is treated for the cardiovascular disorder.
  • the present invention further provides a method of prophylactically or therapeutically treating a mammal for a disturbance of consciousness, in particular a disturbance of consciousness that is due to a malfunction in thalamic neurons.
  • the method comprises administering to a mammal (i) a vector comprising and expressing a prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount of an above-described nucleic acid or (ii) a prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount of an above-described polypeptide, whereupon the mammal is treated for the disturbance of consciousness.
  • Still further provided by the present invention is a method of prophylactically or therapeutically treating a mammal for a pain state.
  • the method comprises administering to a mammal (i) a vector comprising and expressing a prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount of an above-described nucleic acid or (ii) a prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount of an above-described polypeptide, whereupon the mammal is treated for the pain state.
  • the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition which comprises one or more of the above-described nucleic acids or the above-described polypeptide.
  • a pharmaceutical composition can be used for treating cardiovascular disorders, in particular those that are due to a faulty control of the sine node, as well as disturbances of consciousness, in particular those caused by a malfunction in cortico-thalamic neurons.
  • the present invention also provides a composition comprising an above-described isolated or purified nucleic acid (or vector comprising the nucleic acid) or an above-described polypeptide and a carrier therefor.
  • Carriers such as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, are well-known in the art, and are readily available. The choice of carrier will be determined in part by the particular route of administration and whether a nucleic acid molecule or a polypeptide molecule is being administered. Accordingly, there is a wide variety of suitable formulations for use in the context of the present invention, and the invention expressly provide a pharmaceutical composition that comprises an active agent of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor.
  • the following methods and carriers are merely exemplary and are in no way limiting.
  • Formulations suitable for oral administration can consist of (a) liquid solutions, such as an effective amount of the compound dissolved in diluent, such as water, saline, or orange juice; (b) capsules, sachets or tablets, each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient, as solids or granules; (c) suspensions in an appropriate liquid; and (d) suitable emulsions.
  • Tablet forms can include one or more of lactose, mannitol, corn starch, potato starch, microcrystalline cellulose, acacia, gelatin, colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, talc, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, and other excipients, colorants, diluents, buffering agents, moistening agents, preservatives, flavoring agents, and pharmacologically compatible excipients.
  • Lozenge forms can comprise the active ingredient in a flavor, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth.
  • Pastilles can comprise the active ingredient in an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia, emulsions, gels, and the like containing, in addition to the active ingredient, such excipients/carriers as are known in the art.
  • an inert base such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia, emulsions, gels, and the like containing, in addition to the active ingredient, such excipients/carriers as are known in the art.
  • Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous, isotonic sterile injection solutions, which can contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, and solutes that render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient, and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions that can include suspending agents, solubilizers, thickening agents, stabilizers, and preservatives.
  • the formulations can be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, such as ampules and vials, and can be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid excipient, for example, water, for injections, immediately prior to use.
  • Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions can be prepared from sterile powders, granules, and tablets of the kind previously described. Further suitable formulations are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., (Mack Publishing Company, Philadelphia, Pa.: 1985), and methods of drug delivery are reviewed in, for example, Langer, Science, 249, 1527–1533 (1990).
  • the polypeptide when administered to an animal, such as a mammal, in particular a human, it is preferable that the polypeptide is administered in a dose of from about 1 to about 1,000 micrograms of the polypeptide per kg of the body weight of the host per day when given parenterally.
  • this dosage range is merely preferred, and higher or lower doses may be chosen in appropriate circumstances.
  • the actual dose and schedule can vary depending on whether the composition is administered in combination with other pharmaceutical compositions, or depending on interindividual differences in pharmacokinetics, drug disposition, and metabolism.
  • One skilled in the art easily can make any necessary adjustments in accordance with the necessities of the particular situation.
  • the half-life of the polypeptide can be increased by conjugation to soluble macromolecules, such as polysaccharides, or synthetic polymers, such as polyethylene glycol, as described, for instance, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,116,964, 5,336,603, and 5,428,130.
  • the polypeptides can be “protected” in vesicles composed of substances such as proteins, lipids (for example, liposomes), carbohydrates, or synthetic polymers. If liposomes are employed, liposome delivery can be carried out as described in U.S. Pat. No.
