US5903433A - Cooling system for telecommunications equipment arranged in a cabinet or similar - Google Patents

Cooling system for telecommunications equipment arranged in a cabinet or similar Download PDF

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Publication number
US5903433A
US5903433A US08/836,808 US83680897A US5903433A US 5903433 A US5903433 A US 5903433A US 83680897 A US83680897 A US 83680897A US 5903433 A US5903433 A US 5903433A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
space
heat
hermetically sealed
cooling system
air
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US08/836,808
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English (en)
Inventor
Bjorn Gudmundsson
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Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson AB
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Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson AB
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Assigned to TELEFONAKTIEBOLAGET LM ERICSSON reassignment TELEFONAKTIEBOLAGET LM ERICSSON ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GUDMUNDSSON, BJORN
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K7/00—Constructional details common to different types of electric apparatus
    • H05K7/20—Modifications to facilitate cooling, ventilating, or heating
    • H05K7/20536—Modifications to facilitate cooling, ventilating, or heating for racks or cabinets of standardised dimensions, e.g. electronic racks for aircraft or telecommunication equipment
    • H05K7/206—Air circulating in closed loop within cabinets wherein heat is removed through air-to-air heat-exchanger
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/02—Transmitters
    • H04B1/03—Constructional details, e.g. casings, housings
    • H04B1/036—Cooling arrangements

