US4680270A - Method and apparatus for conducting flow analysis - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for conducting flow analysis Download PDF

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Publication number
US4680270A
US4680270A US06/509,050 US50905083A US4680270A US 4680270 A US4680270 A US 4680270A US 50905083 A US50905083 A US 50905083A US 4680270 A US4680270 A US 4680270A
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United States
Prior art keywords
sample
flow cell
volumetric
valve
detector
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Expired - Fee Related
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US06/509,050
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English (en)
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Hiroshi Mitsumaki
Nobuyoshi Takano
Naoya Ono
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Hitachi Ltd
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Hitachi Ltd
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Assigned to HITACHI, LTD., A CORP.OF JAPAN reassignment HITACHI, LTD., A CORP.OF JAPAN ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: MITSUMAKI, HIROSHI, ONO, NAOYA, TAKANO, NOBUYOSHI
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/483—Physical analysis of biological material
    • G01N33/487—Physical analysis of biological material of liquid biological material
    • G01N33/49—Blood
    • G01N33/4915—Blood using flow cells
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N35/00—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N35/00—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor
    • G01N35/08—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor using a stream of discrete samples flowing along a tube system, e.g. flow injection analysis
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
    • Y10T436/11—Automated chemical analysis
    • Y10T436/117497—Automated chemical analysis with a continuously flowing sample or carrier stream

