US5818991A - Optical coupling arrangement composed of a pair of strip-type optical waveguide end segments - Google Patents

Optical coupling arrangement composed of a pair of strip-type optical waveguide end segments Download PDF

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Publication number
US5818991A
US5818991A US08/786,896 US78689697A US5818991A US 5818991 A US5818991 A US 5818991A US 78689697 A US78689697 A US 78689697A US 5818991 A US5818991 A US 5818991A
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end segments
waveguide
segments
waveguide end
segment
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Reinhard Maerz
Gerhard Heise
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II VI Delaware Inc
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Siemens AG
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B6/12007—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer
    • G02B6/12009—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer comprising arrayed waveguide grating [AWG] devices, i.e. with a phased array of waveguides
    • G02B6/12014—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer comprising arrayed waveguide grating [AWG] devices, i.e. with a phased array of waveguides characterised by the wavefront splitting or combining section, e.g. grooves or optical elements in a slab waveguide
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
    • G02B6/125—Bends, branchings or intersections

Definitions

  • the present invention is directed to an optical coupling arrangement having at least a pair of strip-type optical waveguide end segments that extend alongside one another with the ends being arranged alongside of one another for coupling optical radiation into the waveguide end segments wherein the ends are arranged at most at a small distance from one another so that crosstalk occurs in the optical waveguide segments that run next to one another.
  • An example of this type of coupling arrangement is an optical directional coupler which has the waveguide end segments positioned at a small enough distance from one another over the entire length of the coupling stretch beginning at the ends of the end segments so that crosstalk occurs along this coupling stretch. For example a coupling over will occur between the waveguide end segments of the optical radiation coupled in via the ends.
  • a crosstalk of this type is necessary for operability.
  • the underlying object of the present invention is to provide a coupling arrangement of the type having the ends of the waveguides spaced at a small distance from one another to enable crosstalk between the waveguide end segments but however the crosstalk is suppressed along the waveguide end segments spaced from the end.
  • the present invention is directed to improvements in an optical coupling arrangement having at least one pair of strip-type optical waveguide end segments which run alongside one another with the ends arranged alongside one another for coupling optical radiation into the waveguide end segments with the ends being arranged at a small distance from one another so that crosstalk occurs in the optical waveguide end segments that run next to one another.
  • the improvement comprises the waveguide end segments being arranged at a distance which increases from the small distance at the ends as the distance from the ends increases.
  • the crosstalk between the two output waveguides can be advantageously suppressed as far as possible.
  • the waveguide end segments respectively comprise an optical longitudinal axis, which axes are arranged at the ends of the waveguide end segments at an oblique angle relative to one another.
  • This angle is for example smaller than an aperture angle at the end of a waveguide end segment.
  • the angle is preferably less than 2° and an angle of 1° already leads advantageously to an effective suppression of the crosstalk.
  • the ends of the waveguide end segments are preferably coupled to a frontal surface of a layer waveguide.
  • This embodiment is usable not only with two waveguide end segments coupled to the frontal surface of the layer waveguide, but it can be used given the presence of more than two waveguide end segments at each pair of adjacent ends, in which the crosstalk occurs due to a small distance between the ends of this pair.
  • the frontal surface of the layer waveguide comprises at least two frontal surface segments that stand or extend at an oblique angle to one another, and the two waveguide end segments are coupled to the surface segments in such a way that the end of each waveguide end segment is coupled to a separate frontal surface segment.
  • This waveguide end segment comprises a longitudinal axis that extends essentially perpendicular to this one surface segment, and the end of the other waveguide end segment is coupled to the other frontal surface segment and has a longitudinal axis that extends essentially perpendicular to this other segment.
  • An inventive arrangement can be advantageously realized in any material system in which optical waveguide structures can be manufactured.
  • Strip-type waveguide means a waveguide with a longitudinal axis in which the conducted radiation is essentially propagated only along this axis and not perpendicular to it.
