US4068925A - Liquid crystal display device - Google Patents

Liquid crystal display device Download PDF

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Publication number
US4068925A
US4068925A US05/532,855 US53285574A US4068925A US 4068925 A US4068925 A US 4068925A US 53285574 A US53285574 A US 53285574A US 4068925 A US4068925 A US 4068925A
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Prior art keywords
liquid crystal
substrates
substrate
combination
cholesteryl
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Expired - Lifetime
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US05/532,855
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English (en)
Inventor
Chizuka Tani
Fumihiro Ogawa
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NEC Corp
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Nippon Electric Co Ltd
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1337—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/137—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
    • G02F1/133528—Polarisers
    • G02F1/133533—Colour selective polarisers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to liquid crystal cells used for liquid crystal display devices and, more particularly, to improvements in liquid crystal cells of a type having a liquid crystal disposed between a pair of transparent electrodes.
  • Liquid crystals have made various electro-optic effects available to implement practical devices. Nematic liquid crystals, for instance, exhibit three electro-optic effects: the dynamic scattering mode (DSM); the deformation of vertically aligned phases (DAP); and the twisted nematic phases (TN); which have been utilized for liquid crystal display applications. These effects are obtained by suitably selecting such factors as the structure of the liquid crystal cell, the material of the liquid crystal used, and the voltage applied to the cell.
  • the DSM effect is obtained when a dc voltage or a low frequency voltage is applied to a liquid crystal cell using a nematic liquid crystal of negative dielectric anisotropy.
  • the DAP effect is available when a high frequency voltage is applied to a liquid crystal cell using a nematic liquid crystal of positive dielectric anisotropy, in which the molecules of the liquid crystal are aligned parallel to the surfaces of the electrodes, or of a negative dielectric anisotropy in which the molecules of the liquid crystal are aligned perpendicular to the surfaces of the electrodes.
  • the TN effect is available when a high frequency voltage is applied to a liquid crystal cell using a nematic liquid crystal of positive dielectric anisotropy in which the molecule orientation is twisted in the liquid crystal.
  • a pair of polarizers are usually employed on both sides of the liquid crystal cell.
  • the properties of prior art liquid crystal display devices vary according to the electro-optic effect they offer.
  • the DSM type is capable of providing a bright display and the widest range of effective viewing angle, and is suited for a reflective display.
  • the DAP type makes multiple-color display available under the application of a low voltage.
  • the TN type permits a high contrast display and two-color display with a low applied voltage.
  • a prior art liquid crystal display device Because the electro-optic effects are peculiar to the individual liquid crystal cell, i.e. its material and structure, a prior art liquid crystal display device has had to use a specific liquid crystal cell whose electro-optic characteristic satisfy the purpose of the desired display. This is why a prior art liquid crystal cell is limited as to its applications, and is unable to offer a display of multiple modes. Furthermore, the display contrast of the prior art devices is generally not sufficiently high.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a liquid crystal cell which in itself provides all three electro-optic effects.
  • the invention provides a liquid crystal cell having a nematic liquid crystal of negative dielectric anisotropy sandwiched between a pair of transparent electrode substrates.
  • the molecules of the liquid crystal assume a vertical orientation pattern when no voltage is applied to the cell, and a twisted pattern or a dynamic scattering mode when a voltage is applied to the cell.
  • the liquid crystal cell of the invention therefore makes all three electro-optic effects, viz, the DSM, DAP and TN effects, available for use in liquid crystal display devices for a multi-color display, a high contrast display and a reflective display as well.
  • a small amount of cholesteric liquid crystal is added to the liquid crystal cell to achieve a markedly improved display contrast.
  • FIG. 1 is a sectional view showing the fundamental construction of a liquid crystal cell according to the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing a pair of transparent electrode substrates used for the purpose of this invention.
  • FIGS. 3(a)-3(c) illustrate orientation modes of a liquid crystal disposed between a pair of electrodes
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic exploded perspective view showing a liquid crystal display device embodying the principles of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown a sectional view illustrating the fundamental of a liquid crystal cell formed according to the principles of the present invention.
  • a liquid crystal 1 of negative dielectric anisotropy is sandwiched between a pair of transparent electrode substrates 4 which include transparent substrates 3 coated with electrically conducting, transparent films 2, such as tin oxide films.
  • Spacers 5 maintain a uniform thickness for the cell.
  • a power source 6 supplies a voltage to the cell, and is connected across the transparent films 2.
  • the inner surfaces of the transparent electrodes are treated to effect (a) parallel orientation, and (b) vertical orientation, for the crystal.