  • polypeptides can be administered in conjunction with adenovirus (preferably replication-deficient adenovirus) to allow the intracellular uptake of the polypeptides by adenoviral-mediated uptake of bystander molecules (e.g., as described in PCT patent application WO 95/21259).
  • a conjugate such as one comprising a targeting moiety, or a fusion of a an above-described polypeptide to an antibody (or an antigenically reactive fragment thereof) that recognizes a cell surface antigen; etc. can be employed to deliver the resultant fusion protein to a specific target cell or tissue (e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,314,995).
  • the dosage will depend upon the particular method of administration, including any vector or promoter utilized.
  • particle units also referred to as viral particles
  • there are 100 particles/pfu e.g., 1 ⁇ 10 12 pfu is equivalent to 1 ⁇ 10 14 pu.
  • An amount of recombinant virus, recombinant DNA vector or RNA genome sufficient to achieve a tissue concentration of about 10 2 to about 10 12 particles per ml is preferred, especially of about 10 6 to about 10 10 particles per ml.
  • multiple daily doses are preferred.
  • the number of doses will vary depending on the means of delivery and the particular recombinant virus, recombinant DNA vector or RNA genome administered.
  • hybridoma cell line that produces a monoclonal antibody that is specific for an above-described isolated or purified polypeptide molecule.
  • Methods of making hybridomas are known in the art (see, e.g., Harlow et al., Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1988); Harlow et al., Using Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1999)).
  • the present invention also provides the monoclonal antibody produced by the hybridoma cell line.
  • the present invention provides a polyclonal antiserum raised against an above-described isolated or purified polypeptide molecule. Methods of raising polyclonal antiserum against a polypeptide molecule are also known in the art (see, e.g., Harlow et al. (1988), supra; Harlow et al. (1999), supra).
  • FIG. 1A shows the nucleic-acid and the derived protein sequence of the channel from sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (SPHI channel).
  • FIG. 1B shows the S4 motif of said channel protein, as compared with other known channel sequences
  • FIG. 1C shows the pore motif of said sequence as compared with other sequences of other channels
  • FIG. 1D shows the cNMP-binding domain of the cDNA of the I h ion channel as compared with other sequences of ion channels;
  • FIG. 2A shows the inward current having a complex waveform, which is triggered by the hyperpolarizing voltage steps from a holding voltage of +10 mV to more negative test values;
  • FIG. 2B shows the equilibrium current/voltage (I/V) relationship determined at the end of a hyperpolarizing voltage pulse
  • FIG. 2C shows the measuring protocol for the determination of the “instantaneous” I/V relationship from the amplitude of the tail currents
  • FIG. 2D shows the “instantaneous” I/V relationship which is slightly outwardly rectifying, at a reversal voltage V rev of ⁇ 30 mV;
  • FIG. 2E shows that the time course of the “tail” currents depends on the time of the change in voltage
  • FIG. 2F shows the voltage dependence of the relative probability that the channel is open, P o , which was determined from the amplitude of tail currents at +10 mV, similar to those illustrated in FIG. 2A ;
  • FIG. 3A shows the induction of large whole-cell currents by hyperpolarization in the presence of 1 mM cAMP, which currents developed with a delay and slowly reached an equilibrium;
  • FIG. 3B shows the voltage dependence of P o , determined from normalized whole-cell “tail” currents and “tail” currents of inside-out patches;
  • FIG. 3C shows the rapid rise in amplitude of the inward current after short UV exposure
  • FIG. 3D shows SPIH currents of cell-free membrane pieces without cAMP.
  • FIG. 3E shows the same as FIG. 3D , but with cAMP.
  • FIG. 3F shows the dependence of the current on the cAMP concentration which can be described by a simple binding isotherm with K 1/2 of 0.74 ⁇ M and a Hill coefficient which does not clearly differ from one;
  • FIG. 4A shows the blockade of the SPIH channels by Cs + (control).
  • FIG. 4B shows the blockade of the SPIH channels by 10 mM Cs + .