  • waveguides are integrated waveguides such as rib waveguides, diffused-in or implanted waveguides, but also includes optical fibers, for example glass fibers.
  • the ends of the waveguide end segments are coupled to an individual wavelength channel of an optical phased array, which channel is allocated to a determinate or established wavelength.
  • an optical phased array which channel is allocated to a determinate or established wavelength.
  • An advantageous method for the operation of the inventive arrangement consists in that the radiation to be coupled in is supplied to the ends of the waveguide end segments in the form of a beam comprising a determinate or established diameter, which is adjusted to a fixed or established spatial position in relation to the ends of the waveguide. It is thereby advantageous if the beam is set to the established position by means of displacement in the direction of the small distance.
  • the determinate or fixed diameter can be larger or smaller than a diameter of the end of a waveguide end segment.
  • the fixed diameter of the beam is essentially equal to the diameter of the fundamental mode conducted in a waveguide end segment.
  • the radiation to be coupled into the ends of the unexpected end segments is focused with one focal point of the established diameter on the ends of the waveguide end segments, which is adjusted to the established position in relation to the ends of the waveguide end segments.
  • the spatial position of the beam or focus relative to the ends of the waveguide end segments depends on a wavelength of the radiation to be coupled in.
  • An example of a case of this sort is an optical spectrometer or an optical phased array.
  • the beam or focus can be adjusted to the extended position in relation to the ends by adjusting the wavelengths of the radiation to a value corresponding to the established position.
  • a particular advantage of this inventive method lies in the application or use of the invention for the setting of a definite power ratio of the radiation focused on the ends of the two waveguide segments between a portion coupled into one waveguide end segment, and a portion, coupled into the other waveguide segment.
  • This application is enabled by means of a favorable characteristic of the inventive arrangement which characteristic is based on the suppression of the crosstalk.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a top view of an exemplary embodiment of the inventive arrangements
  • FIG. 2 is a graph of the ratio of the power coupled into two waveguides in relationship to the wavelength for the embodiment of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of an example of an optical phase array to which the inventive arrangement can be coupled.
  • FIG. 4 is an enlarged representation enclosed in the broken line circle IV of FIG. 3.
  • the principles of the present invention are particularly useful when incorporating an optical coupling arrangement consisting of a pair of strip-type optical waveguide end segments 1 and 2 that extend alongside one another as illustrated in FIG. 1.
  • the end segment 1 has end 10 and the end segment 2 has an end 20 which are arranged adjacent each other for the coupling of an optical radiation S which is supplied from a common direction indicated by the arrow r into the waveguide segments 1 and 2.
  • the ends 10 and 20 have centers 101 and 201 respectively and are arranged at a measured distance d0 from one another which is distance between the center 101 from the center 201.
  • This distance d0 is dimensioned small enough that crosstalk will occur in the optical waveguide end segments 1 and 2 running alongside one another with this small distance d0.
  • the small distance d0 is chosen so that there is a gap between the ends 10 and 20. However, it could also be arranged so that the ends 10 and 20 touch one another without a gap.
  • the waveguide segments 1 and 2 are arranged at a distance d from one another, which increases from the small distance d0 as the distance from ends 10 and 20 increases.
  • the waveguide end segments 1 and 2 each have an optical longitudinal axis 11 and 21 respectively.
  • the axes 11 and 21 are arranged obliquely to one another in an angle ⁇ , which opens out in the assumed direction r from the ends 10 and 20 of the end segments 1 and 2.
  • the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 1 is constructed so that the angle ⁇ comprises a bisecting line 121 oriented in the direction r, and the increasing distance d is the distance, which is measured perpendicular to the bisecting line 121, between the two longitudinal axes 11 and 12 of the waveguide end segments 1 and 2. Moreover, the embodiment is constructed so that the longitudinal axis 11 of the waveguide end segment 1 goes through the center 101 of the end 10 of this end segment 1, and the optical longitudinal axis 21 of the other waveguide end segment 2 goes through the center 201 of the end 20 of this other end segment 2.
  • the angle ⁇ is for example selected smaller than an aperture angle at the end 10 or, respectively, 20 of a waveguide end segment 1 and/or 2, and can be less than 2°. In a concrete realization of the exemplary embodiment, the angle ⁇ was about 1.6°.
  • the ends 10 and 20 of the waveguide end segment 1 and 2 are for example coupled to a frontal surface 30 of a layer waveguide 3.
