US6702442B2 - Monocentric autostereoscopic optical apparatus using resonant fiber-optic image generation - Google Patents

Monocentric autostereoscopic optical apparatus using resonant fiber-optic image generation Download PDF

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US6702442B2
US6702442B2 US10/095,341 US9534102A US6702442B2 US 6702442 B2 US6702442 B2 US 6702442B2 US 9534102 A US9534102 A US 9534102A US 6702442 B2 US6702442 B2 US 6702442B2
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image
optical apparatus
ball lens
autostereoscopic
curved
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US20030169405A1 (en
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John A. Agostinelli
Joshua M. Cobb
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Eastman Kodak Co
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B30/00—Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images
    • G02B30/20—Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images by providing first and second parallax images to an observer's left and right eyes
    • G02B30/26—Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images by providing first and second parallax images to an observer's left and right eyes of the autostereoscopic type
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
    • H04N13/30—Image reproducers
    • H04N13/363—Image reproducers using image projection screens
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
    • H04N13/10—Processing, recording or transmission of stereoscopic or multi-view image signals
    • H04N13/194—Transmission of image signals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
    • H04N13/30—Image reproducers
    • H04N13/324—Colour aspects

Definitions

  • This invention generally relates to autostereoscopic display systems for viewing electronically generated images and more particularly relates to an apparatus and method for generating left- and right-eye images using a resonant fiber-optic member to form an image, with a monocentric arrangement of optical components to provide a very wide field of view and large exit pupils.
  • Autostereoscopic display systems include “immersion” systems, intended to provide a realistic viewing experience for an observer by visually surrounding the observer with a 3-D image having a very wide field of view.
  • the autostereoscopic display is characterized by the absence of any requirement for a wearable item of any type, such as goggles, headgear, or special glasses, for example. That is, an autostereoscopic display attempts to provide “natural” viewing conditions for an observer.
  • an autostereoscopic display system using pupil imaging is enhanced by presenting the 3-D image with a wide field of view and large exit pupil.
  • Such a system is most effective for immersive viewing functions if it allows an observer to be comfortably seated, without constraining head movement to within a tight tolerance and without requiring the observer to wear goggles or other device.
  • 3-D viewing such a system should provide separate, high-resolution images to right and left eyes.
  • such a system is most favorably designed for compactness, to create an illusion of depth and width of field, while occupying as little actual floor space and volume as is possible.
  • the observer should be presented with a virtual image, disposed to appear a large distance away.
  • Vergence refers to the degree at which the observer's eyes must be crossed in order to fuse the separate images of an object within the field of view. Vergence decreases, then vanishes as viewed objects become more distant.
  • Accommodation refers to the requirement that the eye lens of the observer change shape to maintain retinal focus for the object of interest. It is known that there can be a temporary degradation of the observer's depth perception when the observer is exposed for a period of time to mismatched depth cues for vergence and accommodation. It is also known that this negative effect on depth perception can be mitigated when the accommodation cues correspond to distant image position.
  • 5,908,300 discloses a hang-gliding simulation system in which an observer's head is maintained in a fixed position. While such a solution may be tolerable in the limited simulation environment disclosed in the Walker et al. patent, and may simplify the overall optical design of an apparatus, constraint of head movement would be a disadvantage in an immersion system. Notably, the system disclosed in the Walker et al. patent employs a narrow viewing aperture, effectively limiting the field of view. Complex, conventional projection lenses, disposed in an off-axis orientation, are employed in the device disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,908,300, with scaling used to obtain the desired output pupil size.
  • a 3-D viewing system should display its pair of stereoscopic images, whether real or virtual, at a relatively large distance from the observer.
  • a relatively small curved mirror can be used as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,908,300 (Walker et al.). The curved mirror acts as a collimator, providing a virtual image at a large distance from the observer.
  • Curved mirrors have also been used to provide real images in stereoscopic systems, where the curved mirrors are not used as collimators. Such systems are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,623,223 (Kempf); and 4,799,763 (Davis et al.) for example. However, systems such as these are generally suitable where only a small field of view is needed.
  • a system designed for pupil imaging must provide separate images to the left and right pupils correspondingly and provide the most natural viewing conditions, eliminating any need for goggles or special headgear.
  • An ideal autostereoscopic imaging system must meet the challenge for both requirements to provide a more fully satisfactory and realistic viewing experience.
