US4646406A - Welded edge bourdon strip thermometer-manometer - Google Patents

Welded edge bourdon strip thermometer-manometer Download PDF

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Publication number
US4646406A
US4646406A US06/671,557 US67155784A US4646406A US 4646406 A US4646406 A US 4646406A US 67155784 A US67155784 A US 67155784A US 4646406 A US4646406 A US 4646406A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
bourdon
bourdon tube
welded
strips
welded strip
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US06/671,557
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English (en)
Inventor
John Weiss
William H. Slonaker
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Weiss Instruments Inc
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Weiss Instruments Inc
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Weiss Instruments Inc filed Critical Weiss Instruments Inc
Priority to US06/671,557 priority Critical patent/US4646406A/en
Assigned to WEISS INSTRUMENTS INC. reassignment WEISS INSTRUMENTS INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: SLONAKER, WILLIAM H., WEISS, JOHN
Priority to DE3539810A priority patent/DE3539810C2/de
Priority to GB8527850A priority patent/GB2167186B/en
Priority to BR8505742A priority patent/BR8505742A/pt
Priority to CN85108246A priority patent/CN1007942B/zh
Priority to ZA858786A priority patent/ZA858786B/xx
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US4646406A publication Critical patent/US4646406A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01K5/00—Measuring temperature based on the expansion or contraction of a material
    • G01K5/32—Measuring temperature based on the expansion or contraction of a material the material being a fluid contained in a hollow body having parts which are deformable or displaceable
    • G01K5/36—Measuring temperature based on the expansion or contraction of a material the material being a fluid contained in a hollow body having parts which are deformable or displaceable the body being a tubular spring, e.g. Bourdon tube
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L7/00—Measuring the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by mechanical or fluid pressure-sensitive elements
    • G01L7/02—Measuring the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by mechanical or fluid pressure-sensitive elements in the form of elastically-deformable gauges
    • G01L7/04—Measuring the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by mechanical or fluid pressure-sensitive elements in the form of elastically-deformable gauges in the form of flexible, deformable tubes, e.g. Bourdon gauges
    • G01L7/041—Construction or mounting of deformable tubes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49428—Gas and water specific plumbing component making
    • Y10T29/49446—Ferrule making or reforming
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining
    • Y10T29/49877—Assembling or joining of flexible wall, expansible chamber devices [e.g., bellows]

