US5431927A - Pet food product having oral care properties - Google Patents

Pet food product having oral care properties Download PDF

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Publication number
US5431927A
US5431927A US07/899,534 US89953492A US5431927A US 5431927 A US5431927 A US 5431927A US 89953492 A US89953492 A US 89953492A US 5431927 A US5431927 A US 5431927A
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United States
Prior art keywords
product
animal
food product
matrix
teeth
Prior art date
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Expired - Lifetime
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US07/899,534
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English (en)
Inventor
Michael S. Hand
John J. Hefferren
Brian Marlow
Lon D. Lewis
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Colgate Palmolive Co
Odontex Inc
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Colgate Palmolive Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Application filed by Colgate Palmolive Co filed Critical Colgate Palmolive Co
Priority to US07/899,534 priority Critical patent/US5431927A/en
Priority to AU39848/93A priority patent/AU671275B2/en
Priority to DE69313034T priority patent/DE69313034T2/de
Priority to ES93250152T priority patent/ES2106958T3/es
Priority to DK93250152.1T priority patent/DK0575021T3/da
Priority to EP93250152A priority patent/EP0575021B1/en
Priority to AT93250152T priority patent/ATE156667T1/de
Priority to CA002097757A priority patent/CA2097757C/en
Priority to PT101288A priority patent/PT101288B/pt
Priority to NO932197A priority patent/NO307492B1/no
Priority to FI932738A priority patent/FI110473B/fi
Priority to JP14499893A priority patent/JP3308651B2/ja
Assigned to COLGATE-PALMOLIVE CO. reassignment COLGATE-PALMOLIVE CO. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ODONTEX, INC.
Assigned to ODONTEX, INC. reassignment ODONTEX, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HEFFERREN, JOHN
Assigned to COLGATE-PALMOLIVE CO. reassignment COLGATE-PALMOLIVE CO. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HAND, MICHAEL S., LEWIS, LON D.
Assigned to COLGATE-PALMOLIVE CO. reassignment COLGATE-PALMOLIVE CO. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MARLOW, BRIAN
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/40—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for carnivorous animals, e.g. cats or dogs
    • A23K50/42—Dry feed
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K40/20—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs by moulding, e.g. making cakes or briquettes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K40/25—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs by extrusion
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S426/00—Food or edible material: processes, compositions, and products
    • Y10S426/805—Pet food for dog, cat, bird, or fish

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a solid animal food product having a structural matrix which promotes oral care and hygiene in animals.
  • this invention relates to a pet food product having an expanded, striated structural matrix which when chewed by pets such as dogs and cats, imparts an improved mechanical dental cleansing benefit to the pet's teeth.
  • Plaque is a water white gelatinous mass of sticky film of bacteria, polysaccharides and salivary proteins which is not easily washed away. Plaque is now generally recognized as the main culprit of poor oral health. Bacteria that produce the acid for the caries process are held to the tooth surface by the plaque matrix as well as other bacterial agents which cause redness and swelling (gingivitis). The presence of these bacteria, if left untreated, may spread to cause malodor, periodontal disease, gingival pockets and bone loss.
  • Dental calculus is the result of the thickening and hardening (mineralization) of dental plaque.
  • Tartar which is not easily removed accumulates on the tooth surface, mainly at the gingival margin. It is a hard mineral deposit containing predominantly calcium and phosphate, very tightly bound to the tooth surface. Once it is formed, tartar is extremely difficult to remove except by a veterinary professional. Tartar can become unsightly if growth is left unimpeded, and elimination is desirable as the porous surface of the calculus will be covered by a thin layer of unmineralized plaque which can cause constant irritation of the gums and can trigger other problems once calculus is formed below the gum line.
  • a variety of products are manufactured to provide animal pets with objects to chew or gnaw. They are intended to provide the pet with exercise for the teeth to maintain a healthy condition satisfying a need which arose when the natural pet food, raw meat, was replaced with processed pet foods.
  • the rawhide dog chews are expensive, and the indigestible leather fragments swallowed by the dogs frequently cause severe gastrointestinal blockage or diarrhea.
  • European patent 272,968 discloses a chewable product for dogs and other domestic animals wherein certain aqueous solutions of oral care agents, e.g., sodium fluoride (anti-caries agent), sodium benzoate (anticalculus agent) and bromochlorophene (antimicrobial/antiplaque agent) are used to soak rawhide, beef tendon, or ligament.