  • such a system must provide sufficient resolution for realistic imaging, with high brightness and contrast.
  • interocular distance constraints limit the ability to achieve larger pupil diameter at a given ultrawide field by simply scaling the projection lens.
  • Monocentric imaging systems have been shown to provide significant advantages for high-resolution imaging of flat objects, such as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,748,015 (Offner), which teaches an arrangement of spherical mirrors arranged with coincident centers of curvature in an imaging system designed for unit magnification.
  • the monocentric arrangement disclosed in the Offner patent minimizes a number of types of image aberration and is conceptually straightforward, allowing a simplified optical design for high-resolution catoptric imaging systems.
  • a monocentric arrangement of mirrors and lenses is also known to provide advantages for telescopic systems having wide field of view, as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,331,390 (Shafer).
  • the lens For larger pupil size, the lens needs to be scaled in size; however, the large diameter of such a lens body presents a significant design difficulty for an autostereoscopic immersion system, relative to the interocular distance at the viewing position. Costly cutting of lenses so that right- and left-eye assemblies could be disposed side-by-side, thereby achieving a pair of lens pupils spaced consistently with human interocular separation, presents difficult manufacturing problems. Interocular distance limitations constrain the spatial positioning of projection apparatus for each eye and preclude scaling of pupil size by simple scaling of the lens. Moreover, an effective immersion system most advantageously allows a very wide field of view, preferably well in excess of 90 degrees, and would provide large exit pupil diameters, preferably larger than 20 mm.
  • ball lenses have been employed for specialized optical functions, particularly miniaturized ball lenses for use in fiber optics coupling and transmission applications, such as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,940,564 (Jewell) which discloses advantageous use of a miniature ball lens within a coupling device.
  • ball lenses can be utilized within an astronomical tracking device, as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,206,499 (Mantravadi et al.) In the Mantravadi et al. patent, the ball lens is employed because it allows a wide field of view, greater than 60 degrees, with minimal off-axis aberrations or distortions.
  • a unique optical axis is used advantageously, so that every principal ray that passes through the ball lens can be considered to define its own optical axis.
  • a single ball lens is favorably used to direct light from space to a plurality of sensors in this application.
  • photosensors at the output of the ball lens are disposed along a curved focal plane.
  • a spherical or ball lens for wide angle imaging are also utilized in an apparatus for determining space-craft attitude, as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,319,968 (Billing-Ross et al.)
  • an array of mirrors direct light rays through a ball lens.
  • the shape of this lens is advantageous since beams which pass through the lens are at normal incidence to the image surface. The light rays are thus refracted toward the center of the lens, resulting in an imaging system having a wide field of view.
  • any imaging system conforms to the LaGrange invariant, whereby the product of pupil size and semi-field angle is equal to the product of the image size and the numerical aperture and is an invariant for the optical system.
  • This can be a limitation when using, as an image generator, a relatively small spatial light modulator or similar pixel array which can operate over a relatively small numerical aperture since the LaGrange value associated with the device is small.
  • a monocentric imaging system provides a large field of view with a large pupil size (that is, a large numerical aperture), inherently has a large LaGrange value.
  • Copending U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 09/738,747 and 09/854,699 take advantage of capabilities for wide field of view projection using a ball lens in an autostereoscopic imaging system.
  • the source image that is provided to the projecting ball lens for each eye is presented as a complete two-dimensional image, presented on a surface.
  • the image source disclosed in the preferred embodiment of each of these applications is a two-dimensional array, such as an LCD, a DMD, or similar device.
  • the image source could alternately be a CRT which, even though generated by a scanned electron beam, presents a complete two-dimensional image to ball lens projection optics.
  • each left and right image generation system forms a first intermediate curved image comprising an array of image pixels, with each image generation system comprising:
  • a left ball lens assembly for projecting the first intermediate curved image from the left image generation system to form a second intermediate curved image from the left image generation system, the left ball lens assembly having a left ball lens pupil;
  • a right ball lens assembly for projecting the first intermediate curved image from the right image generation system to form a second intermediate curved image from the right image generation system, the right ball lens assembly having a right ball lens pupil;
  • the curved mirror forming the virtual stereoscopic image from the second intermediate curved image from the left image generation system and from the second intermediate curved image from the right image generation system.
