US3893303A - Rock securing method - Google Patents
Rock securing method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3893303A US3893303A US382211A US38221173A US3893303A US 3893303 A US3893303 A US 3893303A US 382211 A US382211 A US 382211A US 38221173 A US38221173 A US 38221173A US 3893303 A US3893303 A US 3893303A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- plastic
- covering layer
- holes
- curable
- resin
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000088 plastic resin Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011152 fibreglass Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000009499 grossing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920001225 polyester resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004645 polyester resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007596 consolidation process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011150 reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011083 cement mortar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003292 diminished effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005489 elastic deformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002118 epoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012783 reinforcing fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D9/00—Tunnels or galleries, with or without linings; Methods or apparatus for making thereof; Layout of tunnels or galleries
- E21D9/001—Improving soil or rock, e.g. by freezing; Injections
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/56—Compositions for consolidating loose sand or the like around wells without excessively decreasing the permeability thereof
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D3/00—Improving or preserving soil or rock, e.g. preserving permafrost soil
- E02D3/12—Consolidating by placing solidifying or pore-filling substances in the soil
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
- E21D11/04—Lining with building materials
- E21D11/10—Lining with building materials with concrete cast in situ; Shuttering also lost shutterings, e.g. made of blocks, of metal plates or other equipment adapted therefor
Definitions
- Film-forming plastics are also used for lining mine tunnels, with fillers such as ground quartz being added to the plastics.
- the mountain consolidation attainable by such compound provides only a single effect.
- the anchoring attained by reinforced concrete in the bore holes and by a layer of spray concrete adhesively applied to the mountainside in order to prevent the breaking of the mountain areas between the anchors do not yield under local load differences; i.e., the materials hold immovably up to their breaking point with no elastic behavior. Furthermore the strength of cement mortar used for anchor securing and surface solidification is not very high.
- An earlier invention described in German Application No. P2l048l5.7-24 involves compound build-up as a mountain solidification technique in underground mining and in open-pit mining. Broadly in this method, bore holes are drilled into a mountain surface at appropriate intervals, the walls of which are roughened and cleaned, if necessary, and into which a plastic is pressed. The plastic is applied in liquid form but cures to great strength. A closing head at the mountainside is formed with the plastic which fills the bore holes. This is accomplished by way of a moulding hood. A sealing layer consisting of a mixture of sand and plastic is applied to the surface of the mountain over the closing heads after removal of the moulding hood.
- FIG. I is a schematic illustration, in section, of a mountain wall treated in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. IA is a schematic illustration, in section, of an alternative embodiment of the invention.
- a spray concrete preferably containing steel fibers such as pieces of fine wire is applied in the desired thickness.
- the plastic mortar can have glass fibers admixed therewith so that its strength is further increased and in the same manner the plastic of the plugs can contain glass fibers or other reinforcing fibers. Moulded fiber glass rods can also be inserted into the bore holes prior to the introduction of the plastic.
- the entire technique can be locally adapted to any given mountainside.
- fewer bore holes of a smaller diameter and less depth and a cover layer of less thickness are needed for the firm rock, while in the adjacent slidable mountainside, a more thorough consolidation is achieved by the use of deeper and larger bore holes, and by the earlier application of a thicker cover layer.
- Joining the plugs with the cover layer by means of the closing heads results in a homogeneous and elastic mountain surface.
- FIG. I shows schematically in section one embodiment of the compound build-up according to the invention.
- the mountain wall I is obtained by blasting or milling the desired cavity out of the mountain.
- the unevenness of wall 1 is smoothed by applying a layer of spray concrete 2 of from approximately 1 to 10 cm. To increase the strength of this layer, it is possible to admix steel fibers of a diameter of between 0.1 and 0.3 cm and a length of between 1.5 and 2.5 cm with the spray concrete. Over this smoothing layer is applied cover layer 3 of plastic mortar. If wall I of the mountain is already very smooth, layer 2 of spray concrete can be omitted, so that the cover layer 3 consisting of plastic mortar would be applied directly.
- cover layer 3 glass fibers of l to 2.5 cm length are, for example, admixed to cover layer 3, so that the percentage of plastic therein is from about 20 to about 30 percent. Thereafter bore hole 4 is drilled, the spacing, depth and diameter of which or the optional use of well tubing depends upon the particular mountain condition and quality. Head 5 of hole 4 in cover layer 3, and optionally in concrete layer 2 and, if necessary, in the mountain surface as well is coneshaped.
- injection cover 6 is sealingly applied. Thereafter the plastic is injected in liquid form under pressure through an orifice in cover 6 until it fills bore hole 4 and any crevasses 11 extending sideways from the bore hole. A plastic plug is thus obtained after curing of the plastic, for example in 4 to 5 hours.
- an injection of water can be performed after drilling of bore hole 4 for cleansing purposes.
- the desired adhesive result will not be diminished by this with the appropriate selection of a water compatible plastic.