  • oral care agents e.g., sodium fluoride (anti-caries agent), sodium benzoate (anticalculus agent) and bromochlorophene (antimicrobial/antiplaque agent) are used to soak rawhide, beef tendon, or ligament.
  • the solution treated product is then dried whereby the oral care agents are absorbed into the surface of the product.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,011,679 discloses a tartar preventing dog chew composed of raw hide having an edible coating containing an anti-tartar alkali metal inorganic phosphate.
  • U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,000,940 and 5,000,943 disclose baked dog biscuits containing an inorganic pyrophosphate salt, e.g., tetrasodium pyrophosphate salt, which when chewed and/or eaten by dogs cause a reduction in tartar accumulations on their teeth.
  • an inorganic pyrophosphate salt e.g., tetrasodium pyrophosphate salt
  • a disadvantage of the prior art baked pet oral care products is that they are hard and brittle products and, although abrasive and initially effective to remove plaque from teeth, quickly lose their effectiveness when chewed by the animal because rapid crumbling of the product during chewing leads to loss of abrasive contact of the product with the teeth.
  • This invention is directed to an extruded animal food product having an expanded, striated structural matrix which, when chewed by the animal, effectively removes tartar, stain and plaque on the animal's teeth through a mechanical cleansing action without causing gastrointestinal distress.
  • the striated product fractures along the striations whereby the animal's teeth are retained in increased abrasive contact with the fractured layers, the teeth being abraded and mechanically cleaned by the surfaces of the separated layers as the product is chewed by the animal increasing the time that the product is retained in mechanical cleaning contact with its teeth.
  • the extruded striated product has a low moisture content and is preferably formed from an ingredient mixture of carbohydrate, fat, protein and fiber bearing ingredients and nutritional balancing ingredients such as vitamins and minerals.
  • the ingredient mixture is formed into an expanded, striated product by moving the mixture under plasticizing mechanical agitation and increasing levels of temperature and shear to form a flowable mass which is advanced through a discharge passageway, the inner walls of which have a coefficient of friction no greater than 0.2, to effect a flow state through the passageway resembling laminar flow, whereby the plasticized product is extruded as a continuous strand of product in an expanded and stratified condition with the fibers incorporated in the product flowing in transverse striations.
  • the strand of striated product is then segmented into discrete particles or pellets by cutting means upon exit of the strand from the extruder.
  • the pellets are then conveyed to a drying system, e.g. heated air, and the moisture level reduced to about 11% or less.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of an extrusion apparatus which can be used to manufacture the animal food product of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a photomicrograph (360 ⁇ magnification) of a cross-section through the food product of the present invention having fibrous striations transversely aligned through the matrix.
  • a heatable extruder having one or more transfer screws within a closed heatable barrel and a restricted extrusion discharge passageway such as a die, nozzle or pipe at the front end of the barrel, the internal walls of the passageway being maintained to have a coefficient of friction no greater than about 0.2.
  • the barrel in conjunction with the screw and die, creates during operation a closed chamber which prevents the release of existing water vapor from the food product and system.
  • the food product mixture of carbohydrate, protein, fat and fiber bearing ingredients is first preconditioned and moisturized with steam and water and then subjected to a plasticizing combination of temperature, shear and pressure in the extruder barrel whereby the ingredient mixture is converted into a flowable mass. The advancing mass builds up sufficient shear to cause the plasticized mixture to be pushed at the desired temperature and pressure to and through the discharge passageway.
  • the plasticized mixture entering the discharge passageway from the transfer screw is subjected to compression and temperature sufficiently high so that the mixture is cooked as it flows through the discharge passageway.
  • conditions of extrudate flow are induced which are believed to approximate laminar flow.
  • Laminar flow is distinguished from turbulent flow which is the normal flow condition of extruded plasticized animal food products.
  • turbulent flow fluid elements are in chaotic motion, and small random fluctuations in the velocity at a point will exist even though the average mean velocity may remain constant along its axis.
  • Laminar flow is a flow with constant preparation of streamlines so that constant velocity surfaces remain at constant separation and laminae or sheets of fluid slide frictionless over one another.
  • the fiber bearing ingredients in the product of the present invention are aligned in transverse striations in the product matrix.
  • fiber-containing food products which are extruded under conditions of turbulent flow contain the fibrous ingredients randomly distributed in the food product.
  • Such food product when chewed by an animal, crumbles rather than fractures and exerts limited mechanical cleaning action on the animal's teeth.