  • a feature of the present invention is the use of a monocentric arrangement of optical components, thus simplifying design, minimizing aberrations and providing a wide field of view with large exit pupils.
  • a further feature of the present invention is the use of a resonant fiber optic image source for providing a scanned intermediate image.
  • a further feature of the present invention is that it allows a number of configurations, including configurations that minimize the number of optical components required, even including configurations that eliminate the need for a beamsplitter.
  • It is an advantage of the present invention is that it eliminates the need for a higher cost two-dimensional surface as image source, replacing this with a lower cost scanned resonant fiber optic source.
  • the present invention provides a system that is very light-efficient, capable of providing high brightness levels for projection.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing key components of the apparatus of the present invention in an autostereoscopic imaging system
  • FIG. 2 is a side schematic view showing the substantially concentric relationship of projection optics in an optically unfolded view
  • FIG. 3 is a cross-section view showing the composition of a ball lens assembly
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing image generation system components of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a perspective view showing key components of the apparatus of the present invention for an alternate embodiment autostereoscopic imaging system using a curved mirror and essentially paraxial optics;
  • FIG. 6 is a perspective view showing key components of the apparatus of the present invention for another alternate embodiment autostereoscopic imaging system using a curved Fresnel mirror and essentially paraxial optics;
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic view showing an embodiment of the image generation system of the present invention for color imaging.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown a perspective view of an autostereoscopic imaging system 10 .
  • An observer 12 is typically seated in position to view a virtual stereoscopic image from left and right viewing pupils 14 l and 14 r .
  • Optimal viewing conditions are obtained when left and right eye pupils 68 l (not visible in the view of FIG. 1) and 68 r of observer 12 are coincident with the position of corresponding left and right viewing pupils 14 l and 14 r.
  • a left image generation system 70 l and a right image generation system 70 r operate jointly to provide a virtual image 106 for stereoscopic viewing. Both left and right image generation systems 70 l and 70 r operate and interact with other elements of autostereoscopic imaging system 10 similarly; for simplicity, the left optical path is described and is indicated in FIG. 1 .
  • Left image generation system 70 l generates, on a left curved surface 40 l , a first left intermediate curved image 75 l for a left ball lens assembly 30 l .
  • Left ball lens assembly 30 l projects first left intermediate curved image 75 l , which is reflected from a beamsplitter 16 to form a second left intermediate curved image 76 l , near a front focal surface 22 of a curved mirror 24 .
  • a second right intermediate curved image 76 r is generated by forming a first right intermediate curved image 75 r on a right curved surface 40 r which is projected by a right ball lens 30 r .
  • Curved mirror 24 cooperates with beamsplitter 16 to form, from second left intermediate curved image 76 l and, similarly, from second right intermediate curved image 76 r , virtual image 106 which is presented to observer 12 at left and right viewing pupils 14 l and 14 r .
  • Virtual image 106 appears to observer 12 as if it were behind curved mirror 24 , somewhere between the rear of curved mirror 24 and infinity.
  • FIG. 1 indicates, with dashed lines, only the optical path for generating left viewing pupil 14 l .
  • the projection paths for left and right viewing pupils 14 l and 14 r cross in autostereoscopic imaging system 10 , due to imaging by curved mirror 24 .
  • Front focal surface 22 is optically centered about center of curvature C s of curved mirror 24 .
  • Focal point F is a point on focal surface 22 , at the intersection of the projection path.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates some of the key problems to be solved, from an optical design perspective, and shows an overview of the solution provided by the present invention. It is instructive to review key design considerations for achieving the most life-like stereoscopic viewing.
  • a wide field of view is important, in excess of the 60 degrees available using prior art techniques.
  • viewing pupils 14 l and 14 r must be sufficiently large.
  • autostereoscopic imaging system 10 of the present invention is intended to provide a field of view of at least 90 degrees with the diameter of viewing pupil 14 in excess of 20 mm diameter.
  • ball lens assemblies 30 l and 30 r are advantageously separated by an appropriate, empirically determined interaxial distance.
  • the interaxial distance between scanning ball lens assemblies 30 l and 30 r could be manually adjusted to suit interocular dimensions of observer 12 or could be automatically sensed and adjusted by autostereoscopic imaging system 10 .