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for conducting flow analysis, and concerns in particular a method and apparatus capable of making a plurality of specific determinations for a single liquid sample.
  • Flow analyzing methods are techniques whereby a liquid sample is made to flow through a conduit to a detector, where measured values are obtained for some analytical item.
  • One type of flow analyzing method as exemplified by U.S. Pat. No. 4,177,677, involves reacting the sample with reagents, then leading the reacted sample to a photometer.
  • Another type of flow analyzing method U.S. Pat. No. 4,452,682, consists of leading an undiluted sample to a detector, where it is analyzed.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide an analytic method and apparatus that consumes only a very small amount of sample, in spite of the ability to make a plurality of different determinations.
  • a first and second channel are connected to a switch-valve having a volumetric section.
  • the sample is held such that a sample segment extends through both the first channel and the volumetric section.
  • Specific assays are conducted, without dilution, on the sample portion present in the first channel by means of a first detector.
  • the portion of the sample cut off by the volumetric section is introduced together with a diluent into the second channel, where it is diluted, and other assays carried out by the second detector.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic flow diagram of one embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic flow diagram of the embodiment of FIG. 1, but with the conduit switched;
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic flow diagram of another embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the present invention consisting of a flow analyzer equipped with a plurality of ion-sensing electrodes and a photometer for the measurement of a chemically reacted solution.
  • a sampling tube 1 is connected to a flow switching valve 100. This tube 1 ascends and descends by means of a vertical nozzle movement mechanism 102, at the same time as which it moves toward the position shown by the dashed lines above a waste container.
  • Ion-selective electrodes 29, 30, 31, and 32 for measuring sodium ions, potassium ions, chloride ions, and calcium ions, respectively, are arranged in parallel along a first channel 110 connected to flow switching valve 100, as are also a reference electrode 35, a liquid sensor 36, a three-way switch-valve 18, and a peristaltic liquid feed pump 39.
  • the ion-selective electrodes are arranged in a manner such as to expose the sensing membranes to a section of the channel lying near switch-valve 100, and the vicinity of the channel maintained at a predetermined temperature by means of a constant-temperature jacket 20a.
  • the second channel includes a conduit 96, a switch-valve 90, and a conduit 97.
  • a portion of conduit 97 is formed as a reaction coil 51.
  • Conduit 97 passes through a flow cell 120 of a photometer 12.
  • Flow cell 120 is irradiated with light from a light source 122; after passing through flow cell 120, the light is split into different wavelengths by a spectroscope 124, and received as a variety of monochromatic light components. Signals consisting of monochromatic light at wavelengths suited to the specific assays to be conducted are processed with a microprocessor (not shown).
  • the length of the second channel from switch-valve 100 to the photometer 12 is much greater than the length of the first channel from switch valve 100 to the electrodes.
  • the reaction coil is maintained at a predetermined temperature by a constant temperature jacket 20b.
  • Rotary valves 90 and 100 are used as switch-valves 90 and 100, but a similar action may be obtained with slide-valves as well.
  • Rotary valves 90 and 100 can be rotated counterclockwise one port at a time.
  • Valve 90 is provided with connector passages, a, b, and c, while valve 100 is provided with connector passages d, e, f and g. These connector passages are all movable.
  • valve 100 is provided with a cavity or compartment having a given volume.
  • a switch-valve 6 connected to channel switch-valve 100 selects either container 7 or 8, which hold standard solutions at different concentrations.
  • a peristaltic pump 15 feeds a washing fluid in a container 9 in the direction opposite to the normal flow, passing it successively through conduit 110, volumetric compartment 95, and sampling tube 1, then discharging it into waste container 130.
  • Peristaltic pump 11 feeds a reagent solution stored in a container 10
  • peristaltic pump 13 feeds a carrier solution consisting of distilled water stored in a container 52.
  • Reference numerals 81, 82, and 83 represent drains.
  • Liquid sensor 36 which is positioned downstream from the specific-ion electrodes, includes a light source 106 and a photodetector 108 arranged opposite each other on either side of conduit 110.
  • An electrode solution held in a container 43 is supplied to reference electrode 35 through a control valve 19.
  • peristaltic pump 39 When tube 1 is inserted into the blood sample, this activates peristaltic pump 39, which then aspirates through tube 1 a volume of blood greater than the sum total of the capacities of the volumetric compartment and the conduit along which the ion-sensing electrodes are arranged.
  • the blood is transferred to liquid sensor 36 through connector passage e, volumetric compartment 95, and connector passage g.
  • the blood sample within the conduit is segmented from a transparent standard solution or the washing fluid by air bubbles.
  • Channel switching valves 100 and 90 are then each rotated one port to give the arrangement shown in FIG. 2.
  • the carrier solution is introduced to conduit 97 via conduit 91, connector passage a, conduit 92, connector passage d, volumetric compartment 95, connector passage g, conduit 96, and connector passage c.
  • the blood sample held in volumetric compartment 95 is forced out by the carrier solution while remaining trapped on both ends between the reagent solution, and made to enter conduit 97.
  • pump 39 shuts off, the ion concentration determinations carried out, and the results output by a printer (not shown). Once this is done, the sample is discharged by pump 39 from drain 81.
  • Switch-valve 100 is rotated one step from the position in FIG. 2, and sampling tube 1 moved over waste container 130, such that it communicates with connector channel d, volumetric compartment 95, connector channel f, and conduit 110, at which time pump 39 shuts off.
  • Switch-pump 18 is switched to the position shown by the dotted line, and peristaltic pump 15 actuated. This causes the washing fluid to be discharged from sampling tube 1 into waste container 130 via conduit 110 and volumetric compartment 95.
  • reaction coil 51 the solution of sample and reagent that has reacted within reaction coil 51 is introduced into the flow cell 120 associated with the photometer 12, where the color is quantitatively measured and the concentrations of the substances being assayed determined.
  • determinations such as GOT, GPT, creatinine, amidase, glucose, and total protein, can be made by the appropriate selection of the reagents used.
  • Switching valves 90 and 100 are both rotated one step, and conduit 97 and flow cell 120 flushed with the carrier solution.
  • Switch-valve 18 is then rotated back to the position shown by the solid line, and pump 39 actuated.
  • the standard solution selected by switch-valve 6 flows through connector channel e into channel 110, washing it in the process.
