US6378317B1 - Air-conditioning method and device - Google Patents

Air-conditioning method and device Download PDF

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US6378317B1
US6378317B1 US09/674,773 US67477300A US6378317B1 US 6378317 B1 US6378317 B1 US 6378317B1 US 67477300 A US67477300 A US 67477300A US 6378317 B1 US6378317 B1 US 6378317B1
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air
heating
blower
room
renewed
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Robert Ribo
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SA Ribo France
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F12/00—Use of energy recovery systems in air conditioning, ventilation or screening
    • F24F12/001—Use of energy recovery systems in air conditioning, ventilation or screening with heat-exchange between supplied and exhausted air
    • F24F12/006—Use of energy recovery systems in air conditioning, ventilation or screening with heat-exchange between supplied and exhausted air using an air-to-air heat exchanger
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F1/00—Room units for air-conditioning, e.g. separate or self-contained units or units receiving primary air from a central station
    • F24F1/0007—Indoor units, e.g. fan coil units
    • F24F1/00075—Indoor units, e.g. fan coil units receiving air from a central station
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
    • F24F11/70—Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof
    • F24F11/72—Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof for controlling the supply of treated air, e.g. its pressure
    • F24F11/74—Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof for controlling the supply of treated air, e.g. its pressure for controlling air flow rate or air velocity
    • F24F11/76—Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof for controlling the supply of treated air, e.g. its pressure for controlling air flow rate or air velocity by means responsive to temperature, e.g. bimetal springs
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F3/00—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F2110/00—Control inputs relating to air properties
    • F24F2110/10—Temperature
    • F24F2110/12—Temperature of the outside air
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F2110/00—Control inputs relating to air properties
    • F24F2110/20—Humidity
    • F24F2110/22—Humidity of the outside air
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
    • Y02B30/56—Heat recovery units

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and a device for air conditioning and/or heating of premises, comprising at least one service room (kitchen, bathroom, toilet, etc.), and at least two main rooms (living room, drawing room, bedroom, hall, office etc.). It also extends to heating and/or air conditioning of buildings comprising several premises, and in particular housing blocks, tertiary accommodation premises (hotels, retirement homes), office blocks, etc.
  • This invention also relates specifically to a method and a device for air conditioning and/or heating, which, in addition to this heating and/or air conditioning, makes it possible to control in all seasons the supplies of renewed air required according to the regulations in force.
  • the simplest conventional ventilation solution which is designed to permit statutory supply of renewed air into premises, consists of providing air intake apertures on the facade in the main rooms, and extraction apertures in the service rooms.
  • this solution is inefficient, and in particular can lead to discomfort and detrimental pollution and/or acoustic effects, in noisy and/or polluted environments.
  • the object of the present invention is to eliminate this disadvantage, and its main objective is to provide a method and a device for heating and/or air conditioning, which additionally makes it possible to assure control of renewed ventilation air, room by room, in accordance with the regulations in force.
  • Another objective of the invention is to make it possible to modulate the throughputs of renewed air in accordance with the throughputs of air extracted.
  • Another objective of the invention is to make it possible to increase the renewal of renewed air in a room, when the latter is very crowded or smoky, without a deficit in the supply of renewed air in the other rooms.
  • Another objective of the invention is to make it possible to control the supply of renewed air in accordance with the external ambient pollution and the level of occupation of the premises.
  • the primary object of the invention is a method for heating and/or air conditioning of premises, comprising at least one service room, and at least two main rooms, consisting of:
  • an external unit and at least one internal unit comprising means for regulation with variable power and an exchanger, and each internal unit comprising an air take-up unit, means for ventilation with a variable power throughput and an exchanger, and being designed to assure the heating and/or air conditioning of at least two main rooms;
  • this method is wherein a central control unit is used, which is associated with the external and internal units, the means for motorization of each blower aperture, and the means for measurement of the temperature, and is programmed to be configured:
  • each blower aperture determines the position of the means for motorisation of each blower aperture, such as to detect any total closure of the (or all of the) aperture(s) which supply/supplies a main room;
  • a power unit with variable heating and cooling which is associated with a blower throughput modulated in accordance with the needs of the premises treated;
  • a centralised chilled water production unit (which is reversible or is associated with independent heat production), which supplies a convector fan in each apartment, or a system for processing air by areas;
  • V.C.T. type variable coolant throughput
  • a monoblock unit for example of the air/air conditioning equipment type, installed in the roof.
  • the renewal of air is controlled by a sequential function, which, when a (or the) aperture(s) which supply a main room close(s) under the effect of the means for measurement of the temperature, and thus when the quantity of renewed air introduced into the room in question becomes too low, makes it possible to compensate in a very short time for the deficit of renewed air in this room, according to the following process:
  • the central control unit analyses the time during which each aperture has remained closed, and after a period of time which is determined by the said unit, commands closure of the apertures previously open, and opening of each aperture previously closed, such as to introduce into the rooms concerned a throughput of renewed air which is equivalent to the supply of renewed air during closure of the apertures.
  • Sequential functioning of this type makes it possible to assure control of renewal of air room by room, constantly and irrespective of the season, in conformity with the legislation in force, i.e. it makes it possible to introduce the renewed air into the premises in all the main rooms, according to the need of each of the said rooms.
  • the term “blower aperture” denotes either conventional apertures with motorisation at the rear of the said apertures, or motorised shutters which are disposed upstream from a blower grate fitted onto a casing.
  • discharge of stagnant air denotes either systems which consist of injecting the renewed air into the main rooms, such as to lead to pressurisation of the latter, which causes discharge of the stagnant air through any suitable aperture, or, more conventionally, mechanical or manual extraction systems.
  • discharge will also be replaced by the term “extraction” in most of the text of this application).
  • the general control unit in its renewed air control configuration, is programmed to control the external unit and/or the internal units, such that the temperature of the mixed air blown is close to the set temperature of each room initially closed. This therefore prevents disruption of the ambient temperature of the room(s) concerned.