  • Components of left and right image generation systems 70 l and 70 r and their corresponding left and right ball lens assemblies 30 l and 30 r could be mounted on a boom, for example, allowing movement of each image generation system 70 l / 70 r relative to the other in order to compensate for interocular distance differences.
  • the same feedback loop apparatus and methods disclosed in this earlier application could also be applied for corresponding apparatus in the present invention.
  • the substantially monocentric arrangement of optical components in the apparatus of the present invention provides a number of clear advantages for minimizing image aberrations and for maximizing field of view.
  • FIG. 2 there is shown, from a side view, the optically concentric relationship of key components in the optical path, in folded form, applicable for both left and right image paths.
  • the center of curvature of mirror 24 is C s , optically located midway between left and right ball lens assemblies 30 l and 30 r .
  • curved surface 40 is preferably curved so that its center of its radius of curvature is identical to center C l or C r of ball lens assembly 30 .
  • This concentric arrangement enables ball lens assembly 30 , in cooperation with beamsplitter 16 , to form second intermediate curved image 76 , which, optically, shares the same center of curvature C l or C r as ball lens assembly 30 .
  • Focal point F mirror of curved mirror 24 lies at the intersection of focal surface 22 with optical axis O.
  • Curved mirror 24 is preferably spherical, again sharing the same center of curvature as scanning ball lens assembly at center C l or C r .
  • FIG. 2 gives a generalized, first approximation of the relationship of components in the folded optical path.
  • the actual position of the center of curvature of curved mirror 24 labeled C s in FIG. 2, is midway between the centers of curvature of left and right scanning ball lens assemblies 30 l and 30 r , labeled C l and C r respectively, but not separately visible from the side view in FIG. 2 .
  • left and right scanning ball lens assemblies 30 l and 30 r and, correspondingly, an interocular distance between left and right human eye pupils 68 l and 68 r of observer 12 , a geometrically perfect monocentricity of optical components cannot be achieved.
  • left and right scanning ball lens assemblies 30 l and 30 r for observer 12 would be such that their real images, formed by curved mirror 24 , would correspond with the position and interocular separation of left and right viewing pupils 14 l and 14 r , respectively.
  • the optimal position of second intermediate image 76 is within a range that can be considered “near” focal surface 22 .
  • the preferred range extends from focal surface 22 itself as an outer limit to an inner limit that is within approximately 20% of the distance between focal surface 22 and the surface of curved mirror 24 . If second intermediate image 76 were formed between focal surface 22 and observer 12 , virtual image 106 would appear to be out of focus.
  • ball lens assembly 30 is spherical with center of curvature at center C, as the unfolded arrangement of FIG. 2 shows, a wide field of view can be provided, with minimal image aberration. It must be noted that the design of the present invention is optimized for unity pupil magnification; however, some variation from unity pupil magnification is possible, within the scope of the present invention.
  • Ball lens assembly 30 l / 30 r functions as the projection lens for its associated left or right optical system. Referring to FIG. 3, there is shown the concentric arrangement provided for each ball lens assembly 30 .
  • a central spherical lens 46 is disposed between meniscus lenses 42 and 44 , wherein meniscus lenses 42 and 44 have indices of refraction and other characteristics intended to minimize on-axis spherical and chromatic aberration, as is well known in the optical design arts.
  • Stops 48 limit the entrance pupil within ball lens assembly 30 . Stops 48 need not be physical, but may alternately be implemented using optical effects such as total internal reflection. In terms of the optics path, stops 48 serve to define an exit pupil for ball lens assembly 30 .
  • meniscus lenses 42 and 44 are selected to reduce image aberration and to optimize image quality for the image projected toward curved mirror 24 .
  • ball lens assembly 30 could comprise any number of arrangements of support lenses surrounding central spherical lens 46 . Surfaces of these support lenses, however many are employed, would share a common center of curvature C with central spherical lens 46 .
  • the refractive materials used for lens components of ball lens assembly 30 could be varied, within the scope of the present invention.
  • central spherical lens 46 could comprise a plastic, an oil or other liquid substance, or any other refractive material chosen for the requirements of the application.
  • Meniscus lenses 42 and 44 , and any other additional support lenses in ball lens assembly 30 could be made of glass, plastic, enclosed liquids, or other suitable refractive materials, all within the scope of the present invention.
  • ball lens assembly 30 could comprise a single central spherical lens 46 , without additional supporting refractive components.