  • the radiation S to be coupled into the end segments is supplied, to the ends 10 and 20 from this layer waveguide 3.
  • the frontal surface 30 comprises for example two frontal surface segments or portions 31 and 32 extending obliquely at an angle ⁇ to one another.
  • the two waveguide end segments 1 and 2 are coupled to the surface segments.
  • the end 10 of the waveguide segment 1 is coupled to the frontal surface segment 31, and the end 20 of the other waveguide end segment 2 is coupled to the other frontal surface segment 32.
  • the converse of this could also hold.
  • Each waveguide end segment preferably comprises a longitudinal axis that essentially extends perpendicular to the frontal surface segment to which the end segment is coupled.
  • the waveguide end segments 1 and 2 can make a transition into parallel strip-type waveguides (not shown), which have a distance from one another that is at least equal to this large value of the distance d.
  • the transition can for example be produced by means of a curvature of the waveguide end segments 1 and 2.
  • the waveguide end segments 1 and 2 run at first in a straight line for a certain stretch starting from the ends 10 and 20 with the axes 11 and 21 extending in a straight line, and then the waveguide end segment make a transition if necessary to a path with a curved longitudinal axis 11 or, respectively, 21.
  • the exemplary embodiment can for example be operated in such a way that the radiation S to be coupled into the end segments is supplied to the ends 10 and 20 of the waveguide end segments 1 or, respectively, 2 in the form of a beam 4 having established or a determinate diameter D, which is set to a determinate or fixed position X0 in relation to the ends 10, 20.
  • the position of the beam 4 is for example determined by the position of an axis 40 of this beam 4 in relation to the ends 10 and 20.
  • the beam 4 is preferably a collimated or focused beam.
  • the radiation S to be coupled in is for example focused with one focus or focal path F at the ends 10 and 20 of the waveguide end segments 1 and 2, set to the determined position X0 in relation to the ends 10 and 20.
  • the beam 4 or, respectively, focus F is preferably set to have an axis passing through the determinate or fixed position X0 by displacement of the axis in the direction of the small distance d0, which in FIG. 1 is along the direction of the x axis.
  • the determined or fixed position X0 is for example chosen so that it lies in the middle between the centers 101 and 201 of the ends 10 and 20. This middle position is the preferred one in many cases. The determined position X0 can however deviate from the middle position from case to case.
  • the beam 4 or, respectively, focus F is shown in such a way that the axis 40 of the beam 4, which is at the same time an axis of the focus F, is for example oriented as the angle bisector 121 in the assumed direction r.
  • the inventive coupling arrangement is not limited to a determined direction r of the radiation S to be coupled in.
  • a determinate direction r of the radiation S is however predetermined. This can consist for example in a target or main direction of propagation r of the radiation S, from which certain deviations are allowed.
  • the axis 40 can deviate from the direction r by a certain angle (not shown), e.g. an angle that lies within a predeterminable or predetermined region of allowability.
  • a deviation from the direction r can depend on the spatial position of the beam 4 or, respectively, the focus F in relation to the ends 10 and 20, e.g. the position x of the beam axis 40 on the x axis.
  • the position of the beam 4 or, respectively, focus F relative to the ends 10 and 20, e.g. the position x, depends on a wavelength ⁇ of the radiation S to be coupled in, e.g. x f( ⁇ ) holds, whereby f is a determinate or particular function
  • the beam 4 or, respectively, focus F can be set to the determined position X0 by setting the wavelength ⁇ of the radiation S to a value corresponding to the determined position X0.
  • inventive coupling arrangement and in particular the inventive method, can be used in spectrographs of this type, e.g. at the output side, for various purposes.
  • An inventive method can for example advantageously be used to set a defined power ratio between a power portion, which is coupled into a waveguide end segment, and a power portion, which is coupled into the other waveguide end segment, of the radiation S supplied to the ends 10 and 20 of the two waveguide end segments 1 and 2.
  • the power ratio L1 /L2 or L2/L1 can be set between a power portion L1 coupled into the waveguide end segment 1 and a power portion L2 coupled into the other waveguide end segment 2.
  • This application is based on the advantageous characteristic of the inventive coupling arrangement, which characteristic is based on the suppression of the crosstalk, according to which characteristic the power ratio in the region of the small distance d0 between the ends 10 and 20 is an unambiguous monotonic function of the position x of the beam 4 or, respectively, focus F in relation to the ends 10 and 20.