  • blower apertures provided with a main blower pipe, comprising a closing shutter controlled by means for motorisation, and an additional pipe with a reduced cross-section;
  • the main control unit controls the means for ventilation of each internal unit, such that the latter provide a minimal throughput of mixture of renewed/air taken up, by means of the additional pipe of the blower apertures.
  • the central control unit is also advantageously programmed such that the temperature of the mixed air blown is close to the set temperature of the main rooms.
  • each additional pipe of each blower aperture is equipped with an automatically adjustable modulator, which can supply the same throughput of mixed air for a given range of pressures, and thus prevent any risk of discomfort.
  • each blower aperture is advantageously equipped with a temperature sensor, which acts as a means for measuring the temperature, is pre-assembled to the said blower aperture, and is disposed such as to be swept by the ambient air of the room.
  • a temperature sensor acts as a means for measuring the temperature
  • the stagnant air is extracted from the service rooms by means of extraction apertures which are connected to pipes in which low pressure is created by a fan.
  • At least one of these extraction apertures and in particular the one which is located in the kitchen, is equipped with a manually-controlled throughput modulator, which in particular makes it possible to modulate the throughput extracted, according to the occupation and/or use of the room concerned.
  • each slot of the blower apertures there is integrated a flap which is articulated around a transverse axis, and can oscillate freely from a position of total or partial closure of the said slot, towards a position of total opening of the said slot, according to the air pressure upstream from the latter.
  • a flap of this type is to limit the throughput of leakage supplied by the slots when the apertures are closed, since, when at least one blower aperture is open in the premises, the air pressure upstream from the closed apertures which are equipped with the said flap is then insufficient to open the latter.
  • the slot of the closed apertures does not allow to pass through a throughput of leakage which can modify the ambient temperature in the rooms of which the apertures are closed.
  • the renewed air is advantageously introduced into the premises by means of a pipe which is provided with a fan, and this renewed air is supplied to each internal unit by means of pipes, each of which comprises an insufflation aperture with a throughput which can be modulated, thus making it possible to adapt the throughput of renewed air according to the throughput of air extracted.
  • the central control unit is advantageously connected to each extraction aperture with a throughput which can be modulated, and to each of the said apertures for insufflation of renewed air.
  • the intake of the pipe for supplying renewed air is equipped with a filtering system, according to the ambient external pollution.
  • the renewed air is thus filtered before being introduced into the premises.
  • At least one sensor to measure the quality of the air in the said premises, such as in particular a humidity sensor, a carbon dioxide sensor, etc.;
  • the device is equipped with an external sensor to measure values corresponding to those of an internal sensor, i.e. in particular a humidity sensor, a carbon dioxide sensor, etc.;
  • the general control system is connected to each measuring sensor and to the external sensor, and the latter is programmed such as to optimise the throughput of renewed air which is actually necessary for the premises.
  • the method according to the invention it is therefore possible to regulate the throughputs of extraction, and insufflation of renewed air, according to the information transmitted by the external and internal sensor(s).
  • the renewal of air is therefore optimised according to the actual needs in the dwelling.
  • measurement of the comparative quality of the external air and the internal air makes it possible in particular to determine the level of occupation of the area, and therefore the throughput of renewed air necessary.
  • the method consists of:
  • the premises are equipped with a single measuring sensor, the central control unit being programmed, according to the information supplied by the said sensor, to regulate the throughput extracted and the throughput of renewed air insufflated.
  • the central sensor then measures the average quality of the air in the premises, and, according to the information provided by this sensor, the central control unit then adapts the throughput of air extracted (extraction apertures with a throughput which can be modulated) and the throughput of renewed air (renewed air insufflation apertures).
  • each blower aperture is equipped with a measuring sensor
  • the central control unit is programmed such as to optimise the throughput of air extracted and the throughput of air insufflated at each internal unit, according to:
  • each sensor which is representative of the level of pollution (or occupation) determined by each sensor which “measures” the level of pollution of the room concerned, and therefore its need for renewed air.
  • the central control unit then optimises the throughputs of renewed and extracted air according to the condition of opening of each blower aperture, and the information supplied by each sensor which “measures” the level of pollution of the room concerned, and therefore its need for renewed air.
  • the central control unit can advantageously be programmed to limit the throughput of renewed air to a minimal value, if the external pollution becomes higher than the internal pollution, such as to restrict these throughputs of renewed air to pre-defined limit values.
  • the central control unit is designed to be able to be positioned in a control mode which is known as “smoky”, or “high level of occupation of one of the main rooms, known as the “living room””, during which:
  • apartments After a pre-determined period of time, it is configured in a sequence known as “bedrooms”, in which;
  • a main room known as a “living room” means either the actual living room, or any of the other main rooms (office, bedroom etc), at the choice of the occupants).
  • This characteristic makes it possible to minimise the transfer of pollution from a room which is highly occupied and/or smoky, such as the living room, to the other main rooms, without leading to a deficit in the supply of renewed air in the said other main rooms.
  • the main control system is programmed to position each extraction aperture and each insufflation aperture in the maximal throughput mode.
  • This arrangement is aimed firstly at optimising the sequences of deficit of supply of renewed air, and secondly at assuring substantial ventilation of the room which is highly occupied or smoky.
  • the “bedrooms” sequence is triggered, either after the pre-determined period of time, or if the divergence between the actual temperature in one of the bedrooms and the set temperature of the said bedroom becomes greater than a given value. This arrangement makes it possible to avoid excessive cooling of bedrooms which may be occupied.
  • the central control unit is programmed to analyse the development of the temperatures in each main room, relative to the respective set temperatures, in order to command closure of the blower aperture(s) of one of the main rooms, in the event of abnormal variation of temperature in the said room, and in order to emit an alarm-signal which is representative of this closure.
  • the central control unit in the air-conditioning mode, is programmed to command extraction and insufflation of the maximal throughput of stagnant and renewed air, when the external temperature becomes lower than the set temperatures.