  • Image data from a digital image source is input to a light source driver 141 , which contains the logic control and drive electronics for modulating a light source 143 .
  • Light source 143 provides the modulated light signal used to form first intermediate curved image 75 .
  • Light source 143 is coupled to an optical fiber 138 , which serves as an optical waveguide. Techniques for coupling light sources to optical fibers, well known in the optical arts, include butt-coupling and lens coupling, for example.
  • light source 143 is a laser that can be directly modulated.
  • Light source 143 and optical fiber 138 cooperate with a resonant fiber scanner 137 and a relay lens assembly 122 to form first intermediate curved image 75 .
  • First intermediate curved image 75 comprising individual pixels 104 , is formed on curved surface 40 for projection by ball lens assembly 30 .
  • Resonant fiber scanner 137 comprises an end-portion of optical fiber 138 that acts as a resonant cantilever portion 139 and an actuator 140 that drives resonant cantilever portion 139 movement.
  • Actuator 140 is itself controlled by drive signals that are synchronized with light source driver 141 , which provides control signals to light source 143 .
  • Relay lens assembly 122 acts as an optical relay element, forming each image pixel 104 in first intermediate curved image 75 from a corresponding scanner pixel 104 ′ generated by the interaction of light source 143 and resonant fiber scanner 137 .
  • relay lens assembly 122 must provide the required field curvature to first intermediate curved image 75 on curved surface 40 .
  • relay lens assembly 122 may be required to relay an image from one curvature, formed by the action of resonant cantilever portion 139 , to a second curvature, formed by curved surface 40 .
  • relay lens assembly 122 may comprise any number of lenses suitably configured for this purpose.
  • relay lens assembly 122 may comprise a fiber optic faceplate, such as those manufactured by Incom, Inc., Charlton, Mass. for example, or fiber optic billet, close-coupled with the output end of resonant cantilever portion 139 .
  • Resonant fiber scanner 137 operates as is disclosed in the article entitled “Single fiber endoscope: general design for small size, high resolution, and wide field of view” by Eric J. Seibel, Quinn Y. J. Smithwick, Chris M. Brown, and G. Reinhall, in Proceedings of SPIE , Vol. 4158 (2001) pp. 29-39, cited above.
  • Actuator 140 could be any of a number of types of actuator adapted to provide the necessary resonant vibration to resonant cantilever portion 139 .
  • suitable types of actuator 140 include piezoelectric bimorph or piezoelectric tube actuators; such as piezoceramic tubes available from ValpeyFisher Corporation, located in Hopkinton, Mass.
  • Other suitable actuators could be electromagnetic actuators including electrodynamic devices such as a voice coil, resonant scanners, Micro-Electro-Mechanical Structures (MEMS) actuators, galvanometers, electrostatic actuators; and mechanical actuators, such as one or more motors combined with eccentric cams, for example.
  • MEMS Micro-Electro-Mechanical Structures
  • the scan pattern that actuator 140 imparts to the output end of resonant cantilever portion 139 can trace out the complete two-dimensional array of image pixels 104 in a number of ways.
  • the most straightforward scan pattern would be the rectilinear scan pattern, such as the pattern conventionally employed for CRT electron beam scanning.
  • other patterns are possible.
  • the scan pattern used determines the sequencing of scanner pixels 104 ′.
  • curved surface 40 is a diffusive, curved surface having a center of curvature coincident with center of curvature C of ball lens assembly 30 .
  • ball lens assembly 30 projects first intermediate curved image 75 to form second intermediate curved image 76 .
  • curved surface 40 can thus be considered as a myriad set of dispersive point sources 50 , whose rays are received by ball lens assembly 30 .
  • first intermediate curved image 75 on curved diffusive surface 40 LaGrange invariant constraints on exit pupil size and field angle are effectively overcome.
  • curved surface 40 acts as an interface to match the low LaGrange invariant that is characteristic of image generation system 70 with the higher LaGrange invariant of stereoscopic projection components, including ball lens assembly 30 , beamsplitter 16 , and curved mirror 24 .
  • the use of curved surface 40 thus allows wide angle projection of the image by ball lens assembly 30 .