  • FIG. 4C shows the I/V relationship in the presence of 0 to 10 mM Cs + ;
  • FIG. 4D shows a plot of standardized current I/I max (at ⁇ 70 mV) against Cs +
  • FIG. 4E shows the ion selectivity of SPIH channels on inside-out patches, in the case of which 100 mM of the bath K + were replaced by corresponding concentrations of Rb + , Na + , Li + , or Cs + ;
  • FIG. 4F shows the I/V relationship under the various ionic conditions shown in part E;
  • FIG. 4G shows that the inward currents were interrupted almost entirely, whereas the amplitudes of the outward currents did not change when the extracellular medium just contained Na“*”;
  • FIG. 4H shows the I/V relationship of the currents from part G at different K + concentrations
  • FIG. 5A shows a Northern Blot of the channel messenger RNA with a major transcript of about 3.3 kb and a minor transcript of 2.9 kb;
  • FIG. 5B is a light-microscopic photograph of sperms from S. purpuratus (right picture) and the corresponding immunohistochemical staining with an antibody which specifically recognizes the SPIH channel (left picture).
  • FIG. 5C shows a corresponding Western Blot analysis.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration showing the pc SPIH construct that was used for the heterologous expression of SPIH in HEK 293 cells.
  • the cDNA region is illustrated as a hatched bar; the adjoining regions of the plasmid vector (pcDNA I) as bold lines.
  • the orientation of the cDNA in the plasmid vector can be inferred from the position of the promoter for the T7 polymerase and the restriction sites in the multiple cloning region.
  • the inserted Kozak sequence is designated by K.
  • a typical representative of an ion channel protein according to the invention is the channel from sea urchin (SPIH).
  • SPIH sea urchin
  • a fast current component that was not time-resolved was followed by a time-dependent current that developed with a delay and, after the maximum had been reached, decreased into smaller amplitudes when the test voltage was V m ⁇ 30 mV ( FIG. 2A ).
  • the I/V relationship became approximately linear at higher [K + ] o because the inward sodium current was significantly amplified by [K + ] o (see FIG. 4H ).
  • the voltage dependence of the open probability, Po ( FIG. 2F ), was determined from the amplitude of the tail currents at +10 mV ( FIG. 2A ).
  • the voltage, V 1/2 at which a half-maximal current was observed, was at ⁇ 26.1 mV (7 experiments).
  • the SPIH channel is inactive at voltages ⁇ +10 mV and is opened by hyperpolarization.
  • the channel according to the invention is (1) activated at hyperpolarizing voltages; (2) directly modulated by cyclic nucleotides; (3) blocked by millimolar concentrations of extracellular Cs2+, (4) it is cation-selective at a P Na /P K of ⁇ 0.2 to 0.4; and (5) the inward sodium currents are sensitive to [K + ] o .
  • the following experiments demonstrate that said features are also found in the heterologously expressed SPIH channel.
  • FIG. 4C The I/V relationship in the presence of from 0 to 10 mM Cs + is shown in FIG. 4C .
  • the standardized current I/I max (at ⁇ 70 mV) was plotted against [Cs + ] ( FIG. 4D ).
  • the ion selectivity of the SPIH channel was determined with inside-out membranes.
  • the bath solutions always contained 0.1 mM cAMP to increase the amplitude of the currents. 100 mM K'r in the bath were replaced by Rb + , Na + , Li + or Cs + ( FIG. 4E ).
  • RNA of the channel protein was analyzed by means of Northern Blots. A major transcript of around 3.3 kb and a minor transcript of 2.9 kb were detected in poly(A) + RNA of male, but not female, gonads ( FIG. 5A ). The size of the transcripts concurs well with the size of the cloned cDNA (3 kb). The SPIH-specific probe did not hybridize with poly(A) + RNA isolated from the intestine of sea urchin ( FIG. 5A ). The exclusive expression of SPIH mRNA in male gonads suggests that the channel is expressed in sperms.
  • the antibody FPc45K almost exclusively stained the sperm flagellum ( FIG. 5B ); the weak staining of some head structures presumably represents unspecific cross reactivity of the antibody.
  • a band of M r ⁇ 88K was observed in Western Blots of membranes of transfected HEK293 cells ( FIG. 5C , lane 2).