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a cooling system for cooling telecommunications equipment housed in a cupboard, cabinet or like housing.
  • Radio base stations used in mobile telephone communications systems emit large quantities of heat, which must be removed.
  • Typical cabinet heat emissions may be as large as 1600-2500 W. Up to 80% of this heat emission takes place in the radio transmitter equipment.
  • the cooling function is instrumental in controlling the mechanical design of the cabinet more than the radio or electronic equipment. Contaminated and wet outdoor air cannot be used directly to cool the electronics. The outdoor air, or ambient air, however, is the ultimate receiver of the heat emitted from the cabinet.
  • radio base stations have mostly been installed indoors.
  • the mechanics and the electronics and radio equipment cooling system have been designed to fulfil the requirements occasioned by indoor climates, both with regard to temperature and the concentration of air-carried contaminants.
  • these outdoor installations have hitherto been indoor systems mounted outdoors in containers that include large cooling machines. It is probable that outdoor installations will become more and more usual in the future, particularly in the case of smaller installation types referred to as compact, micro or pico radio base stations. This will place new requirements on the cooling system and on the mechanics.
  • the first type of installation includes an outdoor cabinet which houses electronic equipment constructed in the indoor mode, and is cooled directly with outdoor air that has been filtered very effectively. Although this filtering process removes solid contaminants, it does not remove wet and acid gases, which have a damaging effect on the electronics.
  • the heat emitted is released to the ambient outdoor air via heat-exchangers.
  • the heat emitted which can reach several kW, must pass through several stages before being dispersed to the ambient air: From component to heat sink, to air within the housing or cabinet, through heat-exchangers, and finally out to the ambient air.
  • Each stage or step results in a certain increase in component temperature.
  • the heat-exchanger can result in a 15° C. increase of indoor temperature contra outdoor temperature. In climates of 45-50° C., this design will be unable to fulfil the requirement of maintaining electronic and radio components at a temperature of 70-80° C.
  • the heat-exchanger must also be designed for all heat that passes therethrough. In the case of capacities of one to two kW (1-2 kW), this means that the heat-exchanger must have a size comparable with or almost equal to the size of the electronic and radio equipment.
  • the cooling equipment which includes cooling machines, and possibly also heat-exchangers, used in the third type of installation, may have a size which is as much as half the size of the radio and electronic equipment. Redundancy cannot be easily achieved.
  • the system is highly complex and requires an advanced control system.
  • the present cost of a system that lacks redundancy may reach to one-third to one-half of the cost of the entire radio base station. Operating costs are just as high. More than one-third of the heat emission power, in addition to that generated in the electronic equipment, is needed for the cooling machine to remove heat from the housing. This additional heat is liable to influence the surroundings in some sites or scenario.
  • this type of cooling system is the only available type that will fulfil the requirements that are placed on the temperature of the electronics with regard to both indoor and outdoor climates.
  • the object of the present invention is to avoid the drawbacks of existing systems and to provide a cooling system which is a) functionally simple and which can therefore be readily installed, b) is highly reliable in operation, c) does not require the provision of additional fans, and d) can be operated at low costs.
  • This object is achieved with a cooling system that has the characteristic features set forth in the following claims.
  • the inventive cooling system includes a first space in which outdoor air passageways or channels are provided.
  • the system is based on the fact that radio transmission boards and components are EMC-shielded in hermetically closed boxes with externally mounted heat sinks. The majority of the heat is emitted here.
  • the outdoor air passageways result in parallel air flows through the radio base station in direct contact with the heat sinks.
  • One of the flows passes through a small heat-exchanger, through which air which cools the remainder of the electronic equipment passes, said remaining electronic equipment being housed in a second hermetically sealed space and emitting far less heat than the earlier-mentioned components.
  • a small fan can be used to drive the air flow through the heat-exchanger.
  • the heat-exchanger need not have good efficiency, and can therefore be very compact and have the form of a transverse-flow heat-exchanger. Since the electronic equipment in the second space emits less heat, which is uniformly distributed, and has relatively good heat transmission with respect to associated circuit boards, the temperature difference between cooling air and circuit boards may be far smaller than in the case of radio transmitters and the like housed in the boxes.
  • the invention affords the following advantages: The size of the radio base station can be reduced by one-third or more in comparison with known systems; installation is much easier to accomplish; the system is far less complex (the second type of system mentioned above requires the provision of additional fans or blowers to force the air through the heat-exchanger, which will offer considerable resistance to the air flow because of the high effectiveness required); and operating costs are far lower than the costs entailed by known systems.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of one embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates schematically telecommunications equipment, for instance a radio base station, which includes electronic components, such as radio transmitters and radio receivers, terminal stages, AC/DC converters, power units (stages), etc.
  • the equipment is housed in a cupboard or cabinet 1 which is divided into a first space 2 and a second, hermetically closed space 3.
  • Those components which emit most heat, such as power units, radio transmitters, final stages or the like, which are enclosed in EMC-shielded, hermetically closed boxes provided with heat sinks, have been referenced A, B, C and D in FIG. 1 and are mounted in the space 2.
  • the space 2 is provided with a cooling-air inlet 4 and an outlet 5.
  • the heat is carried away to the ambient air.
  • the cooling air is circulated through the space 2 with the aid of a fan 6 provided in the outlet 5.
  • the fan 6 may alternatively be mounted in the inlet 4, if this is considered to be more beneficial.
  • channels or like conduit means are provided in the space 2 for guiding the air flow past the component boxes A-D parallel therewith, as shown by the dotted arrows in the drawing, and more specifically past the box-mounted heat sinks.
  • the channels may be comprised of plastic or rubber tubing or the like, or may alternatively be constructed from plastic or sheet-metal plates.
  • An air flow is guided past a heat-exchanger E, which is also mounted in the space 2 as explained below.
  • All other equipment in the radio base station i.e. the equipment that does not emit so much heat, is mounted in the second, closed space 3 in the cabinet.
  • This equipment has been generally referenced F in the drawing.
  • the heat emitted by this equipment must also be led away. Accordingly, the heat is removed by heat-exchange with cooling air in the heat-exchanger E in the space 2.
  • channels 7 and 8 are disposed between the space 3 and the heat-exchanger E, and a fan 9 is fitted in one of these channels, channel 8 in the illustrated case, for circulating the air in said space 3 and through the heat-exchanger, as shown by the arrows.
  • the heat-exchanger E need not have good efficiency and may therefore be compact.
  • the air flow is conveniently passed through the heat-exchanger in counterflow relatively to the air flow past the heat-exchanger in the space 2.
  • the component boxes A-D shown in the Figure may in reality be more or fewer than four, and that the generally shown component F in the second space 3 actually comprises a plurality of mutually different components.
  • the space 2 may also be divided into several separate sections that have the same function as that described above and in which one or more of the component boxes A-D and the heat-exchanger E are selectively arranged.
  • the invention is not restricted to the aforedescribed and illustrated exemplifying embodiment thereof and that modifications can be made within the scope of the following claims.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Cooling Or The Like Of Electrical Apparatus (AREA)
  • Shielding Devices Or Components To Electric Or Magnetic Fields (AREA)
  • Transmitters (AREA)
  • Devices That Are Associated With Refrigeration Equipment (AREA)
US08/836,808 1994-12-14 1995-12-11 Cooling system for telecommunications equipment arranged in a cabinet or similar Expired - Lifetime US5903433A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE9404359 1994-12-14
SE9404359A SE505272C2 (sv) 1994-12-14 1994-12-14 Kylsystem för telekommunikationsutrustning
PCT/SE1995/001489 WO1996019046A1 (en) 1994-12-14 1995-12-11 Cooling system for telecommunication equipment arranged in a cabinet or similar

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US5903433A true US5903433A (en) 1999-05-11