  • sampling tube 1 is returned by vertical nozzle movement mechanism 102 back to the sampling position.
  • Switch-valve 100 is rotated one step and pump 39 shut off.
  • Sampling tube 1 now communicates with connector passage g, volumetric compartment 95, connector passage e, and conduit 110.
  • Peristaltic pump 11, which had been shut off, is actuated, then once again shut off when conduits 92 and 96 become filled with the reagent solution.
  • the reagent circuit consists of conduit 93, connector passage a, conduit 92, connector passage f, conduit 96, connector passage b, and conduit 94.
  • the analyzer awaits the arrival of the next blood sample. When the next sample is placed in the sampling position, the operations in steps 1 through 6 above are repeated as before.
  • both determinations by ion-selective electrode (ISE) (Na + , K + , Cl - , and Ca ++ ) procedures in which the blood sample is not diluted and by analytic procedures involving the measurement of a reaction solution obtained by the dilution of blood with reactive reagents can be performed easily and rapidly merely by aspirating a whole blood sample with a single sampling nozzle.
  • the amount of blood is kept to an absolute minimum (in this embodiment, 120 ⁇ l), and because all the sensing terminals are linked by tubing, there is no need for samplers that sample and partition blood, making it possible to simplify and scale down the size of the analyzer, simplified and reduced in size.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic flow diagram of another embodiment.
  • determinations such as Na + , K + , Cl - , done on undiluted samples were conducted in parallel with urea, blood sugar, and other determinations that involve sample dilution.
  • This combination of assays consists of: (1) substances (electrolytes) such as Na + , K + , and Cl - quantitatively determined by the direct measurement of blood with ISE's; (2) substances such as urea and blood sugar determined by mixing a fixed amount of blood with an enzyme-containing reactive reagent and quantitatively measuring the products of the reaction with ISE's or polarographic electrodes, i.e., substances (metabolic components) involving the analysis of blood diluted with a reactive reagent; and (3) substances such as GOT and GPT determined by mixing a fixed amount of blood with a reaction solution containing substrate and quantitatively measuring the resulting products with ISE's or polarographic electrodes.
  • substances that fall within the above categories are also applicable here, these by no means being limited only to Na + , K + , Cl - , urea, and blood sugar.
  • the analyzing apparatus in FIG. 3 is comprised of two basic systems: a flow analyzing conduit system and a control system.
  • the pumps, valves, and motors included in the flow analyzing conduit system are all driven by signals transmitted via an interface 22 and a driver 23 under commands issued by a microcomputer in the control system.
  • a printer 24, a CRT display 25, a keyboard panel 26, an analog-digital converter 27, and a comparator 28 are also linked together in the control system through interfaces.
  • Signals from a sodium electrode 29, a potassium electrode 30, a chloride electrode 31, a calcium electrode 32, a glucose-measuring immobilized enzyme electrode 33, a urea-measuring immobilized enzyme electrode 34, and reference electrodes 35a and 35b are input to the analog digital converter via a preamplifier 37.
  • Signals from a liquid sensor 36 are input to the microcomputer 21 via the comparator 28.
  • a blood sample is led from a nozzle 1 through a cut valve 40 to a measuring chamber in which are provided a sodium electrode 29, a calcium electrode 30, a chloride electrode 31, and a calcium electrode 32.
  • the apparatus is designed such that a reference electrode solution 43 flows into reference electrode 35a and 35b via two control valves, 41 and 42, to form a suitable liquid junction.
  • the blood sample that has been introduced is detected by liquid sensor 36, and the completion of sample entry displayed on the keyboard panel 26.
  • the sampling nozzle 1 is lowered by a pulse motor 44.
  • nozzle 1 The outside surface of nozzle 1 is washed in washing tank 47 by being sprayed with distilled water under the control of valve 46, and the waste water drained off by aspiration from waste container 48 by pump 49. The trailing end of the blood sample is then transferred by the action of pump 39 to the vicinity of the pump 40 inlet and stopped.
  • a slide valve disposed between a pair of fixed valves is driven by motor 50, and the volumetric blood cut portion 95 at the center of the cut pump transferred to the reaction coil 51, glucose electrode 33, and urea electrode 34 channels.
  • Carrier solution 52 is fed via valve 53 to conduit 97 by means of a pump 54; it flows through a carrier solution heating coil 55 and a damper 56, while the blood cut portion flows toward the reaction coil and is expanded within conduit 97.
  • 36a is a liquid sensor.
  • conduits that come into contact with the blood samples may be washed when desired with physiological saline solution 57 through the adjustment of valves 58 and 59. While awaiting a blood sample, a circulating flow circuit can be formed for the carrier solution by the adjustment of valves 53 and 60 to give a low carrier solution consumption.
  • Calibration of each of the electrodes is carried out by introducing standard solution into the respective electrode conduits via a switch-valve 62 driven by a motor 61.
  • Three standard solutions 63, 64, and 65 for the sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium electrodes are successively introduced under the action of pump 39 through the control of switch-valve 62 and cut valve 40.
  • Three standard solutions 66, 67, and 68 for the glucose and urea electrodes are synchronized with the above switch-valve and cut valve and introduced into the cut valve under the action of a pump 69.
  • Sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium determinations for the blood and standard solutions are carried out by potentiometric measurements a fixed time after the sample has stopped at the electrodes.
  • Glucose and urea determinations are carried out with electrodes equipped with immobilized enzyme membranes; what is actually measured here are the peak heights of the blood cut segments expanded with the carrier solution.
  • the glucose is measured polarographically, and the urea, potentiometrically.
  • the results measured for the blood samples are converted into concentrations using the parameters stored in the microcomputer 21 during measurement of the standard solutions. These results are output on a printer 24 and at the same time displayed on a CRT display 25.
  • the blood samples, standard solution, carrier solution, physiological saline solution, and distilled water are all stored in discharge tank 70 following determinations.
  • the washing fluid 71 is led to a conduit by the same inlet system as that used by the standard solutions, and the conduits contaminated by the blood samples washed.
  • the fluid back-flushed through nozzle 1 is received by discharge plate 130.
  • the apparatus described has the ability to monitor a portion of the sample that has been stopped for a predetermined time without adding reagent, and to add reagent to another portion to dilute and react it, and cause it to flow while making different determinations.
  • samples can be drawn and correctly processed through a single sampling operation for a number of individual determinations requiring different treatment conditions, making the present invention highly effective for minimizing the quantity of sample consumed.