  • the central control unit comprises manual controls, which can allow the user to pre-define a plurality of functioning characteristics such as:
  • the above method can be used for heating and/or air conditioning of isolated premises, such as an individual house. It is however advantageously designed for the heating and/or air conditioning of several premises such as housing blocks, Offices, lodging rooms, etc.
  • each of the premises can be equipped with an external unit, or a centralised external unit can be used for all the premises.
  • the term “premises” in this case means either a Conventional dwelling, or a series of offices in a block, or a group of hotel rooms, or the complete hotel itself.
  • the invention extends to a device for heating and/or air conditioning of premises comprising at least one service room and at least two main rooms, comprising:
  • an external unit and at least one internal unit comprising means for regulation with variable power and an exchanger, and each internal unit comprising an air take-up unit, means for ventilation which have variable throughput and power and an exchanger, and are designed to assure heating and/or air conditioning of at least two main rooms;
  • blower apertures which are supplied by at least one internal unit, and each of which is associated with means for motorisation which can modify the position of opening of the said apertures;
  • this device for heating and/or air conditioning comprises a central control unit which is connected to the external unit, to each internal unit, and to the means for motorisation of the blower apertures, the said central control unit being programmed to:
  • each blower aperture detects the position of the means for motorisation of each blower aperture, such as to detect any total closure of the (or all the) blower(s) which supply a main room;
  • the central control unit is advantageously programmed in its renewed air control configuration, in order to control the external and/or the internal unit(s) such that the temperature of the mixed air blown approaches the set temperature of each room initially closed.
  • each blower aperture comprises a main blower pipe, containing a closing shutter which is controlled by means for motorisation, and an associated pipe with a reduced cross-section;
  • the central control unit in its configuration for controlling the temperature, and on the assumption that all the blower apertures are closed, the central control unit is programmed to assure equal distribution of the air in all the rooms, by means of the additional pipes of the blower apertures.
  • the means for motorisation of the blower apertures are preferably designed to position the closing shutters in two positions, corresponding either to total closure, or to total or partial opening of the main pipes of the said apertures.
  • the additional pipe of each blower aperture is equipped with an automatically adjustable modulator, which can make it possible to supply the same throughput of air for a given range of pressures.
  • each blower aperture in its slot, preferably has a shutter which is articulated around a transverse axis, and can oscillate freely from a position of total or partial closure of the said slot, towards a position of total opening of the said slot, according to the air pressure upstream from the latter.
  • each blower aperture is advantageously equipped with a temperature sensor, which is pre-assembled to the said aperture, acts as a means for measuring the temperature, and is disposed such as to be swept by the ambient air of the room, when the said blower aperture has been installed (phenomenon of induction).
  • the air extraction means advantageously comprise an extraction aperture which is connected to a main pipe, in which low pressure is created by means of a fan, at least one of the said extraction apertures preferably being provided with a device for manually-controlled modulation of throughput.
  • the means for introduction of renewed air comprise a pipe which is provided with a fan designed to supply this renewed air in each internal unit, at the level of an insufflation aperture with a throughput which can be modulated, such as to make it possible to adapt the throughput of renewed air to the throughput of air extracted.
  • the central control unit is then preferably connected to each extraction aperture with a throughput which can be modulated and to each aperture for insufflation of renewed air, and is then programmed to adjust the throughput of the said insufflation apertures, such as to adapt the throughput of renewed air according to the throughput of air extracted.
  • the device comprises a filtering system which is integrated in the pipe for supply of renewed air, according to the ambient external pollution.
  • this device advantageously comprises:
  • At least one sensor to measure the quality of the air in the premises such as in particular a humidity sensor, a carbon dioxide sensor, etc.;
  • an external pollution sensor to measure values corresponding to those of an internal sensor, i.e. a humidity sensor, a carbon dioxide sensor, etc.;
  • the general central control unit being connected to the various external and internal sensors, and being programmed to optimise the throughput of renewed air which is actually necessary.
  • this device comprises a single internal measuring sensor, the central control unit being programmed to regulate the throughput of air extracted and the throughput of renewed air, according to the information supplied by the said sensor.
  • each blower aperture is equipped with a measuring sensor
  • the central control unit is programmed such as to optimise the throughput of air extracted and the throughput of renewed air at each internal unit, according to:
  • the central control unit is designed such that it can be positioned in a control mode which is known as “smoky”, or “high level of occupation of one of the main rooms”, known as the “living room”, during which:
  • apartments After a pre-determined period of time, it is configured in a sequence known as “bedrooms”, in which:
  • the central control unit is programmed to analyse the development of the temperatures in each main room, relative to the respective set temperatures, in order to command closure of the blower aperture(s) of one of the main rooms, in the event of abnormal variation of temperature in the said room, and in order to emit an alarm signal which is representative of this closure.
  • a heating and/or air conditioning device of this type can be used for individual premises, such as a house. It is however also designed for the heating and/or air conditioning of several premises such as housing blocks, offices, lodging rooms, etc, comprising either an external unit for each of the premises, or a centralised external unit.
  • FIG. 1 is a partial vertical cross-section of a housing block, representing a dwelling on the top floor of the said block, equipped with a device for heating and/or air conditioning comprising one external unit per dwelling,
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-section similar to that in FIG. 1, according to which each dwelling is equipped with devices for heating and/or ventilation comprising a centralised external unit;
  • FIG. 3 is a plan view of a dwelling with a terrace, equipped with a device according to the invention, comprising an individual external unit;
  • FIG. 4 is a partial cross-section through an axial vertical longitudinal plane of a first variant of a blower aperture according to the invention
  • FIG. 5 is a partial cross-section through an axial vertical longitudinal plane of a second variant of a blower aperture according to the invention.
  • FIGS. 6 a and 6 b are respectively a schematic cross-section through a longitudinal axial plane, and a front view of a first variant of an extraction aperture according to the invention,:
  • FIGS. 7 a and 7 b are respectively a schematic cross-section through a longitudinal axial plane, and a front view of a second variant of an extraction aperture according to the invention.