  • moisture in the extrudate is in a superheated state and flashes to steam when the extrudate leaving the discharge passageway has the compression suddenly relieved, the escaping steam swells and expands the extrudate, which exits the discharge passageway in the form of a thick strand ready to be segmented into pellets or the like.
  • the walls are desirably coated with a coating material such as polytetrafluoroethylene which has a coefficient of friction of less than about 0.2.
  • a coating material such as polytetrafluoroethylene which has a coefficient of friction of less than about 0.2.
  • Polytetrafluoroethylene coating materials have a coefficient of friction in the range of about 0.04 to about 0.1 are available commercially from E.I. Dupont de Nemours under the trademarks Teflon and Silverstone. Teflon has a coefficient of friction of about 0.04.
  • Silverstone has a coefficient of friction of about 0.1.
  • a condition resembling laminar flow is obtained in the extrudate of the present invention by passing the plasticized food ingredient mixture, heated to a temperature of about 240° to about 320° F. and preferably about 270° to 300° F. at a relatively low velocity, e.g. about 12 to about 20 in./sec., preferably about 13 to about 17 in./sec. and most preferably about 14 to about 16 in./sec., through a discharge passageway having a length of about 2 to about 4 inches and a diameter of at least about 0.35 inches and preferably about 0.5 to about 0.75 inches, the inner walls of the passageway being coated with a layer of polytetrafluoroethylene.
  • the extruded food product of the present invention is a solid, uniform, expanded composition having fibrous striations extending transversely through the matrix microstructure.
  • the food product when chewed by the animal, unlike baked or other extruded products, does not crumble, but instead fractures along the matrix striations and hence offers the animal the intended teeth cleansing benefits stemming from the mechanical cleansing and other abrasive contacts with the separated matrix layers in the chewed striated product.
  • the striated fibrous product does not crumble as the animal chews on the product, the product clings in adhered contact with the teeth for an extended time prolonging the mechanical dental cleansing action.
  • the expanded, striated product of the present invention has a density of about 10 to about 35 lbs/ft 3 , and a typical nutritional content as follows:
  • the moisture content of the expanded extrudate is adjusted to the range of about 5 to about 11%. At moisture levels below 5% the product becomes too hard to be easily chewed by the animal and for this reason moisture levels less than 5% in the product are to be avoided. At moisture levels above about 11% the hardness of the product begins to decrease to levels at which the mechanical cleaning efficacy of the striated product begins to be compromised. Maximum mechanical cleaning efficacy of the striated product is achieved at a density preferably of about 20 to about 30 pounds (lbs.) per cubic foot (ft 3 ) and a fiber level preferably about 15 to about 20% by weight. At these fiber levels the product has the desired degree of striation to achieve the desired degree of self-adhesion and tooth clinging characteristics.
  • the dried, extruded striated product may be coated with about 1 to about 13% additional fat.
  • the striated product of the present invention can be any of several shapes, the shapes which are most desirable for mechanical cleaning efficacy include a cylindrical or disc shape. Disc-shaped pellets having thickness of about 0.32 to 0.70 inch, a diameter of about 0.7 to about 1.2 inch are most preferred in the practice of the present invention.
  • Suitable ingredients which may be used to prepare the animal food product of the present invention generally contain substantial amounts of animal protein derived from poultry by-products and high protein plant sources such as soybeans as well as fiber derived from sugar beet, soy and pure cellulose and substantial amounts of carbohydrates provided by cereals and grains such as wheat and rice as well as fats (animal or vegetable) such as tallow or soy oil. Small amounts of vitamins, minerals, salts, flavorings and preservatives are also generally included in the food product of the present invention to provide nutritional balance and palatability.
  • a typical nutrient food product of the present invention is prepared from a mixture of the following ingredients:
  • the mixture of carbohydrates, vegetable and animal protein, fat, fiber and sufficient vitamins and minerals selected to yield a nutritionally balanced diet is mixed and preconditioned or moisturized within a preconditioner or mixing cylinder wherein the ingredients are contacted with steam and moisture.
  • the moisturized mixture is then introduced into an extruder, which can be either a single or twin screw type extruder, which cooks the mixture to yield an extruded product.
  • the extruder is provided with at least one helical screw therethrough which axially rotates to advance the material through the extruder.
  • the mixture of ingredients is subjected to steam and moisture in order to adjust the moisture content of the mixture to between about 15 and 30% by weight.