  • the first treatment is such that the inner surfaces of the electrode substrates 4 are rubbed with a cotton cloth in one direction whereby small grooves parallel to each other are believe to be formed on the surfaces thereof.
  • the second treatment is to apply an active surface agent such as lecithin to the electrode surfaces.
  • an active surface agent such as lecithin
  • FIG. 3 schematically depicts the orientation modes of molecules 8 of a nematic liquid crystal in a liquid crystal cell. The operation of this cell will be described hereinbelow.
  • the long axes of the molecules are aligned perpendicular to the surfaces of the substrates 4 as shown in FIG. 3(a). This is because the liquid crystal is in direct contact with the surface active agent which dictates a vertical molecular orientation. Under this cell condition, the influence of the parallel molecular orientation effect is offset by the effect of the surface active agent and hence the liquid crystal remains optically isotropic.
  • the molecular orientation assumes a twisted pattern -- as shown in FIG. 3(b).
  • the molecular orientation is of a twisted pattern when no voltage is applied to the cell, and the molecules are aligned perpendicular to the electrode surfaces only when a high-frequency voltage is applied.
  • a twisted molecular orientation occurs when a high-frequency voltage is applied. This is because the nematic liquid crystal used is of negative dielectric anisotropy, instead of positive dielectric anisotropy.
  • the liquid crystal molecules 8 are aligned with their long axes parallel to the inner surfaces of the electrodes.
  • the small grooves, parallel to each other, are formed on the inner surfaces of the substrates 4 by rubbing, and are covered with a surface active agent.
  • the surface active agent is so thin (i.e., as thin as a monomolecular layer) that the shape of the grooves appears on the surfaces of the transparent electrode substrates 4.
  • the grooves cause the liquid crystal molecules 8, which are approximately parallel to the electrode surfaces, to be aligned with their long axes parallel to the grooves. In this state, the vertical orientation effect is offset by the electric field applied. Because the grooves are perpendicular to each other on the two electrode surfaces, the liquid crystal molecules 8 assume the twisted pattern shown in FIG. 3(b). Therefore, the liquid crystal cell of the invention exhibits a twisted mode when a high-frequency voltage of a magnitude sufficient to produce a substantial amount of electric field intensity is applied to the cell.
  • the state of molecular orientation shown in FIG. 3(b) is a saturated state with respect to the applied high-frequency voltage.
  • a nonsaturated intermediate state obtains during the transition from the conditions of FIG. 3(a) to that of FIG. 3(b). More specifically, when a voltage applied to the liquid crystal cell is increased graudually from zero, the liquid crystal molecules 8 become gradually slanted as the voltage exceeds a threshold, the molecular orientation remaining in the state of FIG. 3(a) until the applied voltage reaches this threshold value. When the applied voltage is further increased, the liquid crystal molecules 8 are more slanted to become nearly parallel to the electrode surfaces, whereby a twisted pattern is formed.
  • the liquid crystal cell in this state has color-selectivity as obtained in the DAP effect of the prior art cell.
  • the liquid crystal must have a certain amount of conductivity.
  • an organic electrolyte such as propylene glycol is added to the liquid crystal.
  • the addition of the organic electrolyte is preferable even in this invention.
  • the liquid crystal cell of this invention has all the optical display functions available with the DSM, DAP and TN effects.
  • the liquid crystal material used for the cell of the invention may be any nematic liquid crystal of negative dielectric anisotropy, such as for example, (methoxybenzylidene)-butylaniline or its homologs, or a mixture of liquid crystal compounds.
  • the grooves on the transparent electrode substrates may be prepared by the use of oblique vapor deposition film, instead of rubbing.
  • a surface active agent is used to cause the liquid crystal molecules to be preliminarily aligned perpendicular to the electrode surfaces.
  • a known method such as one in which a high polymer (e.g., polyamide) is added to the liquid crystal may be employed instead.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing an illustrative liquid crystal display device using a liquid crystal cell of the invention for three-color display operation.
  • a liquid crystal cell 9 includes a nematic liquid crystal of negative dielectric anisotropy, and a pair of transparent glass electrode substrates.
  • the liquid crystal is formed of (methoxybenzylidene)-butylaniline with an additive of 0.1 weight percent organic electrolyte, i.e., tetrabutyl ammonium bromide.
  • the above described rubbing process is to effect parallel molecular orientation, and lecithin active coating to effect vertical molecular orientation are employed.
  • the electrode substrates are disposed perpendicular to each other with respect to the rubbing direction.
  • the two electrodes are spaced so that the liquid crystal is kept to a thickness of 10 microns.