  • the M r of the channel polypeptide, expressed in HEK293 cells, is almost identical with the M r value as is to be expected of the derived amino acid sequence (87.9K).
  • no 88K polypeptide was detected by the antibody ( FIG. 5C , lane 1).
  • the SPIH sequence carries sequence motifs for the phosphorylation by PKA, PKG, PKC and tyrosine kinase (see FIG. 1A ).
  • the electrophysiological properties unequivocally identify SPIH as a member of the I h channel family.
  • characteristic differences between SPIH and vertebrate I h channels First, in the absence of cAMP the SPIH current is transient, whereas in the presence of cAMP the time course is similar to that in vertebrate I h channels.
  • the large augmentation of the SPIH current by cAMP primarily arises from an increase in the maximum current while cAMP modulates the cardiac I h channel such that V 1/2 is shifted towards more positive values (Di Francesco, 1993) without influencing the maximum amplitudes (see, however, Ingram and Williams, 1996; Accili et al., 1997).
  • the cardiac I h is also modulated by micromolar cGMP concentrations (DiFrancesco and Tortora, 1991), whereas SPIH does not exhibit said effect.
  • the SPIH channel is very similar to both the voltage-controlled K + channels and the CNG cation channels. That is why the I h channels form a class of their own within the superfamily of the voltage-controlled channels.
  • SPIH has a characteristic motif of a voltage sensor (S4) like the K + , Na + and Ca 2+ channels that are opened by depolarization.
  • S4 motif a voltage sensor
  • the mechanism of an activation as in HERG-K + channels (Trudeau et al., 1995; Smith et al., 1996) is more likely. It has been demonstrated with respect to the strong inward rectification of HERG that it is the result of the inactivation which closes the channels at positive voltages, but the channels recover rapidly from the inactivation at negative voltages.
  • HERG channels In HERG channels the inactivation is much faster than the activation and is therefore not visible kinetically (Smith et al., 1996). Together with the CNG channels SPIH possesses a cyclic nucleotide-binding region, and its properties are modulated by cAMP. cAMP probably intensifies the SPIH activity by binding to the highly conserved cyclic nucleotide-binding region.
  • speract causes a hyperpolarization (Lee and Garbers, 1986; Garbers, 1989), of which it is assumed that it is due to the opening of a K + channel (Babcock et al., 1992). At higher peptide concentrations the hyperpolarization is followed by a depolarization (Babcock et al, 1992). Two (or more) ion channel types with different selectivity and pharmacology could contribute to the “speract’-induced depolarization (see Darszon et al, 1996).
  • the opening of the SPIH channel and the subsequent Na + influx could effect the “speract”-induced depolarization.
  • the I h channels for instance in cardiac cells or thalamic neurons, take part in the generation of oscillations of the membrane voltage, thereby causing the oscillation of Ca 2+ in the flagellum (Suarez et al, 1993).
  • the change in [Ca 2+ ] could change the flagellar beating, thereby contributing to the chemotactic response.
  • PCR was carried out on single-strand cDNA (from sea urchin gonads, Drosophila melanogaster , bovine retina, olfactory tissue of the rat) or on cDNA libraries (from human thalamus or heart).
  • a 100 ⁇ l PCR batch had the following composition: 3–10 ng of first-strand cDNA and about 105 Pfu of the cDNA libraries, respectively, 1.6 ug of the degenerated primer each, 1 ⁇ PCR buffer, 2 mM dNTP, 1 U PrimeZyme (Biometra).
  • the PCR batch was first denatured at 94′′ C. for 2 min and then incubated for 45 cycles in the following manner:
  • sequences of the degenerated primers are (in 5′ ⁇ 3′ direction):
  • the PCR fragments amplified with the primers # 1764 and # 1772 were radiolabeled and used as probes for screening cDNA libraries under high stringency for the complete cDNAs.