  • the power ratio is a monotonic function of the position x of the beam 4 or, respectively, of the focus F, not only in the region of the small distance d0, but in a larger region containing this region. Due to this fact, the inventive arrangement is outstandingly suited for regulation purposes via the power ratio as target and actual quantity, whereby a large capture range is moreover provided.
  • the power ratio in this region is also an unambiguous monotonic function of this wavelength ⁇ .
  • FIG. 2 An example for a case of this sort is shown in FIG. 2, in which as an example the power ratio L1/L2 is plotted in dependence on the wavelength ⁇ of the radiation S.
  • the radiation S was focused on the ends 10 and 20 with a diameter D, which was essentially equal to the diameter of the fundamental mode respectively conducted into the waveguide end segments 1 and 2, which are for example dimensioned equally to one another.
  • the diameter of the fundamental mode led into each waveguide end segment 1 and 2 is comparable with the diameter d1 or, respectively, d2 of this segment 1 or, respectively, 2.
  • the position x of the beam 4 or, respectively, of the focus F depends on the larger region on the wavelength ⁇ , essentially in linear fashion.
  • the small distance d0 measured between the centers 101 and 201 of the ends 10 and 20 was e.g. 10 ⁇ m, and was selected larger than the sum of the diameters of the two conducted fundamental modes.
  • the 10 ⁇ m corresponded to 200 GHz.
  • the zero point 0 of the x axis in FIG. 1 lay precisely in the middle between the two centers 101 and 201 of the ends 10 and 20. This zero point 0 corresponds to the zero point 0 of the ⁇ axis in FIG. 2. It can be seen clearly that the capture region B, i.e. the region in which the power ratio L1/L2 is a monotonic function K( ⁇ ) of the wavelength ⁇ , is somewhat larger than the region from -150 GHz to +150 GHz, which corresponds to a region of the position x from -7.5 ⁇ m to +7.5 ⁇ m.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 A preferred application of the inventive arrangement, in which the ends 10 and 20 of the waveguide end segments 1 and 2 are coupled onto an individual wavelength channel of an optical phased array 5, which channel is allocated to a determined wavelength ⁇ is illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4.
  • a strip-type optical waveguide 6 is coupled onto an input-side optical layer waveguide 7 of the phased array 5, for the common supplying of several, for example eight, optical wavelengths ⁇ 1 to ⁇ 8 , which wavelength differ from one another and the determined wavelengths ⁇ different from these wavelengths, to the phased array 5.
  • the phased array 5 distributes according to power the optical radiation coupled from the strip-type waveguide 6, and this distribution taking place to various strip-type optical waveguides 5 1 to 5 8 and 5 0 of the phased array 5, which waveguides have different optical lengths, in such a way that each of these waveguides 5 1 to 5 8 and 5 0 respectively receives all the wavelengths ⁇ 1 to ⁇ 8 and ⁇ .
  • the strip-type waveguides 5 1 to 5 8 and 5 0 are on the other hand coupled to an output-side optical layer waveguide 3 of the phased array 5, in which the wavelengths ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 8 and ⁇ , supplied to the strip-type waveguides 5 1 and 5 8 and 5 0 and coupled into this layer waveguide 3, are superposed on one another in such a way that each one of these wavelengths ⁇ 1 to ⁇ 8 and ⁇ is concentrated respectively at a different place on an output-side frontal surface 30 of the layer waveguide 3.
  • Each of these places corresponds to one individual wavelength channel, to which only the wavelength concentrated at this place is allocated, and there are thus individual wavelength channels separated spatially from one another, to each of which one of the wavelengths ⁇ 1 to ⁇ 8 and ⁇ is respectively allocated.
  • each of the wavelength channels allocated to the several wavelengths ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , . . . ⁇ 8 respectively one strip-type optical waveguide 51, 52, . . . or, respectively, 58 is coupled to the frontal surface 30 of the layer waveguide 3, which conducts only the wavelengths allocated to this wavelength channel, ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , . . . or, respectively, ⁇ 8 .
  • an inventive arrangement is coupled with the waveguide end segments 1 and 2 on the frontal surface 30 of the layer waveguide 3 (see in particular FIG. 4), e.g. in the form of the exemplary arrangement according to FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • the determined wavelength ⁇ is for example chosen so that it is the shortest wavelength.
  • the position of the wavelength channels on the frontal surface 30 of the layer waveguide 3 can be stabilized using the determined wavelength ⁇ as a reference wavelength, e.g. in the way specified in the above mentioned copending U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 08/788,189.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Optical Integrated Circuits (AREA)
  • Optical Couplings Of Light Guides (AREA)
  • Use Of Switch Circuits For Exchanges And Methods Of Control Of Multiplex Exchanges (AREA)
US08/786,896 1996-01-25 1997-01-23 Optical coupling arrangement composed of a pair of strip-type optical waveguide end segments Expired - Lifetime US5818991A (en)