Family

ID=20396339

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US08/836,808 Expired - Lifetime US5903433A (en) 1994-12-14 1995-12-11 Cooling system for telecommunications equipment arranged in a cabinet or similar

Country Status (15)

Country Link
US (1) US5903433A (fi)
EP (1) EP0807337B1 (fi)
JP (1) JP3894459B2 (fi)
KR (1) KR100378654B1 (fi)
CN (1) CN1078979C (fi)
AU (1) AU693979B2 (fi)
BR (1) BR9510013A (fi)
CA (1) CA2206525A1 (fi)
DE (1) DE69525972T2 (fi)
ES (1) ES2173987T3 (fi)
FI (1) FI972133A0 (fi)
MX (1) MX9704308A (fi)
RU (1) RU2161876C2 (fi)
SE (1) SE505272C2 (fi)
WO (1) WO1996019046A1 (fi)

Cited By (45)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20040055914A1 (en) * 2002-09-19 2004-03-25 Alcatel Air-conditioned equipment cabinet, in particular for telephony
US20040090729A1 (en) * 2001-09-14 2004-05-13 Beitelmal Abdlmonem H Method and apparatus for individually cooling components of electronic systems
US20040248511A1 (en) * 2003-06-09 2004-12-09 Mpf Technologies Inc. Repeater for telecommunications network
WO2006061404A1 (en) * 2004-12-09 2006-06-15 International Business Machines Corporation Cooling system and method
US20080112128A1 (en) * 2004-09-23 2008-05-15 Trox (Uk) Limited Cooling Methods and Apparatus
US20090061755A1 (en) * 2007-08-28 2009-03-05 Panduit Corp. Intake Duct
CN102564175A (zh) * 2010-12-23 2012-07-11 台达电子工业股份有限公司 气冷式热交换器及其适用的电子设备
RU2489611C1 (ru) * 2012-06-13 2013-08-10 ОАО "Марийский машиностроительный завод" Система жидкостного охлаждения мобильного объекта
TWI405945B (zh) * 2010-12-23 2013-08-21 Delta Electronics Inc 氣冷式熱交換器及其適用之電子設備
US9801305B2 (en) 2008-03-03 2017-10-24 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Heat exchanger for an electronic display
US9797588B2 (en) 2008-03-03 2017-10-24 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Expanded heat sink for electronic displays
US9839155B2 (en) 2012-05-16 2017-12-05 Panduit Corp. Thermal ducting system
US9835893B2 (en) 2008-03-03 2017-12-05 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Heat exchanger for back to back electronics displays
US9894800B2 (en) 2008-03-03 2018-02-13 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Constricted convection cooling system for an electronic display
US10080316B2 (en) 2009-11-13 2018-09-18 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Electronic display assembly having thermal cooling plate and optional convective air cooling loop
US10088702B2 (en) 2013-07-08 2018-10-02 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Figure eight closed loop cooling system for electronic display
US10194564B2 (en) 2014-04-30 2019-01-29 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Back to back electronic display assembly
US10212845B2 (en) 2014-03-11 2019-02-19 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Hybrid rear cover and mounting bracket for electronic display
US10278311B2 (en) 2015-02-17 2019-04-30 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Perimeter ventilation system
US10314212B2 (en) 2008-12-18 2019-06-04 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. System for cooling an electronic image assembly with circulating gas and ambient gas
US10398066B2 (en) 2017-04-27 2019-08-27 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. System and method for preventing display bowing
US10420257B2 (en) 2008-03-26 2019-09-17 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. System and method for maintaining a consistent temperature gradient across an electronic display
US10485113B2 (en) 2017-04-27 2019-11-19 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Field serviceable and replaceable display
US10524397B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2019-12-31 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Heat exchanger assembly for an electronic display
US10524384B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2019-12-31 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Cooling assembly for an electronic display
US10559965B2 (en) 2017-09-21 2020-02-11 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Display assembly having multiple charging ports
US10660245B2 (en) 2012-10-16 2020-05-19 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Back pan cooling assembly for electronic display
US10795413B1 (en) 2019-04-03 2020-10-06 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Electronic display assembly with a channel for ambient air in an access panel
US10820445B2 (en) 2016-03-04 2020-10-27 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Cooling system for double sided display assembly
US10827656B2 (en) 2008-12-18 2020-11-03 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. System for cooling an electronic image assembly with circulating gas and ambient gas
US11019735B2 (en) 2018-07-30 2021-05-25 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Housing assembly for an integrated display unit
US11096317B2 (en) 2019-02-26 2021-08-17 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Display assembly with loopback cooling
US20210345018A1 (en) * 2018-09-14 2021-11-04 Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) Method and system for automatically protecting radio network equipment in extreme environmental conditions
RU2777697C1 (ru) * 2021-09-02 2022-08-08 Акционерное общество научно-внедренческое предприятие «ПРОТЕК» Многоканальный передатчик
US11470749B2 (en) 2020-10-23 2022-10-11 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Forced air cooling for display assemblies using centrifugal fans
US11477923B2 (en) 2020-10-02 2022-10-18 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Field customizable airflow system for a communications box
US11744054B2 (en) 2021-08-23 2023-08-29 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Fan unit for providing improved airflow within display assemblies
US11762231B2 (en) 2021-08-23 2023-09-19 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Display assemblies inducing turbulent flow
US11778757B2 (en) 2020-10-23 2023-10-03 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Display assemblies incorporating electric vehicle charging equipment
US11919393B2 (en) 2021-08-23 2024-03-05 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Display assemblies inducing relatively turbulent flow and integrating electric vehicle charging equipment
US11966263B2 (en) 2021-07-28 2024-04-23 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Display assemblies for providing compressive forces at electronic display layers
US11968813B2 (en) 2021-11-23 2024-04-23 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Display assembly with divided interior space
US12010813B2 (en) 2022-07-22 2024-06-11 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Self-contained electronic display assembly, mounting structure and methods for the same
US12035486B1 (en) 2022-07-25 2024-07-09 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Electronic display assembly with fabric panel communications box
US12072561B2 (en) 2022-07-22 2024-08-27 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Self-contained electronic display assembly, mounting structure and methods for the same