  • the partial clone HHIH (SEQ ID NO 11) was isolated by low-stringency hybridization. The hybridization conditions were as follows:
  • high stringency low stringency prehybridization 5 ⁇ SSC (1) , 5 ⁇ SSC (1) , 5 ⁇ Denhardt's (2) , 5 ⁇ Denhardt's (2) , 0.1% SDS, 0.1 mg/ml 0.1% SDS, 0.1 mg/ml herring sperm DNA, herring sperm DNA, 1–2 h, 65° C. 1–2 h, 55° C. hybridization prehybridization solution prehybridization solution with 50–100 ng with 50–100 ng 32 P-labeled DNA 32 P-labeled DNA (1 ⁇ 10 6 cpm/ml), (1 ⁇ 10 6 cpm/ml), 12–14 h, 65° C. 12–14 h, 65° C.
  • the positive phages were isolated and the cDNA was converted by “in vivo excision” (in case of ⁇ ZAPII phages) into pBluescriptSK derivatives.
  • the cDNA was excised with EcoRI from ⁇ gt11 phages and subcloned into pBluescriptSK plasmid DNA.
  • the DNA was sequenced with the dideoxy-mediated chain termination technique (Sanger et al., 1997).
  • Poly(A) + RNA isolated from different sea urchin tissues, was analyzed by Northern blotting. Each lane contained about 10 ug poly(A) + RNA. The blot was hybridized with a 32 P-labeled 1074 bp cDNA fragment (nucleotide positions) at 42° C., 5 ⁇ SSC and 50% formamide. A C-terminal region of the SPIH polypeptide was expressed as a fusion construct with the maltose binding protein. The purified fusion protein was used for producing the polyclonal antibodies FPc44K and FPc45K; the antibodies were purified from rabbit serum by affinity chromatography using the fusion protein. Sperm flagella were separated from the head according to Darszon et al. (1994).
  • Purified flagella and head membranes were homogenized in a solution buffer containing 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM MgCl2, 20 mM Hepes at pH 7.5, 0.1 mM EGTA and 0.5% Triton X-100, followed by a centrifugation at 40,000 rpm for 60 minutes. This process was repeated two times.
  • Transfected HEK293 cells were homogenized in a lysis buffer (10 mM Hepes, 1 mM DTT and 1 mM EDTA at pH 7.4), 5 ⁇ freeze-dried (in liquid N2) and finally centrifuged at 55,000 rpm for 10 minutes. The membrane pellet was dissolved in the solution buffer.
  • Flagellar membrane proteins were dephosphorylated with a unit of alkaline phosphatase in solution buffer at 30° C. for 30 to 60 min. The membrane proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE, transferred to Immobilon membranes and labeled with the polyclonal antibodies. The immunoreactivity was made visible by the ECL detection kit (Amersham). Immunocytochemistry on an individual sperm was carried out as described above (Weiner 1997).
  • cDNA coding the SPIH polypeptide was transiently expressed in HEK293 cells, as described earlier (Baumann et al, 1994). SPIH-controlled currents were recorded with the patch-clamp method in the whole-cell configuration and cell-free membrane patches. The composition of various bath and pipette solutions is indicated in the legends of the figures (see below). The channels were activated by stepping the membrane voltage from +10 mV to various negative voltage values. Leakage currents were subtracted using a P/8 protocol. The voltage dependence of the probability that the channel is open was determined from tail currents at +10 mV.
  • FIG. 1A shows the nucleic acid sequence and the derived amino acid sequence of the I h channel of sea urchin (SPIH). Nucleotides are numbered in 5′ ⁇ 3′ direction, +1 corresponding to the first nucleotide of the start codon (ATG) of the open reading frame. Nucleotides that are 5′-located from nucleotide +1 are designated by negative figures.
  • the derived amino acid sequence (one-letter code) is indicated under the nucleic acid sequence and is also numbered.
  • the start codon (ATG), the corresponding methionine and the stop codon (TGA; pos. 2302–2304) are printed in bold. Stop codons in the same reading frame before the start codon are underlined.
  • the polyadenylation signal at position 2501–2507 is boxed.
  • the position of the transmembranal segments S1–S6, of the pore-forming region and of the binding site for cyclic nucleotides (cNMP binding site) is marked by bars above the nucleic acid sequence. The limits of said regions are defined by sequence comparison with other voltage-dependent K + channels, EAG-K + channels and CNG channels.