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the construction of bourdon tubes for use as elastic members of a pressure or temperature sensing device.
  • the bourdon tube as invented by E. Bourdon--U.S. Pat. No. 9163--is basically a tube, flattened and bent in a coil form. When this coiled, flattened tube is secured on one end and subjected to an internal pressure change the coil opens and closes in a near direct proportion to the internal pressure change.
  • the translation of the free end of the bourdon tube is used as an input to a mechanical, electrical or electronic device to indicate and/or control pressure and temperature.
  • bourdon tube design Many factors must be considered in bourdon tube design to meet the requirements of the application. Some factors affecting bourdon tubes are pressure-range, spring-rate, corrosion-resistance to internal fluid, corrosion-resistance to the external environment, repeatability, hysterisis, over-pressure and ambient temperature effect.
  • the bourdon tube shape, size and material are selected for the particular application.
  • Filled-system thermometers and temperature controllers use bourdons to transduce a pressure change of the internal fluid (liquid, gas or vapor) to a mechanical movement used to drive a pointer or control mechanism.
  • Filled-system thermometers are categorized as three (3) types: Class I--liquid Filled, Class II--Vapor actuated and Class III--Gas Actuated.
  • Class I utilizes the volumetric expansion of a solid liquid fill to produce a deflection of the bourdon tube with change of temperature.
  • Mercury, zylene and silicone fluids are typical working internal fluids.
  • the bulb size varies inversly with the temperature span. Short spans require larger bulbs, long spans smaller bulbs.
  • the liquid in the bulb expands with increase of temperature and is hydraulically transferred to the bourdon tube through a fine-bore capillary.
  • the volume of the capillary and bourdon are minimized so that ambient temperature effects on the liquid within the capillary and bourdon are minimized.
  • Class II filled systems have fluids that generate predictable vapor pressure at a given temperature. Increasing bulb temperature vaporizes liquid in the bulb; decreasing temperature condenses saturated vapor in the bulb.
  • the capillary and bourdon volume external to the bulb is filled with liquid when the bulb temperature is above ambient temperature and filled with superheated vapor when the bulb is below ambient temperature. When the bulb temperature increases through ambient temperature liquid transfers from the bulb into the capillary and bourdon, keeping the liquid-vapor interface in the bulb. Larger bulb sizes are required for cross ambient ranges and long capillary lengths.
  • the volume of the bulb is generally 20 to 30 times the volume of the capillary and bourdon tube combined.
  • relatively high internal operating pressures are required and "ambient temperature effect" is greater for higher internal pressures. Therefore, ranges of Class III systems are limited by the elastic range of the bourdon tube and the allowable ambient effect.
  • Enhanced gas thermal systems overcome the need to have large bulbs by including activated carbon in the bulb to adsorb and desorb gas molecules, amplifying pressure changes beyond that of the natural gas laws.
  • Enhanced gas systems have the advantage that narrow temperature spans can be achieved with lower internal operating pressure and hence lower "ambient effect”. This also permits the use of smaller bulbs.
  • thermometer elastic elements because they are required to operate at elevated pressure spans and hence elevated stress levels, indication errors caused by changes in ambient temperature may be on the order of 3 to 4 times greater.
  • Material elastic modulus should be insensitive to normal ambient temperature changes.
  • metal strips capable of being made isoelastic by heat treatment for example, Ni-Span C strips
  • Ni-Span C strips can be edge-welded by modern continuous edge-welders to produce gas-tight narrow passages in a structure that can be formed into a bourdon tube and then heat treated, preferably in dry hydrogen, for isoelasticity without sticking together the closely facing surfaces of the strip.
  • Alloys with isoelastic potential for making flat bourdon tubes according to the invention are on the market.
  • Such materials are heat-treated by age hardening to obtain a thermo-elastic coefficient at or near zero.
  • the thermo-elastic coefficient can be reduced by 10 to 1 or more after heat treating. For example, -200 ⁇ 10 -6 psi/psi°F. before and -20 ⁇ 10 -6 psi/psi°F. after age hardening.
  • the greatest stress on the bourdon tube is at the side walls.
  • the invention has the further unexpected advantage that the edge-weld reliably provides strength exactly where it is needed.
  • the invention comprises a bourdon-like device of two thin isoelastic strips, placed back-to-back, edge-welded to form a pressure envelope forming it into an appropriate shape, attaching mounting and takeoff menas, heat treating the assembly to obtain maximum spring properties and an isoelastic tensile modulus and attaching to a suitable capillary and bulb assembly.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a C shape bourdon tube of the present invention attached to a remote temperature sensor.
  • FIG. 2 is a face-on view of the bourdon tube of FIG. 1 attached to a direct mount temperature system and showing the deflection for increasing internal pressure.
  • FIG. 3 is an edge-on view of a spiral bourdon tube constructed according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a helical Bourdon tube of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a cutaway view of a pressure sensing device constructed with the edge welded bourdon tube of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 6, 7 & 8 show cross-sectioned views of three bourdons including this invention.
  • FIG. 9 is a plot of ambient temperature errors of conventional, compensated and the edge welded isoelastic bourdons of this invention.
  • Ni-Span C is a registered trademark of Huntington Alloys, Inc.
  • a suitable means TIG, electron-beam, laser-beam, etc.
  • One end is spread 13 to receive a capillary. Both ends, except the capillary opening, are preferably TIG-welded to provide an integral, hermetically sealed pressure envelope.
  • the strip assembly 1 is formed into a C-shaped bourdon tube.
  • a take-off 2 is welded to one end for attachment to a motion transducer such as a gauge movement or electronic device.
  • the end with the capillary opening 13 is left straight and is welded to a bracket 3.