  • the glass electrodes are coated with a transparent conducting film of indium oxide.
  • a pair of linear polarizers 10 with polarization planes perpendicular to each other are installed on either side of the liquid crystal cell 9.
  • An incandescent light source 11 and a color screen 12 are disposed on one side thereof. The color and pattern for the color screen 12 may be arbitrarily selected.
  • a viewer 23 observes the liquid crystal cell 9 from the other side thereof, i.e., the side remote from the screen 12. When no voltage is applied to the cell 9, the liquid crystal cell 9 appears black to the viewer 23. In this state, the liquid crystal molecules have a vertically orientated optical isotropy as previously mentioned.
  • the liquid crystal cell 9 When a dc voltage or an ac voltage of low frequency sufficient to produce a substantial electric field is applied to the cell 9 from the power source 14, the liquid crystal cell 9 is seen white to the viewer 13. In this state, the liquid crystal produces the DSM effect and scatters white light forward.
  • the threshold voltage in the liquid crystal cell 9 was about 4 Vrms at a driving frequency of 50 Hz, and the saturation of the scattering effect was observed when the voltage applied was around 30 Vrms.
  • the incandescent light source 11 illuminates the liquid crystal cell 9 and color screen 12, but is invisible from the viewer 13.
  • the liquid crystal display device of the invention makes three-color display available by simply choosing the kind of voltage applied to the liquid crystal cell.
  • the liquid crystal cell 9, of the invention has a variety of display applications.
  • FIG. 4 for example, when the incandescent light source 11 is installed on the center of the optical axis 15 of the display system, multiple color display ranging from red to purple can be obtained with a voltage of 3 to 10 Vrms (5 kHz) applied to the cell 9 from the power source 14. This behavior is ascribed to the DAP effect, and such an arrangement obviates the need for the color screen 12.
  • This liquid crystal cell 9 can be used to constitute a reflective display device of the DSM type when a mirror plate is attached to the back of the liquid crystal cell 9.
  • the polarizers 10 may be omitted.
  • a display device as in FIG. 4 can be used as a two-color display device functioning like the ordinary transparent or reflective display device of the TN type.
  • a white plate be installed on the back of the liquid crystal cell 9.
  • a plurality of electrodes may be independently disposed in the cell.
  • the liquid crystal cell of the invention can be operated for simultaneous displays based on the DSM, DAP and TN effects.
  • an optical logic gate can be formed by the use of a plurality of liquid crystal cells and polarizers arranged in order, for example, (polarizer)-(liquid crystal cell)- (polarizer)-(liquid crystal cell)-(polarizer). Then, if the center polarizer has its polarization plane different by 90° from those of the other polarizers, this device can be operated as an optical AND gate.
  • a logical gate may be formed either of liquid crystal cells of the present invention only, or from a combination of those of this invention and conventional cells.
  • the nematic crystal material may be any material having a negative dielectric anisotropy as mentioned above.
  • the cholesteric liquid crystal may be an ordinary one, such as cholesteryl erucate, cholesteryl nonanoate, cholesteryl benzoate, cholesteryl cinnamate, dicholesteryl phthalate, cholesteryl oleylcarbonate, and cholesteryl chloride.
  • a cholesteric liquid crystal cholesteryl nonanoate
  • a nematic liquid crystal methoxybenzilidene-butylaniline.