  • the conditioned mixture is then mixed and extruded under conditions of elevated temperature e.g. about 100° to about 250° F. and pressure, e.g., about 100 to about 1000 psi through a shaped die or nozzle, the inner walls of which are maintained at a coefficient of friction no greater than about 0.2 to form a continuous strand of an expanded striated product that is segmented into discrete pieces or pellets by rotating knives or other cutting means upon exit of the strand from the extruder.
  • the pellets are then dried at a controlled temperature, e.g. about 200° to about 300° F.
  • the dried pellets have a density in the range of about 10 to about 35 lbs/ft 3 . Thereafter the pellets may be tumbled in a coating reel and coated with a layer of animal and vegetable oil to increase the caloric content and palatability of the product.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown one embodiment of an extrusion apparatus 10 which can be used to manufacture the expanded, striated food product of the present invention.
  • the extrusion apparatus 10 includes an extruder 12 having a barrel 14 with an inlet 16 located below the outlet of a preconditioner 18; the extruder 12 also having an outlet 20 with a die 22. Hopper 11 is provided to pre-mix the ingredients prior to preconditioning.
  • the barrel 14 as depicted comprises seven barrel sections 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, although the number of barrels may vary without departing from the principles of the present invention.
  • the barrel sections are interconnected to present an elongated bore through the barrel 14 of the extruder 12.
  • Extrusion apparatus 10 of the type illustrated in FIG. 1 is available from the Wenger Manufacturing Company such as the Wenger TX 80 Twin Screw Extruder.
  • the pre-conditioner 18 shown in the Figure is also manufactured by Wenger Manufacturing, Inc.
  • the ingredients from which the food product is extruded are first mixed in a mixer such as a ribbon mixer and fed to hopper 11.
  • these ingredients include protein materials such as poultry by-product; carbohydrates such as corn, rice; and fiber such as cellulose fiber; vitamin mix and mineral mix.
  • the mixed ingredients are metered to the preconditioner 18 and admixed with fats such as white grease which are fed directly into the preconditioner 18 at a rate between about 0.2 to 0.4 pounds/minute (lbs./min.).
  • the mixture of ingredients is fed thereto at a rate between 600 and 1200 pounds (lbs./hr.) and is further mixed with water which is introduced into the preconditioner at a rate of 60 to 140 lbs./hr (1 to 2.3 lbs./min.).
  • the temperature of the mixture is raised from ambient to 170° to 210° F. by the injection of steam into the preconditioner 18 at the rate of 60 to 160 lbs./hr. (1 to 2.7 lbs./min.).
  • Total residence time in the preconditioner 18 generally ranges from 0.5 to 2.5 minutes.
  • the die 22 generally consists of an elongated tubular nozzle about 2.0 to about 4.0 inches long, having an inner diameter of about 0.5 to about 1.5 inch.
  • the inner surfaces of the die 22 are preferably coated with a polymeric coating such as a fluorinated polyolefin resin such as polytetrafluoroethylene having a coefficient of friction of about 0.04 to about 0.1.
  • the extrudate strand 30 as it leaves the die 22 has a moisture content of about 10 to about 40% water by weight and preferably about 15 to about 25% water by weight.
  • The. extruded strand 30 swells upon exiting the die due to flashing of moisture to steam producing an expanded, striated structure.
  • the strand is cut into 0.32 to 0.75 inch lengths to form pellets and then placed in an oven at 200° to 240° F. for 15 to 30 minutes to dry to about 5 to about 11% moisture. At this moisture level, the dried product has a density of about 12 to about 30 lbs/ft 3 .
  • a solid, pelletized, nutritionally balanced dog food product having an expanded, striated structural matrix was prepared in accordance with the present invention by first mixing the following ingredients:
  • the ingredients were blended in a ribbon mixer for five minutes and milled through a hammermill having screen size of 3/64 inch.
  • the milled mixture was fed to the hopper 11, of a Wenger twin screw extruder (Model No. TX-80) equipped with a preconditioner 18.
  • the TX-80 extruder was of the type schematically illustrated in the Figure and was provided with two rotatable, flighted material advancing screws and had a total of 7 barrel sections and terminated in a spacer plate die converging to a 0.75 inch diameter die, 2.87 inches in length, the inner contact surfaces of which were coated with a layer of Teflon.
  • the mixture having a moisture content of 10.40%, was fed to the preconditioner at a rate of 890.0 pounds per hour.
  • the mixture was raised in temperature to 180° F. by the injection of steam introduced at a rate of 2.17 pounds per minute into the preconditioner.