  • FIGS. 8 a to 8 k represent the algorithms of functioning of an installation according to the invention.
  • the heating and/or air-conditioning installations represented in FIGS. 1 to 3 are derived from that described in patent FR-2 703 761, in that they each comprise an internal unit 1 , disposed in a recovery plenum chamber 2 with a trap door, delimited by a false ceiling 3 , and provided with a recovery grate 4 which is disposed in the said false ceiling, and blower grates such as 5 , 6 , 7 (shown in FIG. 3 ), for distribution of air into each of the main rooms, such as the bedrooms 8 , 9 and the living room 10 (FIG. 3 ).
  • this installation differs from that described in the RIBO patent, firstly in that the individual ( 50 FIG. 1) and centralised ( 51 FIG. 2) internal and external units are production units with variable power.
  • blower apertures such as 5 , 6 , 7 are motorised apertures such as described hereinafter, which are designed to make it possible to vary the blower throughput in the rooms, from a maximal throughput (which is regulated during installation), to a greatly reduced leakage throughput (of approximately 15 to 20 m 3 /h).
  • these installations comprise a stagnant air extraction assembly, consisting of extraction apertures such as 11 a , 11 b , 11 c , which are located in the service rooms (kitchen, bathroom, toilets etc.), and are connected to a fan 12 by a network of upright pipes such as 13 , and horizontal pipes such as 14 located on the terrace.
  • extraction apertures 11 a , 11 b , 11 c make it possible to discharge the statutory throughputs imposed, and generally have a throughput which can be modulated for the kitchen 15 (see FIGS. 6 a to 7 b ), and is fixed or can be modulated for the other service rooms.
  • the extraction aperture 11 a with a throughput which can be modulated is conventionally associated with a switch 16 , which makes it possible to select either a regular throughput or a peak throughput, according to the occupation and use of the kitchen 15 .
  • This installation also comprises an assembly for introduction of renewed air, comprising firstly an integrated fan 17 , such as the extraction fan 12 , in a double-flow exchanger 18 which is located on the terrace, and makes it possible to pre-heat or pre-cool the renewed air.
  • an integrated fan 17 such as the extraction fan 12
  • a double-flow exchanger 18 which is located on the terrace, and makes it possible to pre-heat or pre-cool the renewed air.
  • This assembly for introduction of renewed air also comprises a descending column 19 for insufflation of renewed air, which is connected to the fan 17 , and at the level of each dwelling has a horizontal branch 20 which opens into the plenum chamber 2 , upstream from the internal unit 1 , and on which there is fitted an insufflation aperture 21 with an air throughput which can be modulated.
  • each dwelling can be equipped with a mini-fan, which is fitted onto a pipe, which opens respectively onto the facade and into the plenum chamber 2 .
  • each blower aperture 5 , 6 , 7 is motorised, and comprises a main pipe 22 , inside which there is disposed a motorised regulation shutter 23 , which is fitted such as to rotate around an axial transverse axis 24 , and can be displaced under the effect of means for motorisation (not shown), i.e.:
  • Each of these blower apertures 5 , 6 , 7 also has in a conventional manner a double-deflection blower grate 26 , and a counter-frame 27 , which makes it possible to secure it in an aperture provided in a partition 28 .
  • blower apertures 5 , 6 , 7 consists in the fact that, in parallel with the main pipe 22 , they have an additional, leakage throughput pipe 29 , constituting a slot which accommodates a module 30 for regulation of the said leakage throughput.
  • a plate 31 in the shape of an obtuse dihedron, one of the surfaces 31 a of which is secured to the peripheral frame of the blower aperture 5 , and the other surface 31 b of which is inclined towards the interior of the said slot.
  • pre-regulation of the leakage throughput can be carried out by means of a screw 32 , which is supported on the surface 31 b of the plate 31 , and makes it possible to adjust the inclination of the latter, and therefore the cross-section of the slot 29 .
  • each slot 29 contains a shutter 52 , which is articulated around a transverse axis, and can oscillate freely from a position of total or partial closure of the said slot 29 , towards a position of total opening of the said slot, according to the air pressure upstream from the latter.
  • blower apertures 5 , 6 , 7 consist in the fact that they incorporate a temperature sensor, and optionally a hygrometry sensor, which makes it possible in particular to avoid installation of a thermostat in each room.
  • this sensor 33 is arranged such that it is disposed at the level of the end of an annular collar 34 , bordering the end of the frame of the blower aperture 5 , between the said collar and the outer surface of the partition 28 .
  • this sensor 33 is swept by the ambient air entrained by the jet of air which is discharged from the blower aperture 5 .
  • the blower aperture 5 incorporates a Venturi system 36 (shown schematically), which is disposed at the outlet of the said aperture, in the common extension of the main pipe 22 and the additional pipe 29 , and a pipe 37 in the shape of a right-angled bend, the vertical branch of which opens at the level of the neck of the Venturi system 36 , and the horizontal branch of which extends in the direction of the interior of the room with which it communicates.
  • a Venturi system 36 shown schematically
  • the vertical branch of which opens at the level of the neck of the Venturi system 36 and the horizontal branch of which extends in the direction of the interior of the room with which it communicates.
  • the temperature sensor 38 is disposed inside the horizontal branch of the pipe 37 , such that the low pressure at the level of the neck of the Venturi system 36 sucks up the ambient air from the room which is swept by this sensor 38 .
  • each of these sensors 33 , 38 is connected to an electric wire 35 , for connection to a central control unit described hereinafter, which is designed to carry out correction of the measurement of the temperature measured by the said sensors, such as to take into account the height above ground of the latter.
  • blower apertures 5 , 6 , 7 have dimensions such that, in the totally open position of the main pipe 22 , and for an air output speed of 2 to 2.5 m/s, this main pipe 22 has a loss of load of 3 to 6 Pascals, whereas the slot 29 has a loss of load which is far greater.