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FR2788335B1 (fr) * 1999-01-12 2001-03-09 Setelcom Holding Procede et dispositif de climatisation passive
FI108962B (fi) 1999-08-20 2002-04-30 Nokia Corp Laitekaapin jäähdytysjärjestelmä
KR100631605B1 (ko) * 2004-10-29 2006-10-09 엘지전자 주식회사 이동통신 단말기의 냉각 장치
AU2009335644A1 (en) * 2008-12-18 2011-07-14 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Thermal control system for an electronic display
RU2537619C2 (ru) * 2009-06-12 2015-01-10 Кларкор Эр Филтрейшн Продактс, Инк. Безмембранный фильтр и/или неразъемная рамка для фильтра
CN102315593A (zh) * 2010-06-30 2012-01-11 比亚迪股份有限公司 一种户外电源柜热管理方法
RU2456783C1 (ru) * 2011-03-30 2012-07-20 Открытое акционерное общество "Государственный Рязанский приборный завод" (ОАО "ГРПЗ") Экранированный корпус прибора с охлаждением
CN103096695A (zh) * 2012-12-29 2013-05-08 光达光电设备科技（嘉兴）有限公司 电源系统
CN103762992B (zh) * 2014-01-03 2016-01-20 中国船舶重工集团公司第七二三研究所 车载发射机模块方舱
WO2022011620A1 (zh) * 2020-07-15 2022-01-20 华为数字能源技术有限公司 一种换热模块及机柜