- the plastic can be mixed with glass fibers 9, or a fberglass rod 8 in the shape of a porous tubing can be inserted to increase the strength of the plug.
- the materials used can be varied widely and are selected in order to deflect tensions across the walls of a mountain which is being secured.
- a geological modulus of elasticity elastic deformation
- synthetic materials having a modulus of elasticity of from 20 to 40,000 kg/cm
- glass fiber which demonstrates a typical modulus of elasticity of from 50 to 70,000 kg/cm, can be admixed with the plastic.
- Typical plastics which can be used for example as the covering layer include epoxide and polyester resins.
- the injectable plastic which forms the plug can for example be a rapidly curing epoxide resin.
- EXAMPLE 1 ln tunnel construction in underground mining, firmly standing to fragile rock at the ceiling and tunnel wall must be fortified.
- a smoothing layer of spray concrete having a thickness of from 5 to cm is applied.
- a cover layer of polyester resin is next applied to a depth of l to 1.5 cm. Bore holes of a diameter of 30 to 50 mm are drilled to a depth of between 3 to 4 m at median spacings of 1.2 to 1.5 m. These are then filled with curable plastic.
- EXAMPLE 2 A slightly broken to much fractured rock formation is to be reinforced. A smoothing spray concrete layer of 5 to 15 cm is applied according to need. Cover layer 3 of plastic mortar is applied to a thickness of L5 to 2 cm. The diameter of the plastic plug varies between 40 and 50 mm, the length thereof between 3.5 and 4.5 m, while the spacing between the plugs is from l to L2 m.
- EXAMPLE 3 In a tunnel construction, a rock formation must be reinforced.
- the rock comprises sediments, much destroyed rock and rolling and sandy components.
- the smoothing spray concrete layer is applied to between 10 and 20 cm.
- the thickness of cover layer is between 2 and 2.5 cm.
- the diameter of the plugs varies from 40 to mm, the length thereof from 4 to 6 m, and the spacing between the plugs 0.8 and 1.0 m.
- EXAMPLE 4 In an open pit, a securing wall is needed.
- the smoothing layer is applied to the mountain wall at a thickness of from ID to 15 cm.
- the cover layer consists of plastic mortar having a thickness of l to 1.5 cm.
- the diameter of the plugs varies from 40 to 50 mm, the length thereof varies from 3 to 5 m and distances between the plugs varies from 1.0 to 2 m.
- a suitable injection pressure for the plastic is 5 atmospheres (gauge); for Example 2 up to 3.5 atm and for Example 3 up to 2 atm.
- the improvement which comprises applying a covering layer of curable plastic to the face prior to boring the holes, boring the holes through the covering layer into the rock face with a frustroconical shape so that the diameter of the hole on the surface of the covering layer is greater than the diameter of the bore shaft, injecting a curable plastic resin under pressure into the holes so that the hole is filled with curable plastic resin in the bore shaft and in the frustroconical portion, curing the curable plastic of the covering layer, and curing the curable plastic resin in the holes to form a plurality of plastic plugs in said holes having frustroconical portions in close contact with the covering layer, whereby said covering layer is securely held against the rock face by the frustroconical portions of the plastic plugs.
- said covering layer comprises a mixture of curable resin, sand and glass fibers.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Paleontology (AREA)
- Consolidation Of Soil By Introduction Of Solidifying Substances Into Soil (AREA)
- Lining And Supports For Tunnels (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE2236457A DE2236457A1 (de) | 1972-07-25 | 1972-07-25 | Verfahren zur herstellung eines verbundverbaus als gebirgssicherung im unteroder uebertagebau |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3893303A true US3893303A (en) | 1975-07-08 |
Family
ID=5851628
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US382211A Expired - Lifetime US3893303A (en) | 1972-07-25 | 1973-07-24 | Rock securing method |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3893303A (el) |
AT (1) | AT347865B (el) |
CH (1) | CH562928A5 (el) |
DE (1) | DE2236457A1 (el) |
FR (1) | FR2194206A6 (el) |
SE (1) | SE387701B (el) |
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4052860A (en) * | 1974-12-09 | 1977-10-11 | Environmental Engineering Dr. Ing. Alterman Ltd. | Construction of underground tunnels and rock chambers |
US4139323A (en) * | 1976-06-01 | 1979-02-13 | Gebirgssicherung - Ges.M.B.H. | Rock anchor |
US4140428A (en) * | 1978-03-06 | 1979-02-20 | Shakespeare Company | Tie rod support for mine |
US4247224A (en) * | 1978-12-14 | 1981-01-27 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Method for installing a mine roof bolt |