  • the bracket provides a means for mounting the motion transducer, a capillary holddown or connector 5 and the entire assembly into an encasement.
  • the bourdon/take-off/bracket assembly is heat-treated according to recommended practices to obtain maximum spring properties and a "zero" thermoelastic coefficient in the bourdon.
  • a short length of 0.048 outside diameter and 0.009 inside diameter (low internal volume) capillary 4 is inserted into the bourdon at 13 and brazed to seal. This capillary is used to leak-test and overpressure the assembly and ultimately joined to a bulb and capillary via connector 5.
  • connector 5 When joined to a Class III enhanced gas temperature system, connector 5 provides a junction for line capillary 6 and fill-capillary 8. Both capillaries have small bores (0.005 to 0.010) to minimize their internal volume. Line capillary 6 may be suitably armored for protection. Joined to capillary 6 is an appropriate sensing bulb 7 containing a measured quantity of carbon 14.
  • the entire assembly is evacuated through the fill-tube 8 and an inert gas such as dry nitrogen introduced into it.
  • the internal gas pressure is controlled at that value which will establish the desired temperature span of the system.
  • the fill-tube 8 is then closed off and sealed.
  • a change in the sensor temperature now causes a corresponding internal pressure change of the entire system and a deflection of the free end of the bourdon tube (as shown in FIG. 2).
  • the deflection is picked off and converted through a geared movement to a pointer rotating over a circular scale.
  • deflection is sensed by a position transducer such as a strain gauge, linear transducer or a light vane passing through a photovoltaic circuit.
  • FIG. 2 the system capillary is eliminated and a case fitting 15 directly connects the bulb to the case 16 and the bourdon system.
  • a spiral bourdon configuration of the present invention would have many design advantages.
  • the edge-welded tube 31 is formed into a spiral and welded to a mounting bracket 33 and a takeoff 38 is welded to the free end.
  • the mounting bracket is fastened to a plate in the instrument case with a center pivot pin 35 and a locking screw 36 within the bracket slot 37 to reset the position of the takeoff for multiple ranges.
  • a helical bourdon tube 39 in FIG. 4) can be used.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates the use of the bourdon of this invention in a pressure gauge.
  • the case fitting 51 is the process connector.
  • This bourdon's particular advantages as a pressure sensor are its high overrange capability, linear output and low ambient temperature effect.
  • a diaphragm seal 52 can be ued to isolate the gauge from a "Dirty" or corrosive process.
  • the volume within the bourdon system and over the diaphragm 53 is filled with an incompressible liquid to hydraulically transfer the displacement of the diaphragm to the bourdon. Because of its low volume and small volumetric change, this bourdon system permits the use of a smaller diaphragm (less displacement) and is less sensitive to ambient temperature.
  • FIGS. 6, 7 & 8 show by comparison of end-view-cross-sections that internal volume is minimized in FIG. 8 the present invention.
  • Conventional bourdon tubes as shown in FIG. 6 have excessive internal volume for gas thermometers. "Flattening" the bourdon tube as shown in FIG. 7 reduces but does not minimize the internal volume, primarily because of unavoidable "dogboning" 65 and metal springbacks. Flattening also causes high residual stresses and cracking in the edge radii if the bourdon is not appropriately stress-relieved.
  • the graph in FIG. 9 shows the effects of a 25° F. ambient temperature change on four Class III gas-filled thermometers as a function of bulb temperature.
  • Two of the thermometers C & D have bourdon systems described in the Preferred Embodiment above. Each system has a 0.375" diameter ⁇ 3.0" long bulb and, except for the direct mount type, 30 ft. of line capillary.
  • Curve A shows typical error exhibited by a conventional bourdon with an enhanced gas system with no ambient temperature compensation.
  • Curve B shows the effect on system A when a bimetallic compensator is added.
  • the bimetal compensates only ambient temperature changes in proximity to the case and then only at one bulb temperature, usually mid-span.
  • Curve C is an enhanced gas thermometer utilizing the preferred embodiment bourdon system (see FIG. 1) and 30 ft. of capillary. Note the significant reduction in ambient error over systems A and B.
  • Curve D is a direct mount thermometer with the Preferred Embodiment construction (see FIG. 2). Capillary ambient effect is negligible.
  • Curves C & D demonstrate that the Preferred Embodiment constructed thermometers have significantly less ambient error and therefore have the potential for multiranging (raising a rated temperature span upward through higher ranges), providing shorter rated spans and/or using smaller sensor bulbs.
  • the sensing container 9 should be rigid.
  • the minimum rated temperature span on a conventional gas thermometer is about 300° F. With an enhanced gas system it is approximately 120° F. Utilizing the Preferred Embodiment construction, an enhanced gas thermometer can easily provide a 40° F. temperature span.
  • An advantage of the invention is the ability to use a small "bulb” to fit into standard thermowells used for thermocouples, RTD probes and bimetal thermometers.
  • TIG-welding is the common name for arc-welding under inert gas with a tungsten electrode for producing the arc that does not contribute any metal to the weld. Rangeability means the ability to shift the entire span of the instrument over a wide range.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Measuring Fluid Pressure (AREA)
US06/671,557 1984-11-15 1984-11-15 Welded edge bourdon strip thermometer-manometer Expired - Lifetime US4646406A (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/671,557 US4646406A (en) 1984-11-15 1984-11-15 Welded edge bourdon strip thermometer-manometer
DE3539810A DE3539810C2 (de) 1984-11-15 1985-11-09 Gasgefüllte thermo-elastische Vorrichtung zur Druck- oder Temperaturmessung
GB8527850A GB2167186B (en) 1984-11-15 1985-11-12 Welded edge bourdon strip device
BR8505742A BR8505742A (pt) 1984-11-15 1985-11-14 Dispositivo termoelastico carregado a gas para medir pressao ou temperatura e processo de fabricacao de dispositivo termoelastico carregado a gas para medir pressao de gas no interior do mesmo
CN85108246A CN1007942B (zh) 1984-11-15 1985-11-14 边缘焊合式布尔登扁带式温度-压力表
ZA858786A ZA858786B (en) 1984-11-15 1985-11-15 Welded edge bourdon strip thermometer-manometer