  • the main pipe 22 has a cross-section with dimensions suitable for obtaining a throughput of 130 m 3 /h with 5-6 Pa;
  • the slot 29 has dimensions suitable for obtaining a throughput of 40 m 3 /h with 20 Pa, with a cross-section with dimensions such that the speed is 2 to 2.5 m/s at the outlet. With 5 Pa, this slot 29 will allow a throughput of approximately 20 m 3 /h to pass.
  • the motorised shutters 23 are in the closed position.
  • the central control unit described hereinafter reduces the speed of rotation of the fan of the internal unit 1 , and therefore sets the throughput mixed by the latter to the following value, according to the type of dwelling:
  • the automatically adjustable slots 29 thus assure that the plenum is pressurised (20 Pa).
  • the throughput insufflated in each room is controlled (balancing of the ventilation network), and good distribution of the renewed air is assured.
  • the speed of 2 to 2.5 m/s at the outlet of the slot 29 assures a correct range of the jet, and thus total sweeping of the room by the renewed air.
  • the blower aperture 7 has a slot 29 , which has dimensions such as to obtain a throughput of 80 m 3 /h with 20 Pa (modulus 80 ).
  • the slot 29 of the blower aperture 5 , 6 has dimensions such as to obtain a throughput of 40 m 3 /h with 20 Pa (modulus 40 ).
  • the extraction apertures 11 a provided in the kitchens 15 have a throughput which can be modulated.
  • these extraction apertures each comprise two, superimposed longitudinal pipes 39 , 40 , the upper one 39 of which consists of a regular throughput pipe, and the other, lower one 40 of which consists of a peak throughput pipe.
  • FIGS. 6 a - 6 b and 7 a - 7 b two variants of extraction apertures are shown respectively in FIGS. 6 a - 6 b and 7 a - 7 b.
  • the extraction aperture 11 a shown is designed to obtain two extraction throughputs, i.e. a fixed, regular throughput, and a peak throughput which can be modulated.
  • the regular pipe 39 accommodates a module 41 , for regulation of the regular throughput.
  • the peak pipe 40 incorporates a motorised shutter 42 , which is controlled by the switch 16 , and consists in a known manner of a curved flexible blade 43 , which is connected to the rotary shaft of a motor 44 , which can permit inflection of the curvature of this blade, and thus provide the cross-section of passage of the peak pipe 40 , between two stop positions corresponding to:
  • a stop such as a, b, c, according to the type of apartment concerned.
  • the extraction aperture 11 a shown is additionally designed to permit modulation of the regular throughput, according to the pollution in the dwelling.
  • the peak pipe 40 contains a motorised shutter 42 similar to that previously described.
  • the regular pipe 39 in turn contains a motorised shutter 45 which is similar to the shutter 42 , and is actuated by means of a step-by-step motor 46 , the said motorised shutter 45 being designed to be controlled by a sensor or detector according to the occupation (humidity, carbon dioxide etc.), and is associated with a stop 47 which determines the minimal throughput (of approximately 15 m 3 with 100 Pa)
  • the installation according to the invention additionally comprises a central unit 48 , already referred to, for control of the functioning of this installation as a whole.
  • this central control unit 48 comprises a plurality of intakes, and, on the basis of the various parameters supplied to these intakes, makes it possible to regulate the various outlets with which it is provided.
  • the various intakes are connected respectively to:
  • thermostat 49 to measure the temperature of the air taken up
  • sensors to measure the speed of the air blown at the outlet of the external units 1 , which are designed to verify the throughput of air obtained.
  • an intake makes it possible to choose either a ventilation mode selected by the user, or an automatic functioning mode.
  • this central control unit 48 is connected to:
  • the switch 16 to control the extraction aperture 11 a of the kitchen 15 ;
  • a central control unit of this type is programmed to provide the following functions:
  • the user can define at least two set temperatures for each room, i.e.:
  • variable power for example the 3-way valve in the case of centralised production
  • the temperature of the air blown can also be regulated either:
  • the central control unit 48 assures:
  • this central control unit 48 when this central control unit 48 carries out a sequence which is designed to make up for the deficit of renewed air in some rooms, it adapts the power to be supplied in order to obtain a blowing temperature which is close to the set temperature of the rooms. Thus, discomfort is avoided, and the ambient temperature of the said room(s) is not disrupted.
  • This central control unit 48 also allows the user to trigger ventilation with a peak throughput (when cooking is taking place, etc.), for a timed duration, by means of the switch 16 located in the kitchen 15 .
  • the central control unit 48 can then regulate the extraction and insufflation of renewed air.
  • the unit 48 can temporarily reduce the supply of renewed air, if there is a pollution peak.
  • the central control unit 48 proposes to the user a “Smoky—Heavy occupation” cycle (described in greater detail hereinafter), which makes it possible to minimise the transfer of pollution from the living room 10 towards the bedrooms 8 , 9 , and to assure a substantial throughput of renewed air insufflated in the living room 10 .
  • the central control unit 48 stops extraction and insufflation of renewed air.
  • the regulation module When there is detection of an external temperature which is lower than the internal temperature, the regulation module triggers the peak throughput (extraction, insufflation), in order to cool the dwelling.
  • This function consists of analysing the development of the temperatures in each room, in relation to the respective set temperatures. If the central control unit 48 detects an abnormal variation of temperature in a room (opening of a window for example), and the temperature is stable in the other rooms, it forces closure of the shutter 23 of the corresponding blower aperture 5 , 6 , 7 , such as to avoid losses of energy through the window. In addition, a notice appears on the display of the central control unit 48 (“Alarm” function).
  • the central control unit 48 attempts once more to reach the required set temperature. It then checks whether the temperature increase makes it possible to achieve this set temperature or not. If not, it triggers the “Alarm” cycle once more.
  • FIGS. 8 a to 8 k The algorithm of functioning of an installation of this type is shown in FIGS. 8 a to 8 k.