  • the application of a 20-volt 10kHz ac signal gave a contrast ratio of 90 to 1. This is definitely a marked improvement over a device having only a nematic liquid crystal, which has a corresponding contrast ratio of 4 to 1. Display contrast is thus improved by a factor exceeding 20. No modification on the structure itself is needed when the cholesteric crystal material is added.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Liquid Crystal (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Mathematical Physics (AREA)
  • Devices For Indicating Variable Information By Combining Individual Elements (AREA)
US05/532,855 1973-12-20 1974-12-16 Liquid crystal display device Expired - Lifetime US4068925A (en)

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JA48-143308 1973-12-20
JP14330873A JPS5638924B2 (de) 1973-12-20 1973-12-20

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Cited By (26)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4173757A (en) * 1976-09-24 1979-11-06 Thomson-Csf Liquid crystal display device
FR2471642A1 (fr) * 1979-12-13 1981-06-19 Asahi Glass Co Ltd Dispositifs d'affichage a cristal liquide du type donneur-recepteur
EP0045104A2 (de) * 1980-07-28 1982-02-03 BBC Aktiengesellschaft Brown, Boveri & Cie. Homöotrop nematisches Display mit internem Reflektor
DE4236734A1 (de) * 1992-10-30 1994-05-05 Licentia Gmbh Flüssigkristallzelle und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung
US5384650A (en) * 1992-04-06 1995-01-24 Hughes Aircraft Company Light valve with twisted perpendicular liquid crystal with a negative dielectric anisotropy
US5477358A (en) * 1993-06-21 1995-12-19 Case Western Reserve University Chiral nematic liquid crystal display with homeotropic alignment and negative dielectric anisotropy
US5493430A (en) * 1994-08-03 1996-02-20 Kent Display Systems, L.P. Color, reflective liquid crystal displays
US5570216A (en) * 1995-04-14 1996-10-29 Kent Display Systems, Inc. Bistable cholesteric liquid crystal displays with very high contrast and excellent mechanical stability
US5933203A (en) * 1997-01-08 1999-08-03 Advanced Display Systems, Inc. Apparatus for and method of driving a cholesteric liquid crystal flat panel display
US6327010B1 (en) 1992-02-03 2001-12-04 Merck Patent Gesellschaft Mit Beschrankter Haftung Electrooptical system
US6379850B1 (en) * 1998-06-25 2002-04-30 Minolta Co., Ltd. Rewritable thermosensible recording material, a production method thereof and a rewritable thermosensible recording medium
WO2003019191A1 (en) * 2001-08-27 2003-03-06 Platypus Technologies, Inc. Substrates, devices, and methods for quantitative liquid crystal assays
US6633319B1 (en) 1998-03-30 2003-10-14 Minolta Co., Ltd. Image recording apparatus
US6646701B2 (en) 1997-05-29 2003-11-11 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Liquid crystal display device having wide viewing angle and improved contrast ratio
US20040179162A1 (en) * 2000-08-30 2004-09-16 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Liquid crystal screen display
US20060141446A1 (en) * 2002-05-22 2006-06-29 Christopher Murphy Substrates, devices, and methods for cellular assays
US20070046874A1 (en) * 2005-08-12 2007-03-01 Masaya Adachi Display device and electrical appliance using the same
US20070064187A1 (en) * 1997-06-12 2007-03-22 Arihiro Takeda Vertically-aligned (VA) liquid crystal display device
US20070178534A1 (en) * 2002-05-22 2007-08-02 Christopher Murphy Substrates, devices, and methods for cellular assays
US20080160539A1 (en) * 2006-08-07 2008-07-03 Platypus Technologies, Llc Substrates, devices, and methods for cellular assays
DE202007009414U1 (de) 2007-07-04 2008-11-13 pfm Produkte für die Medizin AG Vorevakuierbarer oder vorevakuierter Behälter für medizinische Zwecke
US7662572B2 (en) 2005-08-25 2010-02-16 Platypus Technologies, Llc. Compositions and liquid crystals
US20100046821A1 (en) * 2008-05-09 2010-02-25 General Electric Company Motion correction in tomographic images
US20100093096A1 (en) * 2008-09-15 2010-04-15 Platypus Technologies, Llc Detection of vapor phase compounds by changes in physical properties of a liquid crystal
US8988620B2 (en) 2003-07-25 2015-03-24 Platypus Technologies, Llc Liquid crystal based analyte detection
US9968935B2 (en) 2007-08-20 2018-05-15 Platypus Technologies, Llc Devices for cell assays

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JPS5229753A (en) * 1975-09-02 1977-03-05 Toshiba Corp Liquid crystal display

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US3881806A (en) * 1972-07-13 1975-05-06 Suwa Seikosha Kk Electro-optical display device
US3914022A (en) * 1974-07-02 1975-10-21 Gen Electric Quasi-homeotropic twisted nematic liquid crystal device

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US3703331A (en) * 1971-11-26 1972-11-21 Rca Corp Liquid crystal display element having storage
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Cited By (60)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4173757A (en) * 1976-09-24 1979-11-06 Thomson-Csf Liquid crystal display device
FR2471642A1 (fr) * 1979-12-13 1981-06-19 Asahi Glass Co Ltd Dispositifs d'affichage a cristal liquide du type donneur-recepteur