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Cited By (88)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20040090729A1 (en) * 2001-09-14 2004-05-13 Beitelmal Abdlmonem H Method and apparatus for individually cooling components of electronic systems
US20040090744A1 (en) * 2001-09-14 2004-05-13 Beitelmal Abdlmonem H. Method and apparatus for individually cooling components of electronic systems
US20040112582A1 (en) * 2001-09-14 2004-06-17 Beitelmal Abdlmonem H. Method and apparatus for individually cooling components of electronic systems
US6876549B2 (en) 2001-09-14 2005-04-05 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Method and apparatus for individually cooling components of electronic systems
US6904968B2 (en) * 2001-09-14 2005-06-14 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Method and apparatus for individually cooling components of electronic systems
US7013968B2 (en) 2001-09-14 2006-03-21 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Method and apparatus for individually cooling components of electronic systems
US7086459B2 (en) 2001-09-14 2006-08-08 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Method and apparatus for individually cooling components of electronic systems
US20040055914A1 (en) * 2002-09-19 2004-03-25 Alcatel Air-conditioned equipment cabinet, in particular for telephony
US20040248511A1 (en) * 2003-06-09 2004-12-09 Mpf Technologies Inc. Repeater for telecommunications network
US20080112128A1 (en) * 2004-09-23 2008-05-15 Trox (Uk) Limited Cooling Methods and Apparatus
WO2006061404A1 (en) * 2004-12-09 2006-06-15 International Business Machines Corporation Cooling system and method
US20090061755A1 (en) * 2007-08-28 2009-03-05 Panduit Corp. Intake Duct
US10506740B2 (en) 2008-03-03 2019-12-10 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Electronic display with cooling
US12108562B2 (en) 2008-03-03 2024-10-01 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Electronic display with cooling
US10721836B2 (en) 2008-03-03 2020-07-21 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Electronic display with cooling
US11013142B2 (en) 2008-03-03 2021-05-18 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Electronic display with cooling
US9801305B2 (en) 2008-03-03 2017-10-24 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Heat exchanger for an electronic display
US9797588B2 (en) 2008-03-03 2017-10-24 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Expanded heat sink for electronic displays
US11540418B2 (en) 2008-03-03 2022-12-27 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Electronic display with cooling
US9835893B2 (en) 2008-03-03 2017-12-05 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Heat exchanger for back to back electronics displays
US9894800B2 (en) 2008-03-03 2018-02-13 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Constricted convection cooling system for an electronic display
US10506738B2 (en) 2008-03-03 2019-12-10 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Constricted convection cooling for an electronic display
US11596081B2 (en) 2008-03-03 2023-02-28 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Electronic display with cooling
US10420257B2 (en) 2008-03-26 2019-09-17 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. System and method for maintaining a consistent temperature gradient across an electronic display
US10314212B2 (en) 2008-12-18 2019-06-04 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. System for cooling an electronic image assembly with circulating gas and ambient gas
US11191193B2 (en) 2008-12-18 2021-11-30 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. System for cooling an electronic image assembly with circulating gas and ambient gas
US10827656B2 (en) 2008-12-18 2020-11-03 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. System for cooling an electronic image assembly with circulating gas and ambient gas
US10736245B2 (en) 2009-11-13 2020-08-04 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Electronic display assembly with combined conductive and convective cooling
US10080316B2 (en) 2009-11-13 2018-09-18 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Electronic display assembly having thermal cooling plate and optional convective air cooling loop
CN102564175A (zh) * 2010-12-23 2012-07-11 台达电子工业股份有限公司 气冷式热交换器及其适用的电子设备
TWI405945B (zh) * 2010-12-23 2013-08-21 Delta Electronics Inc 氣冷式熱交換器及其適用之電子設備
CN102564175B (zh) * 2010-12-23 2014-09-17 台达电子工业股份有限公司 气冷式热交换器及其适用的电子设备
US9839155B2 (en) 2012-05-16 2017-12-05 Panduit Corp. Thermal ducting system
RU2489611C1 (ru) * 2012-06-13 2013-08-10 ОАО "Марийский машиностроительный завод" Система жидкостного охлаждения мобильного объекта
US10660245B2 (en) 2012-10-16 2020-05-19 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Back pan cooling assembly for electronic display
US10524384B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2019-12-31 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Cooling assembly for an electronic display
US10524397B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2019-12-31 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Heat exchanger assembly for an electronic display
US10088702B2 (en) 2013-07-08 2018-10-02 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Figure eight closed loop cooling system for electronic display
US10359659B2 (en) 2013-07-08 2019-07-23 Manufactruing Resources Internatonal, Inc. Cooling system for electronic display
US10212845B2 (en) 2014-03-11 2019-02-19 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Hybrid rear cover and mounting bracket for electronic display
US10687446B2 (en) 2014-04-30 2020-06-16 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Back to back electronic display assembly
US10194564B2 (en) 2014-04-30 2019-01-29 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Back to back electronic display assembly
US10973156B2 (en) 2014-04-30 2021-04-06 Manufacturing Resources International, Inc. Dual electronic display assembly
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JP3894459B2 (ja) 2007-03-22
BR9510013A (pt) 1997-10-28
FI972133A (fi) 1997-05-19
ES2173987T3 (es) 2002-11-01
EP0807337A1 (en) 1997-11-19
MX9704308A (es) 1997-09-30
CN1078979C (zh) 2002-02-06
SE9404359L (sv) 1996-06-15
AU693979B2 (en) 1998-07-09
AU4277396A (en) 1996-07-03
CN1170482A (zh) 1998-01-14
RU2161876C2 (ru) 2001-01-10
WO1996019046A1 (en) 1996-06-20
JPH10510962A (ja) 1998-10-20
CA2206525A1 (en) 1996-06-20
DE69525972D1 (de) 2002-04-25
EP0807337B1 (en) 2002-03-20
KR100378654B1 (ko) 2003-06-09
SE505272C2 (sv) 1997-07-28
SE9404359D0 (sv) 1994-12-14
DE69525972T2 (de) 2002-10-02
FI972133A0 (fi) 1997-05-19

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