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/671,557 US4646406A (en) 1984-11-15 1984-11-15 Welded edge bourdon strip thermometer-manometer

Publications (1)

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US4646406A true US4646406A (en) 1987-03-03

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US06/671,557 Expired - Lifetime US4646406A (en) 1984-11-15 1984-11-15 Welded edge bourdon strip thermometer-manometer

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US (1) US4646406A (de)
CN (1) CN1007942B (de)
BR (1) BR8505742A (de)
DE (1) DE3539810C2 (de)
GB (1) GB2167186B (de)
ZA (1) ZA858786B (de)

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4735090A (en) * 1986-11-28 1988-04-05 Honeywell Inc. Flange mounted pressure transmitter
US5056528A (en) * 1990-08-16 1991-10-15 Angeion Corporation Pressure gauge: gelatinous filled bourdon tube
US5834651A (en) * 1995-03-14 1998-11-10 Mija Industries, Inc. Heat treated rapid response pressure gauge spring
US5955676A (en) * 1998-06-09 1999-09-21 Jimray Marketing Inc. Connecting arm having a clamping end for use in bourdon gauges
US6485846B1 (en) 2000-09-29 2002-11-26 Ametek, Inc. Corrosion resistant gauge component
US6814486B2 (en) * 2002-08-09 2004-11-09 Advanced Thermal Products, Inc. Return bend temperature sensor
US20110150027A1 (en) * 2009-12-21 2011-06-23 Weiss Instruments, Inc. Mechanical and electronic temperature reading system with built-in failure and inaccuracy detection
CN107414225A (zh) * 2017-09-06 2017-12-01 马鞍山市奈特仪表科技有限公司 一种医用c型波登管压力表及其生产方法
US10994581B2 (en) 2015-08-09 2021-05-04 Hendrickson Usa, L.L.C. Spread active clamp group for vehicle leaf spring
JP2021113698A (ja) * 2020-01-16 2021-08-05 ネステック株式会社 温度指示計
US11110551B1 (en) * 2020-03-25 2021-09-07 Wuhan University Of Technology Device for preheating before welding and post-welding heat treatment of tank
WO2021206585A1 (ru) * 2020-04-10 2021-10-14 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью Научно-производственное общество "ЮМАС" Электроконтактный манометр во взрывозащищенной оболочке

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3530056C2 (de) * 1985-08-22 1994-03-17 Wiegand Gmbh & Co Alexander Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Rohrfedermanometer-Meßsystems
AT399588B (de) * 1991-12-16 1995-06-26 Avl Verbrennungskraft Messtech Drucksensor
DE202007014932U1 (de) * 2007-10-24 2009-02-26 Rehau Ag + Co Stellvorrichtung, insbesondere thermoreaktive Stellvorrichtung
JP5340080B2 (ja) * 2009-08-25 2013-11-13 有限会社フジブルドン製作所 ブルドン管およびこのブルドン管を備える温度計
DE102010037633A1 (de) * 2010-09-17 2012-03-22 Otto Radau Druckmessgerät mit verbesserter Anordnung einer Messfeder
CN110196110B (zh) * 2019-05-10 2020-10-23 湖南达道新能源开发有限公司 一种地热探测装置

