US3890953A - Electrical apparatus generating a low frequency, alternating magnetic field for promoting the growth of bone and other body tissues - Google Patents

Electrical apparatus generating a low frequency, alternating magnetic field for promoting the growth of bone and other body tissues Download PDF

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Publication number
US3890953A
US3890953A US241727A US24172772A US3890953A US 3890953 A US3890953 A US 3890953A US 241727 A US241727 A US 241727A US 24172772 A US24172772 A US 24172772A US 3890953 A US3890953 A US 3890953A
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Prior art keywords
coil
low frequency
bone
growth
magnetic field
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Expired - Lifetime
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US241727A
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English (en)
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Werner Kraus
Hans-Dieter Viehbach
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
    • A61B17/56—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
    • A61B17/58—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws or setting implements
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/30—Joints
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/40—Applying electric fields by inductive or capacitive coupling ; Applying radio-frequency signals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N2/00—Magnetotherapy
    • A61N2/02—Magnetotherapy using magnetic fields produced by coils, including single turn loops or electromagnets
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/28—Bones
    • A61F2002/2821—Bone stimulation by electromagnetic fields or electric current for enhancing ossification

Definitions

  • the present'invention relates to an apparatus for promoting the growth of bone and other body tissues.
  • the changes in state occurring are thus due to the disturbance of an existing mechanical-chemical equilibrium between free and bound ions.
  • the restoration of the original electro-neutrality is determined by the speed of diffusion of the free ions and the statistical distribution in the vicinity of the bound ions.
  • one aim of the present invention is to provide an electricalapparatus for proniotirigthe growth of bone and other body tissues.
  • the present invention resides in an electrical apparatus for promoting the growth of bone and other body tissues comprising a generator for the supply of low frequency alternating current with a frequency below 150 Hz, a coil which can be connected with the output of the generator and whose shape is adapted to the shape of the body part in which the growth of tissue is to be promoted and to the structure of the tissue to be grown,
  • the device which can be applied to the body part can if necessary be implanted in the body.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a generator and a field coil of an apparatus in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 show in perspective other types of field coils for a device in accordance with the invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a sectional view of a fractured thigh bone with a marrow or Kuntscher nail or pin, which comprises a field-concentrating device in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic representation of an applied compression screw, which also comprises a fieldconcentrating device in accordance with theinvention.
  • FIG. 6 shows a splint with embedded or inserted magnetic cores for the purpose of field concentration.
  • FIG. 7 shows a device for field concentration which can be implanted.
  • FIG. 8 shows a Kiintscher nail or pin, which comprises a magnetic core serving both for field concentration and also the inductive production of a galvanic current in the bone region.
  • the apparatus shown diagrammatically in FIG. 1 comprises a AC generator 10, which supplies low frequency AC at the output terminals 12.
  • the frequency of the AC lies below 150 Hz, for instance between I and or Hz. It has been found particularly favorable to use a frequency range between 5 or 10 and 30 Hz, for example 25 Hz.
  • the half cycles of the alternating current should have comparatively gently sloping leading and trailing flanks (rise and fall times of the half cycles being for example in the order of magnitude of a quarter to an eighth of the length of a cycle); the AC can thus be a sinusoidal current with a low non-linear distortion, for example less than 20 percent, or preferably less than 10 percent, or a triangular wave current.
  • the rise and decay times of the cycles can be in the order of one quarter to one eighth of the cycle.
  • the current can consist of sinusoidal or triangular pulses with alternating polarity, which alternate either individually or in pairs with pulse intervals. It is clearly important in all cases that the front and trailing flanks of the current pulses or AC half cycles should slope relatively slightly.
  • the rise and fall times are preferably substantially greater than 5 ms (corresponding to a sinusoidal current of 50 Hz), and preferably at least approximately 8 to 10 ms, for example up to 80 ms.
  • the AC signal it is possible to superimpose a DC component and/or an AC component with a higher frequency by means of a modulating device contained in the generator 10.