  • Water was introduced into the preconditioner at the rate of 2.13 pounds per minute.
  • Choice white grease was added to the preconditioner at the rate of 0.3 pounds per minute.
  • the preconditioned mixture was fed into the inlet 16 of the extruder feeding zone.
  • the screws of the extruder were rotated at a speed of 395 rpm.
  • Temperatures of the extruder barrel sections were maintained at 111° F., 154° F., 198° F., 168° F., and 183° F. and 162° F. for the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh, barrel sections respectively.
  • the mixture was advanced through the die at a temperature of 270° F. at a velocity of 17.9 in/sec.
  • Product rate through the die was 980 pounds per hour.
  • the die issued the extrudate in the form of a strand 0.75 inch in diameter.
  • the strand product swelled upon issuing from the die due to moisture in the extrudate flashing to steam.
  • the strand was cut into 0.50 inch thick disc-shaped pellets.
  • the pellets had an expanded structural matrix having fibrous striations transversely aligned through the microstructure with a water content of 23.6% by weight.
  • the pellets were then conveyed to a forced air drying system and the moisture level reduced to 7.3% by weight at a temperature of 220° F.
  • the dried pellets had a density of 26 lbs/ft 3 .
  • the dried pellets after exit from the dryer and prior to cooling were contacted with a liquid mixture of animal digest, choice white grease and soy bean oil heated at 120° F. within a coating reel at the following proportions:
  • the pellets were tumbled in the coating reel for approximately 1 minute and had a uniform coating of the mixture absorbed on the pellet surfaces.
  • the coated product was then removed from the coating reel and cooled to +10° F. of ambient temperature.
  • a group of 10 pure-bred beagle dogs (ages 1 to 6 years) were individually housed and fed one time per day 90-100 pellets (250 grams) prepared in accordance with the Example which was adequate to maintain the weight of each dog for a one week test period.
  • each dog Prior to the feeding test, each dog had been given a thorough dental prophylaxis to remove existing soft and hard deposits on the buccal surfaces of the maxilla and mandible (a total of 22 teeth per dog).
  • each tooth was divided horizontally into a gingival half (next to the gumline) and an occlusal half (away from the gumline). Plaque was scored visually on the corresponding tooth surfaces after staining with 3% erythrosin solution using the following criteria: 1, plaque coverage of up to 25% of the buccal tooth surface; 2, plaque covering between 25 and 50% of the buccal tooth surface; 3, plaque covering between 50 and 75% of the buccal tooth surface and 4, plaque covering between 75 and 100% of the buccal tooth surface.
  • Stain was scored visually on the corresponding tooth surfaces after drying the tooth surface with a gentle jet of air using the following criteria; each tooth was divided vertically into 3 segments, mesial, buccal and distal; the coverage and color of the stain in each segment was then graded independently, 1, stain coverage of up to 25% of the (messial, buccal or distal) surface, 2, up to 50%; 3, up to 75% and 4, up to 100%.
  • the stain color was scored 1, L (light), 2, M (medium) and 3, D (dark). Coverage and thickness scores for each individual tooth surface were then multiplied, to give a total score for that tooth surface.
  • Mesial, buccal and distal segment scores were added for each tooth. All tooth scores were added for each animal, then divided by the number of teeth scored to give a mean stain score for the animal. A mean group stain score was obtained by averaging individual scores of all animals in the group.
  • Tartar was scored visually four area coverage on the corresponding tooth surfaces in the same manner as stain.
  • a dog food product was prepared in accordance with the procedure of the Example with the exception that the inner walls of the die used for the extrusion of the product were not coated with Teflon or any other low coefficient of friction coating; examination of the matrix of the product indicated that the fibrous ingredient was randomly distributed in the matrix.
  • the pelletized product when fed to dogs, was observed to crumble rather than fracture when chewed by the dogs.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Animal Husbandry (AREA)
  • Birds (AREA)
  • Fodder In General (AREA)
  • Feed For Specific Animals (AREA)
  • Dental Preparations (AREA)
  • Steroid Compounds (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)
  • Cosmetics (AREA)
  • Coloring Foods And Improving Nutritive Qualities (AREA)
US07/899,534 1992-06-16 1992-06-16 Pet food product having oral care properties Expired - Lifetime US5431927A (en)

Priority Applications (12)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US07/899,534 US5431927A (en) 1992-06-16 1992-06-16 Pet food product having oral care properties
AU39848/93A AU671275B2 (en) 1992-06-16 1993-05-27 Pet food product having oral care properties
DE69313034T DE69313034T2 (de) 1992-06-16 1993-06-03 Haustierfutter zu ihrer Mundpflege
ES93250152T ES2106958T3 (es) 1992-06-16 1993-06-03 Producto alimenticio para animales domesticos con propiedades para el cuidado oral.