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DE19602678.4 1996-01-25
DE19602678 1996-01-25

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EP (1) EP0786677B1 (ja)
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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5943457A (en) * 1998-03-24 1999-08-24 Telecommunications Research Laboratories Generalized resonant coupler filters
US6377379B1 (en) * 1997-12-08 2002-04-23 Alcatel System for interchanging optical signals over an optical fiber
GB2370370A (en) * 2000-12-22 2002-06-26 Kymata Ltd Arrayed waveguide grating
US6591034B1 (en) * 1998-04-06 2003-07-08 Infineon Technologies Ag Configuration for spatially separating and/or joining optical wavelength channels

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10201125C2 (de) * 2002-01-09 2003-12-18 Infineon Technologies Ag Anordnung zur Frequenzstabilisierung
DE102015225863A1 (de) * 2015-12-18 2017-06-22 Robert Bosch Gmbh Optische phasengesteuerte Anordnung und LiDAR System

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US5030321A (en) * 1989-06-13 1991-07-09 Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft Method of producing a planar optical coupler
US5208884A (en) * 1990-03-23 1993-05-04 Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft New multicompatible optical coupler produced by injection molding
US5212758A (en) * 1992-04-10 1993-05-18 At&T Bell Laboratories Planar lens and low order array multiplexer
EP0651267A1 (en) * 1993-11-01 1995-05-03 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Optical branching device
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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6377379B1 (en) * 1997-12-08 2002-04-23 Alcatel System for interchanging optical signals over an optical fiber
US5943457A (en) * 1998-03-24 1999-08-24 Telecommunications Research Laboratories Generalized resonant coupler filters
US6591034B1 (en) * 1998-04-06 2003-07-08 Infineon Technologies Ag Configuration for spatially separating and/or joining optical wavelength channels
GB2370370A (en) * 2000-12-22 2002-06-26 Kymata Ltd Arrayed waveguide grating

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JPH09211256A (ja) 1997-08-15
EP0786677A1 (de) 1997-07-30
DE59703877D1 (de) 2001-08-02
ES2160268T3 (es) 2001-11-01
EP0786677B1 (de) 2001-06-27

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