  • the frequency of the component with the higher frequency can amount, for example, to three to 10 times the basic frequency of the AC signal. It is also possible for a DC component to be superimposed on the AC signal so that the latter is asymmetric with respect to the zero line.
  • the output terminals 12 of the generator 10 are connected with a field coil 14, which in the case of the embodiment shown comprises an insulated copper ribbon in the form of an U-shaped flat coil on a flexible flat ,core.
  • the windings of the coil thus comprise two respective bends of l80between which long relatively adjacently running longitudinal parts lie, which are bent in a U-shape.
  • the particular shape of the coil is selected for producing a magnetic field B, whose direction is adapted to the structure of the bone or other body tissue whose growth is to be promoted. If, for example, an extremity 16, as indicated in broken lines, for example a thigh with a fractured femur is to be treated, the magnetic field B preferably runs in the direction in which the thigh bone is loaded during normal use, and
  • the timing of the effect is also of significance.
  • the most important change with time of the mechanical influences acting on the substance of the organism from the inside follows the heart beat.
  • the rhythm and form of the spread of the pressure wave of the blood in the organism determine the metabolic events with their biochemical and biophysical reactions to a substantial extent. For this reason actuation and/or control of the generator 10, and thus of the electromagnetic fields produced, is provided for by the systolic pressure wave in the zone of application.
  • This can be carried out in particular with a pulse pressure wave detector 18, which is applied adjacent to the treatment zone between the latter and the heart on the body part to be teated.
  • the actuating pulse produced at the pulse detecting device 18 in accordance with the systolic pressure wave can be used in a generator 10 for initiating an individ- ,en line loops.
  • FIG. 2 shows another embodiment of a field coil which can be used for the present device.
  • the field coil in accordance with FIG. 2 consists of a number of flat coils 14a, the shape of whose windings is indicated in the case of the uppermost coil by solid lines 20.
  • the flat coils 14a can comprise ferromagnetic laminations and are connected at the sides corresponding to bends in the windings in a hinged manner so that the field coil 14', consisting of the flat coils connected in parallel or in series, can be applied as desired about a body part in order to induce in the latter a magnetic field, whose direction is indicated by the double arrow B, the paths of fields of the individual coils being indicated by brok-
  • the flat coils 14a can on the other hand be connected at the end faces 15 in a hinging manner with each other, if the field coil is required for treating the spinal column for example.
  • the field coil 14" in accordance with FIG. 3 corresponds in principle with the field coil in accordance with FIG. 2 with the exception that the coils 14b, which are connected together in a hinged manner, have a circular cross-section.
  • a cylindrical or solenoid coil 40" is to be used, as indicated in FIG. 4.
  • the distribution of windings on the field coils can be uneven in order to obtain a field concentration.
  • the winding density in the case of the coils l4, and 14" can increase from the outside in an inward direction or it is possible to connect additional narrower coils which can be slid on in order to achieve the desired field distribution.
  • the solenoid coil 14" in F IG; 4 has such a large internal diameter that it can he slid over an extremity to be treated, for example a thigh 22, for example when the healing of the fractured femur 24 is to be promoted.
  • the bone 24 is pinned in a conventional manner with a Kiintscher nail 26 or pin, in whose interior a field concentrating device of a rod-shaped body 28 of ferromagnetic material with a high initial magnetic permeability and a low remanence is used, that is to say a magnetically soft" material.
  • the body 28 is fixed by staples 30 in the desired position. It brings about a concentration of the magnetic field at the site of the fracture 32.
  • the core is coated with an inert polytetrafluoroethylene layer.
  • an inert polytetrafluoroethylene layer In a manner similar to the arrangement to be described with reference to FIG. 7, it is also possible to provide several cores with a spacing between them in the nail or pin and between the cores a relatively strong leak field occurs which promotes growth. This leak field extends into the gap in the fracture or the site of the fracture.
  • FIG. 5 shows a so-called compression screw 34, which is provided with an axial hole, in which a ferromagnetic body 36, serving for field concentration, is located. which preferably is also made of a magnetically soft material.
  • FIG. 6 shows a splint which 'canbe implanted or support plate as is conventional in principle for fixing fractured bones, with which it is connected by screw means.
  • the novel feature that it comprises embedded or inserted bodies 40 of ferromagnetic material in order to bring about a concentration of the magnetic field produced by the field coil adjacent to the fractured bone.