  • Blower aperture Q blown (5 vol/h) Living room 500 ⁇ 100 220 Bedroom 1 300 ⁇ 100 140 Bedroom 2 300 ⁇ 100 140
  • the central control unit 48 must assure minimum throughputs of insufflation of renewed air in the main rooms 5 , 6 , 7 , which are comparable to those of a conventional air intake (in a total period of one hour).
  • the main insufflation aperture 21 is in the automatically regulated position 75 m 3 /h (the missing 15 m 3 /h are introduced by the permeability of the dwelling).
  • the internal unit mixes approximately 500 m 3 /h (5 vol/h of the main rooms).
  • the renewed air is mixed with the recycled air (renewed air 75 m 3 /h—recycled air 425 m 3 /h).
  • the renewed air is distributed prorata with the dimensions of the blower apertures, i.e.:
  • blower apertures are suitable for 2-2.5 m/s. The ranges are then adapted to the room to be treated. Sweeping of the room by the air (mixture of renewed air/recycled air) is then fully assured.
  • the central regulation unit 48 adapts the power of the unit (heating or cooling) according to the temperatures detected in the rooms, and the temperatures set (P-PD or PID regulation).
  • the throughput of the internal unit 1 is then reduced to approximately 200 m 3 /h, of which 75 m 3 /h is renewed air.
  • the dimensions of the slots 29 are such as to obtain at the output a speed of 3 to 3.5 m/s. Thus, the ranges are maintained, and correct sweeping of the room by the renewed air is sustained.
  • the slot 29 which is equipped with an automatically adjustable unit 30 , assures the supply of, and distributes the renewed air (plenum under a pressure of approximately 20 Pa).
  • the central control unit 48 adapts the variable power, in order to blow the mixed air at a temperature close to the set temperature of the rooms (such as to avoid changing the set temperature and creating discomfort).
  • the central control unit 48 adapts the throughput mixed by the internal unit 1 according to the number of apertures (and their size) which are in demand (and therefore open). For these rooms, a mixing throughput of 5 vol/h is maintained for air conditioning (4 vol/h for heating).
  • the central control unit 48 regulates the variable power according to the temperatures measured in the rooms in demand and the required set temperatures (Proportional—Derivative regulation).
  • the blower apertures 5 , 6 , 7 have a low load loss (approximately 5-6 Pa), when their dimensions are 2-2.5 m/s.
  • the slot 29 of the closed aperture (high load loss) therefore “recuperates” a very low leakage throughput (15 to 25 m 3 /h, of which 21% is renewed air), according to its dimensions.
  • the unit 48 then closes the apertures which were open, and opens the aperture which was closed. It calculates the deficit of renewed air, and optimises the duration of the sequence. In order to shorten the duration of the sequence, the high speed of insufflation (central insufflation aperture 135 m 3 /h) is triggered. The deficit is 8 m 3 , since 21 m 3 /h of renewed air should normally be introduced. The sequence will last for only 4 minutes.
  • the central unit 48 regulates a blowing temperature which is close to the set temperature of the room(s) (or average set temperature), by regulation of the power of the unit.
  • the heating/air-conditioning cycle then resumes its progress for the rooms in demand, by means of the “Room in demand” sequence.
  • the central control unit 48 can be equipped with a sensor which evaluates the level of pollution of the air of 20 the dwelling (according to the hygrometry, or level of CO 2 or the like), and adapts the renewal of renewed air necessary. Two types of control are envisaged:
  • the extraction aperture 11 a of the kitchen 15 and the insufflation aperture 21 are controlled electrically, in order to decrease the throughputs (reduction from regular, example T3: normal regular kitchen extraction 45 m 3 /h, insufflation 75 m 3 /h).
  • the throughputs are reduced to a value which is close to: kitchen extraction 20 m 3 /h—insufflation 40 m 3 /h).
  • the unit 48 controls the apertures in order to obtain the normal regular throughput.
  • the extraction aperture 11 a of the kitchen 15 and the insufflation aperture 21 can be modulated in this case:
  • the electronic module adapts the ventilation (level of renewed air) to the best level, for example by varying according to this level of pollution:
  • the central unit 48 positions the insufflation and extraction apertures such as to obtain throughputs of:
  • the central module adapts the variable power according to the temperatures.
  • the central control unit 48 also regulates the blowing temperature (close to the set temperature of the rooms), by regulation of the power.
  • the central unit 48 regulates the blowing temperature to close to the set temperature for the rooms.
  • the pollution sensor carries no weight in terms of peak throughput.
  • the system concerned is a centralised system.
  • the recycled air is obtained from all of the main rooms 8 , 9 , 10 (collected unchannelled from the corridor). It is filtered, heated or conditioned.
  • the living room 10 is highly occupied (family meal, etc.)
  • the purpose of the following functioning is to minimise the pollution of the other main rooms 8 , 9 , and to assure substantial ventilation of the living room 10 , during these periods in which there is a high level of occupation or smokiness.
  • the central unit 48 when the central unit 48 is informed of the “Smoky-living room” position, it commands peak throughput ventilation (kitchen extraction 150 m 3 /h—insufflation 135 m 3 /h).
  • the “Smoky” mode is also triggered automatically for a maximum duration of 2 hours.
  • the principle (based on sequential functioning) consists of not blowing into the living room 10 and the bedrooms 8 , 9 at the same time. Blowing therefore takes place as a matter of priority into the living room 10 , the apertures 5 , 6 of the bedrooms 8 , 9 being closed.
  • “Living room” sequence aperture 7 of the living room 10 open and apertures 5 , 6 of the bedrooms 8 , 9 closed;
  • Bedrooms sequence: aperture 7 of the living room 10 closed and apertures 5 , 6 of the bedrooms 8 , 9 open.
  • the cycle begins with the “Living room” sequence: the motorised shutters 23 of the bedrooms 8 , 9 close, and the aperture 7 of the living room 10 opens.
  • the central unit 48 determines the speed of rotation of the fan of the internal unit 1 , such as to assure a mixed throughput in the living room 10 (approximately 4 vol/h).