  • Consensus sequences for phosphorylation by cAMP/cGMP-dependent kinases are marked by triangles (A).
  • Consensus sequences for phosphorylation by protein kinase C are marked by circles (•) and that by tyrosine kinase by an asterisk (*).
  • the SPIH sequence (SEQ ID NO 4) codes for a protein of 767 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 87,937 Da.
  • FIG. 1 B shows a comparison of the voltage-sensor (S4) motifs of the I h channel of sea urchin and other channels. Regularly spaced Arg or Lys residues are boxed. Other positively charged residues are in bold.
  • HERG human EAG-related gene (Warmke and Ganetzky, 1994);
  • KAT1 (Anderson et al, 1992), K + channel of Arabidopsis thaliana
  • brCNGCa (Kaupp et al, 1989), alpha-subunit of the cyclic nucleotide-controlled channel from bovine rod photoreceptors.
  • FIG. 1C shows the pore motif of SPIH with the pore motifs of other members of the superfamily of the voltage- and cyclic nucleotide-controlled ion channels: The residues which are identical or similar to the corresponding amino acids in SPIH are highlighted by a black or grey background.
  • FIG. 1D shows a sequence comparison of cNMP binding domains.
  • boCNGCalpha the alpha-subunit of the CNG channel of bovine olfactory neurons (Ludwig et al., 1990); PKA1, the cAMP binding site 1 of the protein kinase A (Titani et al., 1984); the cGMP binding site 1 of the protein kinase G (Takio et al, 1984); CAP, the catabolite activator protein (Aiba et al., 1982).
  • Residues that are highly conserved in cyclic nucleotide-binding motifs are indicated by arrows; residues that determine the ligand selectivity in brCNGCa are indicated by an asterisk. Secondary-structure predictions derived from the cAMP binding domain of CAP are shown as bars below the sequence.
  • FIG. 2 shows the electrophysiological characterization of the SPIH channel.
  • FIG. 2A shows the current, which was recorded by transfected HEK293 cells in the whole-cell configuration.
  • the current was activated by stepping the voltage from a holding value at +10 mV to various test values of ⁇ 100 mV to +10 mV in increments of 10 mV.
  • Tail currents were recorded by stepping the voltage of the test value back to +10 mV.
  • the HEK293 cells were flushed with a bath solution containing the following (mM):
  • the pipette solution contained the following substances (mM): 126 KCl, 10 Hepes-KOH, 10 EGTA at pH 7.4.
  • FIG. 2B there is plotted the voltage-current (I/V) relationship measured under equilibrium conditions at the time indicated by the arrowhead in FIG. 2A .
  • FIG. 2C shows the measurement protocol with which the “instantaneous” I/V relationship was determined; the voltage was first stepped from a holding value of 0 mV to ⁇ 70 mV, followed by steps to test values in the range of from +50 mV to ⁇ 70 mV in 10 mV increments.
  • FIG. 2D then shows the plot of the “instantaneous” I/V relationship measured at the time indicated by the arrow in FIG. 2C (inset).
  • FIG. 2E shows that the time course of the “tail” currents depends on the time at which the voltage is reset to +30 mV.
  • FIG. 2F shows the voltage dependence of the relative open probability, Po, of the channel.
  • the tail current amplitudes (arrow in part a) were normalized to the maximum current.
  • the midpoint voltage, V 1/2 was ⁇ 26.1 mV.
  • the effective charge amount, Q which is flowing during channel switching, is 3.5 elementary charges. It was achieved from a fit of the Boltzmann function to the data: Mean of 7 experiments.
  • FIG. 3 indicates the modulation of SPIH channels by cyclic nucleotides.
  • FIG. 3A shows the whole-cell SPIN current in the presence of 1 mM cAMP.
  • the voltage-step protocol is the same as in FIG. 2A .
  • the bath contained (mM): 135 NaCl, 5 KCl, 1.8 CaCl2, 2.8 MgCl2 and 5 Hepes-NaOH at pH 7.4; the pipette solution contained
  • mM 126 KCl, 10 Hepes-KOH, 10 EGTA at pH 7.4, and 1 mM cAMP.