US4307979A (en) * | 1978-12-14 | 1981-12-29 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Mine roof bolt and end cap |
US4443132A (en) * | 1978-06-22 | 1984-04-17 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Anchoring of tension members |
US6520591B1 (en) * | 1998-05-12 | 2003-02-18 | Ruslan Borisovich Jun | R.B. Jun's method of openwork mining utilizing pit wall consolidation |
US20040179901A1 (en) * | 2002-09-17 | 2004-09-16 | Kulchin Steven A. | Soil nailing system |
US10370814B2 (en) * | 2017-05-23 | 2019-08-06 | Wenzhou University | System for consolidating soft clay by combined anode boosting and electro-osmosis and method for consolidating soft clay |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2079348B (en) * | 1980-03-03 | 1983-08-17 | Mobell Blowout Services Ltd | Annulus plugging |
CN109184751B (zh) * | 2018-11-16 | 2024-05-10 | 中铁隧道集团一处有限公司 | 用于隧道衬砌拱顶的内窥式防空洞监控装置及监控方法 |
Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2110053A (en) * | 1935-05-27 | 1938-03-01 | Phillips Noel | Plastic plug |
US3283513A (en) * | 1964-12-23 | 1966-11-08 | Thomas W Kierans | Process of mounting elongated members in drill holes |
US3332244A (en) * | 1964-10-28 | 1967-07-25 | American Cyanamid Co | Reinforcing bolts |
US3430449A (en) * | 1965-11-27 | 1969-03-04 | Rudolf Novotny | Anchor bolts and method for fixing same in drill holes especially in friable rock |
US3487533A (en) * | 1966-10-25 | 1970-01-06 | Hilti Ag | Method of driving fastening elements into solid material covered by a compressible material |
US3716386A (en) * | 1969-11-12 | 1973-02-13 | Nat Res Dev | Process for dispersing fibre in an aqueous mix |
US3721094A (en) * | 1971-11-26 | 1973-03-20 | Pin Set Corp | Apparatus for and method of setting pins in mine roofs |
-
1972
- 1972-07-25 DE DE2236457A patent/DE2236457A1/de active Pending
-
1973
- 1973-07-05 AT AT591373A patent/AT347865B/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1973-07-24 US US382211A patent/US3893303A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1973-07-24 CH CH1077173A patent/CH562928A5/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1973-07-25 SE SE7310315A patent/SE387701B/xx unknown
- 1973-07-25 FR FR7327178A patent/FR2194206A6/fr not_active Expired
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2110053A (en) * | 1935-05-27 | 1938-03-01 | Phillips Noel | Plastic plug |
US3332244A (en) * | 1964-10-28 | 1967-07-25 | American Cyanamid Co | Reinforcing bolts |
US3283513A (en) * | 1964-12-23 | 1966-11-08 | Thomas W Kierans | Process of mounting elongated members in drill holes |
US3430449A (en) * | 1965-11-27 | 1969-03-04 | Rudolf Novotny | Anchor bolts and method for fixing same in drill holes especially in friable rock |
US3487533A (en) * | 1966-10-25 | 1970-01-06 | Hilti Ag | Method of driving fastening elements into solid material covered by a compressible material |
US3716386A (en) * | 1969-11-12 | 1973-02-13 | Nat Res Dev | Process for dispersing fibre in an aqueous mix |
US3721094A (en) * | 1971-11-26 | 1973-03-20 | Pin Set Corp | Apparatus for and method of setting pins in mine roofs |
Cited By (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4052860A (en) * | 1974-12-09 | 1977-10-11 | Environmental Engineering Dr. Ing. Alterman Ltd. | Construction of underground tunnels and rock chambers |
US4139323A (en) * | 1976-06-01 | 1979-02-13 | Gebirgssicherung - Ges.M.B.H. | Rock anchor |
US4140428A (en) * | 1978-03-06 | 1979-02-20 | Shakespeare Company | Tie rod support for mine |
US4443132A (en) * | 1978-06-22 | 1984-04-17 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Anchoring of tension members |
US4247224A (en) * | 1978-12-14 | 1981-01-27 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Method for installing a mine roof bolt |
US4307979A (en) * | 1978-12-14 | 1981-12-29 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Mine roof bolt and end cap |
US6520591B1 (en) * | 1998-05-12 | 2003-02-18 | Ruslan Borisovich Jun | R.B. Jun's method of openwork mining utilizing pit wall consolidation |
US20040179901A1 (en) * | 2002-09-17 | 2004-09-16 | Kulchin Steven A. | Soil nailing system |
US6796745B2 (en) | 2002-09-17 | 2004-09-28 | Steven A. Kulchin | Soil nailing system |
US6939084B2 (en) | 2002-09-17 | 2005-09-06 | Steven A. Kulchin | Soil nailing system |
US10370814B2 (en) * | 2017-05-23 | 2019-08-06 | Wenzhou University | System for consolidating soft clay by combined anode boosting and electro-osmosis and method for consolidating soft clay |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE2236457A1 (de) | 1974-02-07 |
SE387701B (sv) | 1976-09-13 |
AT347865B (de) | 1979-01-25 |
FR2194206A6 (el) | 1974-02-22 |
ATA591373A (de) | 1978-05-15 |
CH562928A5 (el) | 1975-06-13 |
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