  • bedroom 1 (shutter closed): quantity blown (slot) approximately 20 m 3 /h, of which 13 m 3 /h is renewed air;
  • bedroom 2 (shutter closed): quantity blown (slot) approximately 20 m 3 /h, of which 13 m 3 /h is renewed air.
  • the throughput of renewed air is substantial, which assures good quality of the air, even in the event of high occupation.
  • the level of air recycled is very low (13 m 3 /h of renewed air for 20 m 3 /h blown), which prevents the pollution from being transported.
  • the central unit 48 activates the “bedroom” sequence, i.e. it closes the living room 10 , and opens the bedrooms 8 , 9 .
  • the central unit 48 makes up for the deficit of renewed air in the bedrooms 8 , 9 , in order to obtain globally in one hour 20 m 3 of renewed air per bedroom (comparable with an air intake on a conventional facade).
  • the air conditioning in the bedrooms 8 , 9 is no longer assured 100% (timed duration of 2 hours), and the central unit 48 triggers the “living room” sequence (apertures 5 , 6 of the bedrooms 8 , 9 closed (slot 29 leakage throughput) and aperture 7 of the living room 10 open);
  • the central unit 48 regulates the power in order to maintain the required set temperature in the living room 10 .
  • the central unit 10 activates the “bedroom” sequence (inverts the opening of the apertures), in order to make up for the deficit of renewed air in the said bedrooms.
  • the apertures 5 , 6 of the bedrooms 8 , 9 must remain open for: ((7 ⁇ 2)/135) ⁇ 60 ⁇ 6 minutes.
  • the central unit 48 regulates the temperature of the air blown to the lowest possible level, in order to freshen the said bedrooms.
  • the “Smoky” cycle then resumes its operative sequence “living room 10 open and bedrooms 8 , 9 , closed” for the remaining hour (total maximum duration 2 hours).
  • Ventilation of the living room 10 is authorised as a matter of priority (alternance of the sequences), and a maximum temperature drop of 2° C. relative to the set levels is allowed in the bedrooms 8 , 9 .
  • the “Smoky” cycle begins with the “living room” sequence (aperture 7 of the living room 10 open, apertures 5 , 6 of the bedrooms 8 , 9 closed), with a peak ventilation throughput (extraction 150 m 3 /h, insufflation 135 m 3 /h).
  • the “bedrooms” sequence is then triggered (aperture 7 of living room 10 closed, apertures 5 , 6 of bedrooms 8 , 9 open), either for an excessively low temperature in a bedroom, or for the maximum duration of 30 minutes.
  • the duration of this sequence is determined in order to recuperate the deficit of renewed air in the bedrooms 8 , 9 , and to restore the temperature of the said bedrooms to the set level.
  • the central unit 48 regulates the throughput blown (5 vol/h maximum) and the power of the internal unit 1 , such as to reach the set temperatures of the bedrooms 8 , 9 as quickly as possible (maximum blowing temperature approximately 45° C.), in order for the duration of the “bedrooms” sequence to be as short as possible.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Air Conditioning Control Device (AREA)
  • Sorption Type Refrigeration Machines (AREA)
  • Central Air Conditioning (AREA)
  • Ventilation (AREA)
US09/674,773 1998-05-04 1999-05-04 Air-conditioning method and device Expired - Lifetime US6378317B1 (en)

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FR9805616 1998-05-04
FR9805616A FR2778228B1 (fr) 1998-05-04 1998-05-04 Procede et dispositif de climatisation et/ou de chauffage d'un local comprenant au moins une piece de service et au moins deux pieces principales
PCT/FR1999/001059 WO1999057491A1 (fr) 1998-05-04 1999-05-04 Procede et dispositif de climatisation

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US20040238653A1 (en) * 2003-03-21 2004-12-02 Alles Harold Gene Zone climate control
US20050194455A1 (en) * 2003-03-21 2005-09-08 Alles Harold G. Energy usage estimation for climate control system
FR2870326A1 (fr) * 2004-05-14 2005-11-18 France Air Installation pour le chauffage, le rafraichissement et la ventilation de logements collectifs
NL1029557C2 (nl) * 2005-07-19 2007-01-22 Holding Otten B V Installatie voor het regelen van temperatuur.
US7231967B2 (en) * 1994-01-31 2007-06-19 Building Performance Equipment, Inc. Ventilator system and method
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EP1912026A2 (de) * 2002-10-22 2008-04-16 Meltem Wärmerückgewinnung GmbH & Co. KG Luftaustauschsystem für die Belüftung wenigstens eines Raums eines Gebäudes
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WO2009086025A3 (en) * 2007-12-21 2009-10-01 Otis Elevator Company Boarding bridge with air conditioner facility
US20100248612A1 (en) * 2007-11-19 2010-09-30 Panasonic Corporation Device for ventilating and air-conditioning bathroom
CN102119813A (zh) * 2010-01-07 2011-07-13 张成林 家用节能床
EP2449315A1 (en) * 2009-07-01 2012-05-09 LG Electronics Inc. Ventilation system
EP2453184A1 (en) * 2009-07-08 2012-05-16 Daikin Industries, Ltd. Ventilation system
NL2008997C2 (nl) * 2012-06-13 2013-12-16 Vero Duco Nv Woonhuis met luchtverversingsinstallatie alsmede werkwijze voor het bedrijven daarvan.