  • the inset shows a magnification by way of which the sigmoidal time course can be seen particularly well.
  • FIG. 3B shows the voltage dependence of the relative Po, derived from normalized whole-cell tail currents at +10 mV (•) and of tail currents recorded by inside-out patches (A).
  • a continuous line represents a fit of the Boltzmann equation to the data.
  • V 1/2 for the whole-cell currents of part A was ⁇ 50.8 mV and for the inside-out-patch currents of part E it was ⁇ 84.7 mV; the Q values were 3.8 and 2.7, respectively.
  • FIG. 3C shows the modulation of whole-cell SPIH currents by the photolysis of “caged” cAMP.
  • the pipette solution contained 100 uM “caged” cAMP.
  • the SPIH current was activated by voltage jumps from +10 mV to ⁇ 70 mV before the UV flash was induced (trace 1) and after three consecutive UV flashes (trace 2). The time course of the flash-induced increase in current at ⁇ 70 mV is shown below.
  • FIGS. 3D and E show voltage-activated SPIH currents in inside-out membrane patches without cAMP (D) and in the presence of 1 mM cAMP (E) in the bath.
  • the voltage step protocol was carried out in the way as shown in FIG. 2A .
  • the pipettes and bath solutions contained (mM): 126 KCl, 10 Hepes-KOH, 10 EGTA at pH 7.4 and 1 mM cAMP (bath).
  • FIG. 3F discloses the dependence of the SPIH current amplitude on the cAMP concentration; the cAMP concentrations were as follows ( ⁇ M): 0.1; 0.3; 1; 3; 10 and 1000.
  • FIG. 4 shows several pharmacological properties of the SPIH channel.
  • FIGS. 4A and B show voltage-activated SPIH currents, recorded by outside-out membrane patches without (A) and with 10 mM Cs + (B) in the bath;
  • the pipette solution contained the following (mM): 124 KCl, 10 Hepes-KOH, 10 EGTA at pH 7.4 and 1 mM cAMP;
  • the bath solution contained (mM): 126 KCl, 10 Hepes-KOH, 10 EGTA at pH 7.4 and the illustrated concentrations of CsCl.
  • FIG. 4C shows again the I/V relationship in the presence of 0 to 10 mM Cs + in the bath.
  • FIG. 4D discloses the dependence of the normalized current at ⁇ 70 mV on [Cs + ].
  • FIG. 4E shows the ion selectivity of the SPIH channel.
  • V rev was determined on inside-out patches by stepping the holding voltage ( ⁇ 70 mV) to test values between mV and +30 mV in 5 mV increments.
  • the pipette solution contained the following (mM): 150 KCl, 10 Hepes-NMDG, 10 EGTA at pH 7.4; the bath solution was composed as follows (mM):
  • FIG. 4F shows the I/V relationship of the currents shown in part E.
  • V rev was 16.9 mV (Na+, 20.6 mV (Li + , 5.6 mV (Rb + ), and 24.6 mV (Cs + ; mean of 3 to 10 experiments.
  • FIG. 4G shows the K + dependence of whole-cell inward Na + currents in the presence of 0.5 mM and 20 mM K + in extracellular medium.
  • FIG. 4H shows the “instantaneous” I/V relationship in the presence of 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, and 20 mM K” in the bath.
  • the pipette solution was the same as in part B, the bath solution as in FIG. 1A with the indicated K + concentrations; the ion intensities were adjusted to the same value by the respective NMDG concentrations.
  • FIG. 5 shows the expression pattern of SPIH.
  • FIG. 5A is a Northern Blot analysis of the tissue distribution of SPIH transcripts in mRNA of male gonads (lane 1), female gonads (lane 2) and intestinal cells (lane 3); 10 ⁇ l poly(A) + RNA each.
  • FIG. 5B is a Western Blot analysis of membranes of mock-transfected HEK293 cells (lane 1; 2.5 ug protein), HEK293 cells which were transfected with SPIH cDNA (lane 2; 2.5 ug protein), purified flagella from sperm of S. purpuratus (lane 3; 6 ug protein), dephosphorylated flagellar membranes (lane 4; 6 ug protein) and sperm heads (lane 5; 15 ug protein).

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