  • the splint 38 and other corresponding support structures can be made of plastics material and can be used only for fixing the bone fracture parts, since the bone will be rapidly repaired to such an extent that it can carry the load itself.
  • Such support structures are made of organic material, for example cut or milled from animal bone.
  • This material which must be freed of protein, may then possibly be absorbed by the living body, can then possibly be absorbed or taken up by the body, so that subsequent treatment is substantially simplified.
  • the production of bone fracture support parts such as pins or nails, plates, half-shells and screws of bone substance or synthetically produced molded parts, which are treated with calcium and orthophosphates and can be taken up by the body, offers advantages not only with the present purpose.
  • FIG. 7 shows a further apparatus for producing a field concentration. It comprises a flexible tube 42 of an inert material such as polyethylene, in which rodshaped bodies 44 of a metnetically soft material with a high permeability are embedded.
  • the flexible tube 42 can be shrunk after the insertion of the bodies in order to fix the bodies 44 with a spacing between them.
  • the flexible tube with the bodies 44 can then be embedded in the tissue to be renegerated.
  • the position of the magnetic core 44, see FIG. 7, in the flexible tube 42 can also be fixed by means of distance pieces 43, such as pieces of polytetrafluoroethylene, which are arranged between the cores.
  • the marrow or Kiintscher nail 26' or pin shown in FIG. 8 comprises, as is the case with the nail 26 in accordance with FIG. 4, a magnetic core 28', which serves for field concentration at the site of fracture. Furthermore the core carries at least one winding 46, in which the low frequency magnetic field produces an alternating voltage. The ends of the winding are connected with bare platinum-iridium electrodes 48, which may be in the form of wires or metal sheet. The electrodes are arranged on an insulated section 50 of the outside of the nail or they can be embedded in an insulated manner in the outside of the nail. The alternating current flowing between the electrodes 48 through the fracture site also encourages the healing process and callus formation, as has already been proposed in connection with the splint.
  • All parts coming into contact with the body substance consist of a physiologically compatible material, at least on their surface.
  • the applicator means comprises a flat solenoid coil having an axis about which the coil is wound and composed of a plurality of parallel and flexible windings, each said winding having two adjacent elongate portions and two coil bends joining said elongate por tions together, said coil being flexible in the coil plane in the region of said elongate portion for being bent into a U-shape, said coil being bent into such U-shape about an axis parallel to the coil axis and adapted for connection to a source of low frequency alternating current.
  • the applicator means comprises a U-shaped flat solenoid coil having an axis about which the coil is wound and composed of a plurality of parallel windings, each said winding having two adjacent, elongate U-shaped portions and two 180 coil bends joining the ends of said elongate portions together, the coil being curved in such U-shape about an axis parallel to the coil axis and adapted for connection to a source of low frequency alternating current.
  • the applicator means comprises: a plurality of solenoid coils each having an axis about which such coil is wound and disposed adjacent one another with their axes parallel and adapated for connection to a source of low frequency alternating current, and hinge means connecting adjacent coils together for pivotal movement about axes parallel to the axes of said coils.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Surgery (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Cardiology (AREA)
  • Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
  • Transplantation (AREA)
  • Vascular Medicine (AREA)
  • Magnetic Treatment Devices (AREA)
  • Electrotherapy Devices (AREA)
  • Surgical Instruments (AREA)
  • Prostheses (AREA)
US241727A 1971-04-06 1972-04-06 Electrical apparatus generating a low frequency, alternating magnetic field for promoting the growth of bone and other body tissues Expired - Lifetime US3890953A (en)

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DE19712116869 DE2116869C2 (en) 1970-04-06 1971-04-06 Bone and biological tissue growth promotion appts. - uses flat coil for application of LF current from generator

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US00241728A Expired - Lifetime US3820534A (en) 1971-04-06 1972-04-06 Device for promoting the formation of bone substance

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JPS5839547B1 (enrdf_load_html_response) 1983-08-30
SE412991B (sv) 1980-03-31
CH539438A (de) 1973-07-31
US3820534A (en) 1974-06-28
SE7608327L (sv) 1976-07-21
JPS5311799B2 (enrdf_load_html_response) 1978-04-24
SE381813B (sv) 1975-12-22
GB1393702A (en) 1975-05-14
CH551201A (de) 1974-07-15
JPS6141583B2 (enrdf_load_html_response) 1986-09-16
SE387240B (sv) 1976-09-06
AT316729B (de) 1974-07-25
ATA291772A (de) 1976-08-15
JPS52142887A (en) 1977-11-29
JPS56125061A (en) 1981-10-01
GB1393701A (en) 1975-05-14
AT336174B (de) 1977-04-25

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