US20160084516A1 (en) * 2013-06-04 2016-03-24 Gree Electric Appliances, Inc. Of Zhuhai Control Method for Air Deflectors of Air Conditioner
US20160238268A1 (en) * 2013-09-30 2016-08-18 Daikin Industries, Ltd. Air conditioning system and method for controlling same
AU2014411648B2 (en) * 2014-11-19 2018-05-10 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Duct-type air conditioning system
US20190056136A1 (en) * 2016-02-15 2019-02-21 Rooyenburg Pty Ltd Air conditioning control system
WO2019172768A1 (en) * 2018-03-09 2019-09-12 Vaventis B.V. Building comprising an air quality control system and a system and method for air quality control
US20190338981A1 (en) * 2015-04-06 2019-11-07 Daikin Industries, Ltd. Usage-side air-conditioning apparatus and air-conditioning apparatus provided with same
JP7462131B2 (ja) 2020-04-22 2024-04-05 パナソニックＩｐマネジメント株式会社 空調システム

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FR2837267B1 (fr) 2002-03-13 2006-09-22 Yves Juarez Dispositif de chauffage et/ou de climatisation
FR2839143B1 (fr) 2002-04-25 2006-06-09 Aldes Aeraulique Bloc de distribution et/ou de melange d'air pour une installation de climatisation reversible air/air a detente directe de type"gainable"
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US7231967B2 (en) * 1994-01-31 2007-06-19 Building Performance Equipment, Inc. Ventilator system and method
EP1912026A3 (de) * 2002-10-22 2014-06-18 Meltem Wärmerückgewinnung GmbH & Co. KG Luftaustauschsystem für die Belüftung wenigstens eines Raums eines Gebäudes
EP1912026A2 (de) * 2002-10-22 2008-04-16 Meltem Wärmerückgewinnung GmbH & Co. KG Luftaustauschsystem für die Belüftung wenigstens eines Raums eines Gebäudes
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EP1746358A3 (en) * 2005-07-19 2010-12-01 Holding Otten B.V. Temperature regulating installation
NL1029557C2 (nl) * 2005-07-19 2007-01-22 Holding Otten B V Installatie voor het regelen van temperatuur.
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US7793513B2 (en) * 2006-07-19 2010-09-14 Trane International Inc. Configurable PTAC controller with alternate temperature sensors
US20100248612A1 (en) * 2007-11-19 2010-09-30 Panasonic Corporation Device for ventilating and air-conditioning bathroom
US20090143915A1 (en) * 2007-12-04 2009-06-04 Dougan David S Environmental control system
US20090156115A1 (en) * 2007-12-13 2009-06-18 Rr Advanced Energy Systems Ltd. Method And System For Ventilating A Space
US20100269272A1 (en) * 2007-12-21 2010-10-28 Ju Ryong Kim Boarding bridge with air conditioner facility
CN101903247A (zh) * 2007-12-21 2010-12-01 奥蒂斯电梯公司 具有空调设施的登机桥
AU2008343015B2 (en) * 2007-12-21 2011-11-03 Otis Elevator Company Boarding bridge with air conditioner facility
WO2009086025A3 (en) * 2007-12-21 2009-10-01 Otis Elevator Company Boarding bridge with air conditioner facility
US8302236B2 (en) 2007-12-21 2012-11-06 Otis Elevator Company Boarding bridge with air conditioner facility
CN101903247B (zh) * 2007-12-21 2013-09-25 奥蒂斯电梯公司 具有空调设施的登机桥
US20090188329A1 (en) * 2008-01-25 2009-07-30 Duane Mangiapane In-Molded Venturi for a Vehicle HVAC System
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EP2449315A1 (en) * 2009-07-01 2012-05-09 LG Electronics Inc. Ventilation system
EP2449315A4 (en) * 2009-07-01 2014-05-14 Lg Electronics Inc VENTILATION SYSTEM
EP2453184A1 (en) * 2009-07-08 2012-05-16 Daikin Industries, Ltd. Ventilation system
EP2453184A4 (en) * 2009-07-08 2014-07-30 Daikin Ind Ltd VENTILATION SYSTEM
CN102119813A (zh) * 2010-01-07 2011-07-13 张成林 家用节能床
NL2008997C2 (nl) * 2012-06-13 2013-12-16 Vero Duco Nv Woonhuis met luchtverversingsinstallatie alsmede werkwijze voor het bedrijven daarvan.
US20160084516A1 (en) * 2013-06-04 2016-03-24 Gree Electric Appliances, Inc. Of Zhuhai Control Method for Air Deflectors of Air Conditioner
US10132516B2 (en) * 2013-06-04 2018-11-20 Gree Electric Appliances, Inf Of Zhuhai Control method for air deflectors of air conditioner
US20160238268A1 (en) * 2013-09-30 2016-08-18 Daikin Industries, Ltd. Air conditioning system and method for controlling same
US10203136B2 (en) * 2013-09-30 2019-02-12 Daikin Industries, Ltd. Air conditioning system and method for controlling same
AU2014411648B2 (en) * 2014-11-19 2018-05-10 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Duct-type air conditioning system
US20190338981A1 (en) * 2015-04-06 2019-11-07 Daikin Industries, Ltd. Usage-side air-conditioning apparatus and air-conditioning apparatus provided with same
US10928092B2 (en) * 2015-04-06 2021-02-23 Daikin Industries, Ltd. Usage-side air-conditioning apparatus and air-conditioning apparatus provided with same
US20190056136A1 (en) * 2016-02-15 2019-02-21 Rooyenburg Pty Ltd Air conditioning control system
WO2019172768A1 (en) * 2018-03-09 2019-09-12 Vaventis B.V. Building comprising an air quality control system and a system and method for air quality control
NL2020565B1 (en) * 2018-03-09 2019-09-13 Vaventis B V Building comprising an air quality control system and a system and method for air quality control
JP7462131B2 (ja) 2020-04-22 2024-04-05 パナソニックＩｐマネジメント株式会社 空調システム

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EP1076796B1 (fr) 2004-03-24
ES2219008T3 (es) 2004-11-16
WO1999057491A1 (fr) 1999-11-11
FR2778228B1 (fr) 2000-10-06
CA2330810C (fr) 2007-04-10
DE69915820D1 (de) 2004-04-29
EP1076796A1 (fr) 2001-02-21
ATE262663T1 (de) 2004-04-15
CA2330810A1 (fr) 1999-11-11
AU3527899A (en) 1999-11-23
FR2778228A1 (fr) 1999-11-05

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