  • curved surface 40 The function of curved surface 40 is to diffuse the light relayed from relay lens assembly 122 , but with as much brightness as possible, for projection at a wide image angle by ball lens assembly 30 . To allow eventual viewing of the projected image by observer 12 , it is important that each point source 50 effectively fill stop 48 of ball lens assembly 30 . If this is achieved, observer 12 , with eyes positioned at viewing pupils 14 l / 14 r , can view the entire projected image from any point within viewing pupils 14 l / 14 r.
  • curved surface 40 comprises a coating applied to a surface, such as applied to a lens. Suitable diffusive coatings and treatments for curved surface 40 are known to those skilled in the optical arts. Alternately, curved surface 40 could be ground, etched, or treated in some other way in order to provide the needed diffusive characteristics, as is well known in the optical arts.
  • diffusive curved surface 40 could be implemented using a fiber optic faceplate, such as those manufactured by Incom, Inc., Charlton, Mass. Typically used in flat panel display applications, fiber optic faceplates transfer an image from one surface to another.
  • a fiber optic faceplate could have, for example, a double-concave shape for transferring the image relayed by relay lens assembly 122 from an arbitrary field curvature to a field curvature that is concentric with ball lens assembly 30 .
  • the output concave surface of such a fiber optic faceplate would act as curved surface 40 and could be treated using a number of techniques familiar to those skilled in the optical arts for enhancing the performance of a diffusive surface.
  • Surface treatments could be achieved, for example, using various grinding, buffing, etching, or other techniques that result in a diffusive surface, or using a holographic grating, for example.
  • a diffusive coating could alternately be applied to the output concave portion of curved surface 40 .
  • the apparatus and method of the present invention allow the aspect ratio or corresponding dimensional measurement of first intermediate curved image 75 to be variable within a range by manipulating the scanning pattern of resonant fiber scanner 137 or by controlling the data timing for the imaging beam, or using some combination of scanning pattern and timing adjustment.
  • curved mirror 24 is a reflective surface of some type, acting as a reflective means for forming the autostereoscopic image.
  • the preferred embodiment described above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, employs an essentially spherical mirror as curved mirror 24 , having a center of curvature substantially optically midway between left and right ball lens assemblies 30 l and 30 r .
  • curved mirror 24 forms a real image of left and right ball lens assemblies 30 l and 30 r at or very near corresponding left and right viewing pupils 14 l and 14 r .
  • curved mirror 24 can alternately be used, provided that these arrangements also provide a real image of left and right ball lens assemblies 30 l and 30 r at or near left and right viewing pupil 14 l and 14 r positions.
  • the configurations of FIGS. 5 and 6 show alternative arrangements that meet this imaging requirement for curved mirror 24 .
  • Curved mirror 24 can be a fairly expensive component to fabricate using traditional forming, grinding, and polishing techniques. It may be more practical to fabricate mirror 24 from two or more smaller mirror segments, joined together to assemble one large mirror 24 .
  • curved mirror 24 may comprise a membrane mirror, such as a stretchable membrane mirror (SMM), whose curvature is determined by a controlled vacuum generated in an airtight cavity behind a stretched, reflective surface.
  • SMM stretchable membrane mirror
  • Curved mirror 24 can alternately be embodied a replicated mirror, such as the replicated mirrors manufactured by Composite Mirror Applications, Inc., Tuscon, Ariz., for example.
  • Single, curved replicated mirrors fabricated using composite replicated mirror technology offer particular advantages for cost, weight, and durability.
  • Other possible alternatives for curved mirror 24 include Fresnel mirrors, or retroreflective mirrors or surfaces.
  • FIG. 5 there is shown an alternate, substantially monocentric arrangement in which left and right scanning ball lens assemblies 30 l and 30 r , disposed near optical axis O, project directly into curved mirror 24 , without the use of beamsplitter 16 , as was shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • curved mirror 24 must have acceptable off-axis performance, since the image path for each viewing pupil 14 l and 14 r must be more than slightly off-center relative to the center of curvature C s of curved mirror 24 .
  • Aspheric mirrors could be employed for such an arrangement.
  • curved mirror 24 with a spherical surface can perform satisfactorily provided that the off-axis angle of left and right scanning ball lens assemblies 30 l and 30 r is within approximately 6 degrees.
  • an aspherical surface for curved mirror 24 is more suitable.
  • a first center of curvature point C m ′ is located midway between viewing pupils 14 l and 14 r .