EP0045104A2 (de) * 1980-07-28 1982-02-03 BBC Aktiengesellschaft Brown, Boveri & Cie. Homöotrop nematisches Display mit internem Reflektor
EP0045104A3 (en) * 1980-07-28 1982-02-10 Bbc Aktiengesellschaft Brown, Boveri & Cie. Homeotropic nematic display with an internal reflector
US6327010B1 (en) 1992-02-03 2001-12-04 Merck Patent Gesellschaft Mit Beschrankter Haftung Electrooptical system
US5384650A (en) * 1992-04-06 1995-01-24 Hughes Aircraft Company Light valve with twisted perpendicular liquid crystal with a negative dielectric anisotropy
DE4236734A1 (de) * 1992-10-30 1994-05-05 Licentia Gmbh Flüssigkristallzelle und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung
US5477358A (en) * 1993-06-21 1995-12-19 Case Western Reserve University Chiral nematic liquid crystal display with homeotropic alignment and negative dielectric anisotropy
US5602662A (en) * 1993-06-21 1997-02-11 Case Western Reserve University Cholesteric liquid crystal devices
US5493430A (en) * 1994-08-03 1996-02-20 Kent Display Systems, L.P. Color, reflective liquid crystal displays
US5570216A (en) * 1995-04-14 1996-10-29 Kent Display Systems, Inc. Bistable cholesteric liquid crystal displays with very high contrast and excellent mechanical stability
US5933203A (en) * 1997-01-08 1999-08-03 Advanced Display Systems, Inc. Apparatus for and method of driving a cholesteric liquid crystal flat panel display
US9217896B2 (en) 1997-05-29 2015-12-22 Samsung Display Co., Ltd. Liquid crystal displays
US8767152B2 (en) 1997-05-29 2014-07-01 Samsung Display Co., Ltd. Liquid crystal display
US8094272B2 (en) 1997-05-29 2012-01-10 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Liquid crystal displays
US6646701B2 (en) 1997-05-29 2003-11-11 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Liquid crystal display device having wide viewing angle and improved contrast ratio
US20050280760A1 (en) * 1997-05-29 2005-12-22 Lyu Jae-Jin Liquid crystal displays
US20040046916A1 (en) * 1997-05-29 2004-03-11 Lyu Jae-Jin Liquid crystal display devices having wide viewing angle and improved contrast ratio
US7929088B2 (en) 1997-05-29 2011-04-19 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Liquid crystal displays
US20100296043A1 (en) * 1997-05-29 2010-11-25 Lyu Jae-Jin Liquid crystal displays
US6943858B2 (en) 1997-05-29 2005-09-13 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Liquid crystal display devices having wide viewing angle and improved contrast ratio
US20110176098A1 (en) * 1997-06-12 2011-07-21 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Vertically-alligned (va) liquid crystal display device
US7760305B2 (en) 1997-06-12 2010-07-20 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Liquid crystal display device with multiple alignment structures
US20070064187A1 (en) * 1997-06-12 2007-03-22 Arihiro Takeda Vertically-aligned (VA) liquid crystal display device
US8553188B2 (en) 1997-06-12 2013-10-08 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Liquid crystal display device
US8134671B2 (en) 1997-06-12 2012-03-13 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Liquid crystal display device
US20080165314A1 (en) * 1997-06-12 2008-07-10 Arihiro Takeda Vertically-aligned (VA) liquid crystal display device
USRE43123E1 (en) 1997-06-12 2012-01-24 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Vertically-aligned (VA) liquid crystal display device
US20080303997A1 (en) * 1997-06-12 2008-12-11 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Vertically-alligned (va) liquid crystal display device
US20090207360A1 (en) * 1997-06-12 2009-08-20 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Vertically-alligned (va) liquid crystal display device
US7965363B2 (en) * 1997-06-12 2011-06-21 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Vertically-aligned (VA) liquid crystal display device
US7821603B2 (en) 1997-06-12 2010-10-26 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Vertically-alligned (VA) liquid crystal display device
US6633319B1 (en) 1998-03-30 2003-10-14 Minolta Co., Ltd. Image recording apparatus
US6379850B1 (en) * 1998-06-25 2002-04-30 Minolta Co., Ltd. Rewritable thermosensible recording material, a production method thereof and a rewritable thermosensible recording medium
US6896940B2 (en) * 2000-08-30 2005-05-24 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Liquid crystal screen display
US20040179162A1 (en) * 2000-08-30 2004-09-16 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Liquid crystal screen display
US9103794B2 (en) 2001-08-27 2015-08-11 Platypus Technologies Llc Substrates, devices, and methods for quantitative liquid crystal assays
WO2003019191A1 (en) * 2001-08-27 2003-03-06 Platypus Technologies, Inc. Substrates, devices, and methods for quantitative liquid crystal assays
US20100221815A1 (en) * 2001-08-27 2010-09-02 Platypus Technologies, Llc Substrates, devices, and methods for quantitative liquid crystal assays
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US9797843B2 (en) 2001-08-27 2017-10-24 Platypus Technologies, Llc Substrates, devices, and methods for quantitative liquid crystal assays
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JPS5638924B2 (de) 1981-09-09

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