DK93250152.1T DK0575021T3 (da) 1992-06-16 1993-06-03 Husdyrfoder med mundplejeegenskaber
EP93250152A EP0575021B1 (en) 1992-06-16 1993-06-03 Pet food product having oral care properties
AT93250152T ATE156667T1 (de) 1992-06-16 1993-06-03 Haustierfutter zu ihrer mundpflege
CA002097757A CA2097757C (en) 1992-06-16 1993-06-04 Pet food product having oral care properties
PT101288A PT101288B (pt) 1992-06-16 1993-06-14 Produto alimentar para animais de estimacao sua utilizacao na remocao da placa dentaria e seu processo de preparacao
NO932197A NO307492B1 (no) 1992-06-16 1993-06-15 Dyreforprodukt med tannpleieegenskaper for selskapsdyr
FI932738A FI110473B (fi) 1992-06-16 1993-06-15 Lemmikkieläinruokatuote, jolla on oraalisia hoito-ominaisuuksia
JP14499893A JP3308651B2 (ja) 1992-06-16 1993-06-16 口腔ケア性を有するペット食品

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US5431927A true US5431927A (en) 1995-07-11

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US (1) US5431927A (pt)
EP (1) EP0575021B1 (pt)
JP (1) JP3308651B2 (pt)
AT (1) ATE156667T1 (pt)
AU (1) AU671275B2 (pt)
CA (1) CA2097757C (pt)
DE (1) DE69313034T2 (pt)
DK (1) DK0575021T3 (pt)
ES (1) ES2106958T3 (pt)
FI (1) FI110473B (pt)
NO (1) NO307492B1 (pt)
PT (1) PT101288B (pt)

Cited By (91)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0732062A1 (en) 1995-03-15 1996-09-18 Colgate-Palmolive Company Method and apparatus for the manufacture of a pet food product having a fibrous striated structural matrix
US6358546B1 (en) * 1999-01-15 2002-03-19 Ralston Purina Company Methods for customizing pet food
US6365133B1 (en) 2000-08-02 2002-04-02 James E. Rich Dog chew toy containing edible pet toothpaste for dental care
US6403142B1 (en) 1998-12-11 2002-06-11 Ralston Purina Company Hypoallergenic pet food
US6423353B1 (en) * 2000-05-19 2002-07-23 Royal Canin S.A. Food which slows down the speed of ingestion in dogs
US20020150650A1 (en) * 1998-09-17 2002-10-17 Cupp Carolyn Jean Dental diet for reducing tartar
US20030138548A1 (en) * 2002-01-22 2003-07-24 Mars Incorporated Weight management system for obese animals
US20030147991A1 (en) * 2001-09-13 2003-08-07 Land O'lakes Farmland Feed Llc Method of feeding young pigs
US20040091590A1 (en) * 2000-02-03 2004-05-13 Abene Thomas G. Customized dietary health maintenance system for pets
US6737089B2 (en) 1999-08-27 2004-05-18 Morinda, Inc. Morinda citrifolia (Noni) enhanced animal food product
US20040156884A1 (en) * 2003-02-10 2004-08-12 Brown Dale G. Emulsion impregnated rawhide chews with antimicrobially active chlorhexidine
US20040156883A1 (en) * 2003-02-10 2004-08-12 Brown Dale G. Emulsion impregnated rawhide chews
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PT101288A (pt) 1994-05-31
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FI932738A0 (fi) 1993-06-15
ATE156667T1 (de) 1997-08-15
CA2097757C (en) 2002-11-05
EP0575021A3 (pt) 1994-04-27
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DE69313034T2 (de) 1998-03-19
FI110473B (fi) 2003-02-14
JP3308651B2 (ja) 2002-07-29
JPH0662763A (ja) 1994-03-08
AU671275B2 (en) 1996-08-22
EP0575021A2 (en) 1993-12-22
AU3984893A (en) 1993-12-23
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PT101288B (pt) 2000-01-31
NO932197D0 (no) 1993-06-15
FI932738A (fi) 1994-03-21

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