  • a second center of curvature point C m is located midway between respective center points C l and C r of scanning ball lens assemblies 30 l and 30 r .
  • Such an aspherical design could be toroidal and would be monocentric with respect to an axis E passing through points C m and C m ′.
  • curved mirror 24 fabricated in this manner would be elliptical, with points C m and C m ′ serving as foci of the ellipse.
  • FIG. 6 there is shown yet another alternate arrangement, also without beamsplitter 16 , similar to that shown in FIG. 5 .
  • curved mirror 24 is a cylindrically curved, reflective Fresnel mirror 66 .
  • the arrangement of components shown in FIG. 6 is again monocentric with respect to axis E, as was shown in FIG. 5 .
  • Reflective Fresnel mirror 66 has power in only one direction.
  • Reflective Fresnel mirror 66 can be, for example, a planar element fabricated on a flexible substrate, similar to Fresnel optical components manufactured by Fresnel Optics, Rochester, N.Y. Fresnel mirror 66 could be curved into a generally cylindrical shape about axis E, as is shown in FIG.
  • Fresnel mirror 66 could be essentially flat. Fresnel mirror 66 would image the exit pupils of scanning ball lens assemblies 30 l / 30 r onto viewing pupils 14 l / 14 r in a similar manner to that described above for curved mirror 24 .
  • curved mirror 24 could be replaced using a retroreflective surface, such a surface having an essentially spherical shape with center of curvature coincident with that of scanning ball lens assembly 30 .
  • a retroreflective surface would not introduce the image-crossing effect caused by curved mirror reflection, traced out for the left image path in FIG. 1 .
  • Imaging using a retroreflective surface would provide advantages of an enlarged size for viewing pupil 14 and more uniform brightness.
  • Use of a retroreflective surface could also eliminate the need for diffusive curved surface 40 in image generation system 70 . It must be noted, however, that this alternate arrangement would provide a real image, not the virtual image formed by autostereoscopic imaging system 10 in the preferred embodiment.
  • FIGS. 1 through 6 shows how images are formed, with different possible arrangements of components. It must be emphasized that there are a number of possible alternative embodiments within the scope of the present invention. There are, for example, a number of ways in which to provide color image sequencing using the apparatus and methods of the present invention.
  • the scanning fiber technique disclosed allows color frames to be provided using interleaved color light beams or using time-sequenced color frames, for example.
  • Red, green, and blue light sources 143 r , 143 g , and 143 b are coupled to a trifurcated fiber assembly 150 which combines the corresponding individual colors from optical fiber, red 138 r , optical fiber, green 138 g , and optical fiber, blue 138 b to provide a multicolor optical fiber 138 t .
  • Resonant fiber scanner 137 operates to actuate multicolor resonant cantilever portion 139 t in order to form first intermediate curved image 75 as a color image.
  • Red, green, and blue colors are conventionally used for full-color representation; however, alternate sets of two or more colors could be used for forming a multicolor image.
  • the preferred embodiment of the present invention provides an exceptionally wide field of view and the required brightness for stereoscoping imaging in excess of the 90-degree range, with viewing pupil 14 size near 20 mm.
  • ball lens assembly 30 provides excellent off-axis performance and allows a wider field of view, possibly up to 180 degrees. This provides an enhanced viewing experience for observer 12 , without requiring that headset, goggles, or other device be worn.
  • an apparatus and method for generating left- and right-eye images using a resonant fiber-optic member to form an image with a monocentric arrangement of optical components to provide a very wide field of view and large exit pupils.

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US6829089B2 (en) 2002-05-02 2004-12-07 Eastman Kodak Company Monocentric autostereoscopic optical apparatus using a scanned linear electromechanical modulator
US20050046812A1 (en) * 2003-08-28 2005-03-03 Eastman Kodak Company Autostereoscopic display for multiple viewers
US6886940B2 (en) * 2003-08-28 2005-05-03 Eastman Kodak Company Autostereoscopic display for multiple viewers
US6834961B1 (en) * 2003-09-12 2004-12-28 Eastman Kodak Company Autostereoscopic optical apparatus
US20050057788A1 (en) * 2003-09-12 2005-03-17 Eastman Kodak Company Autostereoscopic optical apparatus
US6871956B1 (en) * 2003-09-12 2005-03-29 Eastman Kodak Company Autostereoscopic optical apparatus
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