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2261027A (en) * 1939-12-14 1941-10-28 Manning Maxwell & Moore Inc Guard device for pressure-responsive instruments
GB661778A (en) * 1949-03-25 1951-11-28 Harry William Mitchell Improvements in bourdon tubes for pressure, liquid expansion, thermometers and otherinstruments
GB672252A (en) * 1949-05-05 1952-05-21 Harry Bool Hardwick Improvements in bourdon tubes and like resilient, pressure responsive, tubular elements
US2712240A (en) * 1953-09-25 1955-07-05 Booth Christopher Hodgson Bourdon tubes and like resilient, pressure-responsive tubular elements
US3075390A (en) * 1959-06-18 1963-01-29 Ametek Inc Temperature compensating connecting linkage
US3992944A (en) * 1974-12-23 1976-11-23 Texaco Inc. Adsorption type gas-filled thermometer

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4413525A (en) * 1980-09-08 1983-11-08 Dresser Industries, Inc. Bourdon tube construction

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2261027A (en) * 1939-12-14 1941-10-28 Manning Maxwell & Moore Inc Guard device for pressure-responsive instruments
GB661778A (en) * 1949-03-25 1951-11-28 Harry William Mitchell Improvements in bourdon tubes for pressure, liquid expansion, thermometers and otherinstruments
GB672252A (en) * 1949-05-05 1952-05-21 Harry Bool Hardwick Improvements in bourdon tubes and like resilient, pressure responsive, tubular elements
US2712240A (en) * 1953-09-25 1955-07-05 Booth Christopher Hodgson Bourdon tubes and like resilient, pressure-responsive tubular elements
US3075390A (en) * 1959-06-18 1963-01-29 Ametek Inc Temperature compensating connecting linkage
US3992944A (en) * 1974-12-23 1976-11-23 Texaco Inc. Adsorption type gas-filled thermometer

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
"Mechanical Measurements"--Beckwith, Buck, pp. 146-151.
Mechanical Measurements Beckwith, Buck, pp. 146 151. *

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4735090A (en) * 1986-11-28 1988-04-05 Honeywell Inc. Flange mounted pressure transmitter
US5056528A (en) * 1990-08-16 1991-10-15 Angeion Corporation Pressure gauge: gelatinous filled bourdon tube
US5834651A (en) * 1995-03-14 1998-11-10 Mija Industries, Inc. Heat treated rapid response pressure gauge spring
US5955676A (en) * 1998-06-09 1999-09-21 Jimray Marketing Inc. Connecting arm having a clamping end for use in bourdon gauges
US6485846B1 (en) 2000-09-29 2002-11-26 Ametek, Inc. Corrosion resistant gauge component
US6814486B2 (en) * 2002-08-09 2004-11-09 Advanced Thermal Products, Inc. Return bend temperature sensor
US20110150027A1 (en) * 2009-12-21 2011-06-23 Weiss Instruments, Inc. Mechanical and electronic temperature reading system with built-in failure and inaccuracy detection
US8087825B2 (en) * 2009-12-21 2012-01-03 Weiss Instruments, Inc. Mechanical and electronic temperature reading system with built-in failure and inaccuracy detection
US10994581B2 (en) 2015-08-09 2021-05-04 Hendrickson Usa, L.L.C. Spread active clamp group for vehicle leaf spring
CN107414225A (zh) * 2017-09-06 2017-12-01 马鞍山市奈特仪表科技有限公司 一种医用c型波登管压力表及其生产方法
CN107414225B (zh) * 2017-09-06 2024-05-24 淄博益源工程技术有限公司 一种医用c型波登管压力表及其生产方法
JP2021113698A (ja) * 2020-01-16 2021-08-05 ネステック株式会社 温度指示計
US11110551B1 (en) * 2020-03-25 2021-09-07 Wuhan University Of Technology Device for preheating before welding and post-welding heat treatment of tank
WO2021206585A1 (ru) * 2020-04-10 2021-10-14 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью Научно-производственное общество "ЮМАС" Электроконтактный манометр во взрывозащищенной оболочке

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BR8505742A (pt) 1986-08-12
GB2167186A (en) 1986-05-21
CN85108246A (zh) 1986-09-24
GB2167186B (en) 1989-04-05
DE3539810A1 (de) 1986-05-15
GB8527850D0 (en) 1985-12-18
DE3539810C2 (de) 1997-12-11
ZA858786B (en) 1987-10-28
CN1007942B (zh) 1990-05-09

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