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US06/509,050 1982-07-02 1983-06-29 Method and apparatus for conducting flow analysis Expired - Fee Related US4680270A (en)

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JP57113951A JPS595933A (ja) 1982-07-02 1982-07-02 液体試料のフロ−分析方法
JP57-113951 1982-07-02

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EP (1) EP0098550B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
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DE (1) DE3378280D1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

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US5108928A (en) * 1989-11-13 1992-04-28 General Dynamics Corporation Method and apparatus for delivering a sample to multiple analytical instruments
US5225321A (en) * 1987-09-11 1993-07-06 Kanzaki Paper Mfg., Co., Ltd. Measuring apparatus using enzyme electrodes and the method thereof
US5288374A (en) * 1989-09-13 1994-02-22 Hitachi, Ltd. Method and apparatus for electrochemical analysis and an aqueous solution for use therein
US5308583A (en) * 1991-07-04 1994-05-03 Sanuki Kogyo Co., Ltd. Liquid supplying device for use in physical and chemical apparatus
US5351563A (en) * 1990-06-08 1994-10-04 Avl Medical Instruments Ag One-way measuring element for analyzing gaseous or liquid samples
US5411708A (en) * 1991-08-06 1995-05-02 Moscetta; Pompeo Apparatus for the determination of analytes in liquid samples
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US5559339A (en) * 1994-10-31 1996-09-24 Abbott Laboratories Method and apparatus for verifying dispense of a fluid from a dispense nozzle
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US5948360A (en) * 1994-07-11 1999-09-07 Tekmar Company Autosampler with robot arm
US5993744A (en) * 1994-07-11 1999-11-30 Tekmar Company Apparatus for introducing standards into a vial
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US7270959B2 (en) * 2001-07-25 2007-09-18 Oakville Hong Kong Company Limited Specimen collection container
US7300633B2 (en) * 2001-07-25 2007-11-27 Oakville Hong Kong Company Limited Specimen collection container
US20080108954A1 (en) * 2006-11-02 2008-05-08 Jean-Marie Mathias Flow Controllers
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US20090218535A1 (en) * 2008-02-27 2009-09-03 Andres Pasko Flow controllers for fluid circuits
CN105842366A (zh) * 2015-01-15 2016-08-10 株式会社岛津制作所 样品注入装置
US20180195986A1 (en) * 2015-07-10 2018-07-12 Universal Bio Research Co., Ltd. Device for electrical measurement of target chemical substance, and method therefor
CN111521477A (zh) * 2020-05-20 2020-08-11 中国科学院深海科学与工程研究所 一种深海原位梯度循环稀释装置的稀释方法

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Cited By (45)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5225321A (en) * 1987-09-11 1993-07-06 Kanzaki Paper Mfg., Co., Ltd. Measuring apparatus using enzyme electrodes and the method thereof
US5288374A (en) * 1989-09-13 1994-02-22 Hitachi, Ltd. Method and apparatus for electrochemical analysis and an aqueous solution for use therein
US5108928A (en) * 1989-11-13 1992-04-28 General Dynamics Corporation Method and apparatus for delivering a sample to multiple analytical instruments
US5351563A (en) * 1990-06-08 1994-10-04 Avl Medical Instruments Ag One-way measuring element for analyzing gaseous or liquid samples
DE4029746A1 (de) * 1990-09-20 1992-04-02 Joachim Hermann Dr Med Lehner Vorrichtung und verfahren zur gleichzeitigen messung verschiedener physikalischer und chemischer parameter einer fluessigkeit
US5094961A (en) * 1990-12-13 1992-03-10 Coulter Corporation Aspiration method for hematology analyzing apparatus
US5308583A (en) * 1991-07-04 1994-05-03 Sanuki Kogyo Co., Ltd. Liquid supplying device for use in physical and chemical apparatus
US5411708A (en) * 1991-08-06 1995-05-02 Moscetta; Pompeo Apparatus for the determination of analytes in liquid samples
US5478526A (en) * 1992-03-31 1995-12-26 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Nozzle-type analysis apparatus
US5571396A (en) * 1993-07-12 1996-11-05 Dade International Inc. Fluid analysis system and sensing electrode, electrode assembly, and sensing module components
US5948360A (en) * 1994-07-11 1999-09-07 Tekmar Company Autosampler with robot arm
US6143573A (en) * 1994-07-11 2000-11-07 Tekmar Company Modular vial autosampler
US6544799B1 (en) 1994-07-11 2003-04-08 Tekmar Company Vial autosampler with vial stabilization member
US5993744A (en) * 1994-07-11 1999-11-30 Tekmar Company Apparatus for introducing standards into a vial
US5998217A (en) * 1994-07-11 1999-12-07 Tekmar Company Method of introducing standards into a vial
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EP0098550A2 (en) 1984-01-18
EP0098550A3 (en) 1985-01-16
JPH0148511B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1989-10-19
DE3378280D1 (en) 1988-11-24
EP0098550B1 (en) 1988-10-19
JPS595933A (ja) 1984-01-12

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