US3884730A - Machine element of surface-hardened steel having an improved resistance against wear, heat, and mechanical stress - Google Patents

Machine element of surface-hardened steel having an improved resistance against wear, heat, and mechanical stress Download PDF

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Publication number
US3884730A
US3884730A US376292A US37629273A US3884730A US 3884730 A US3884730 A US 3884730A US 376292 A US376292 A US 376292A US 37629273 A US37629273 A US 37629273A US 3884730 A US3884730 A US 3884730A
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Prior art keywords
heating
machine element
percent
steel
feed screw
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Expired - Lifetime
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US376292A
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English (en)
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Karl Hehl
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/22—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with molybdenum or tungsten
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/06—Surface hardening
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/06—Surface hardening
    • C21D1/09—Surface hardening by direct application of electrical or wave energy; by particle radiation
    • C21D1/10—Surface hardening by direct application of electrical or wave energy; by particle radiation by electric induction
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/25—Process efficiency

Definitions

  • Field of the Invention The present invention relates to the production of steel parts which serve as highly stressed machine elements or the like, and in particular to parts made of alloy steel which have a hard surface giving them a high wear resistance and a tough core giving them resistance against mechanical stress, such as tension, compression, torsion, and impact forces.
  • Machine elements produced in accordance with the present invention are particularly suitable for use under conditions in which they are exposed to hot, abrasive substances, such as mineral masses which are processed in pressure molding machines for the production of sintered parts, or in the injection molding field, when the plastic masses contain considerable amounts of mineral filler materials.
  • the steel alloys which are suitable for this treatment are primarily chromium-alloyed, tempered steels which also contain aluminum for an increased formation of special nitrides.
  • chromium-alloyed steels which also contain aluminum for an increased formation of special nitrides.
  • the earlier-mentioned nitration treatment can be obtained in a gas atmosphere, but this procedure has the disadvantage that only a very small hardness penetration is obtained. This process is also very timeconsuming. For example, gas nitration at a temperature of 500C over a period of 90 hours produces a hardness depth of only 0.7 mm, whereas a similar nitration treatment over a period of 25 hours produces a hardness depth of only approximately 0.25 mm. Apart from the fact that these large time requirements for gas nitration are uneconomical, it was found that the relatively small hardness depths of these machine elements provide only a comparatively short useful life under conditions of severe wear and abrasion.
  • border zones of the machine elements may exhibit inadequate resiliency against impact forces, with the result that these brittle border zones chip under stress, which condition in turn leads to accelarated errosion in the chipped zone.
  • the present invention proposes to attain the above objective by suggesting that the machine elements in question be fabricated of a high-alloy steel having a carbon content of at least 0.30 percent and a total content of alloy components for carbide and super carbide formation (Cr, W, V, and Mo) of more than 2 percent, the part having a hardening depth of at least 2 mm, containing carbides and super carbides in this surface zone which are created when this surface is first heated above the transformation point AC3 through induction heating or through flame heating, whereupon it is quenched.
  • alloy components for carbide and super carbide formation Cr, W, V, and Mo
  • the steel in question preferably has a total content of ailoy components of the carbide and super carbide forming type (Cr, W, V, and Mo) of more than 3.5 percent, the carbon content being more than 1.5 percent.
  • the novel method of heat treatment involved in the production of the machine elements of the invention is characterized by a heating operation in which the surface zone which is to be hardened is heated over a depth of at least 2 mm to a temperature above the transformation point Ac by means of induction heating or flame heating, whereupon the part is quenched.
  • the heating operation is preferably performed in successive steps, whereby the workpiece is progressively advanced into the heating zone, e.g. the induction zone, with time intervals of at least ten seconds between the advancing steps during which no heat is applied, the overall heating period during which the surface in question is maintained at a temperature above the transformation point being at least seconds.
  • the heating zone e.g. the induction zone
  • the quenching operation should not be too abrupt, and should therefore not be performed in water. This operation may start while the workpiece advances in the last heating pass.
  • the heat treatment method of the invention effec tively destroys the previously accepted body of opinion in this art according to which inductive hardening or flame hardening is limited to the kinds of steels which are listed in the commonly available tables for induction hardening and flame hardening, and that in the case of alloy steels, this method is generally limited to machine elements of simple shape, as in the case of ball bearing steels, or in exceptional cases, in connection with steels having a high chromium content.
  • induction hardening and flame hardening were not industrially practical in connection with high-alloy, high-carbon steels, much less in the case of machine elements of such steels whose surface configuration considerably deviates from the cylinder shape, as is the case with feed screws for injection molding machines, for example.
  • the apparatus requirements for this novel heat treatment method can be simplified by arranging the successive passes during the heating operation in such a way that the inductive heating during each pass is performed at an unchanged energy level. However, in some cases it may be necessary to apply progressively higher energy levels during successive inductive heating passes following each heating pause, in order to obtain an optimal end product.
  • EXAMPLE 1 The feed screw for an injection molding machine having a maximum diameter of 22 mm was machined out of a cold work tool steel of the following composition: C 2.20%; Si 0.25%; Mn 0.30%; P and S 0.03%; Cr 12.00%; Mo 0.90%; and V 2.20% (designation under DIN X 220 standard: CrVMo 122).
  • Inductive hardening was performed with the aid of a medium-frequency transformer.
  • the part was heated above the transformation temperature of approximately 1250C in a three-pass operation. During each pass the feed screw was advanced through the heating coil along its entire length. The energy level during all three passes remained unchanged. Pauses of between 40 to 80 seconds were made between passes.
  • the temperature levels obtained within the heating zone of approximately 4 to 5 mm depth for each heating pass were approximately as follows: 500C following the first pass, 800C following the second pass, and 1 100C following the third pass.
  • the quenching operation was initiated during the third pass, the duration of quenching lasting 1 minute. A hardening depth of 4 mm was obtained.
  • EXAMPLE 2 A plastification cylinder for an injection molding ma chine having a bore diameter of 22 mm was machined from a hot work tool steel of the following composition: C 1.65%: Si 0.30%; Mn 0.30%; P and S 0.03%; Cr 12.00%; Mo 0.60%; V 0.10%; and W 0.50% (designation under DIN X 165 standard: CrMoV 12).
  • the inductive hardening operation was performed by means of a high-frequency generator.
  • the surface zones of the plastification cylinder which were to be hardened were heated above the transformation point of approximately 1100C in four successive heating steps. Each heating step involved a separate pass.
  • the surface which was to be hardened was heated over a depth of approximately 4 mm, the approximate temperature levels after each pass being: 400C after the first pass, 600C after the second pass, and 1 100C after the third pass.
  • the overall duration of heating was approximately 2.8 minutes. Heating pauses of approxi mately 40 seconds were made between the several heating passes. The energy level applied during these passes was each time increased over the level of the preceding pass.
  • the quenching operation involved a water spray which was initiated during the last heating pass.
  • the overall duration of quenching was approximately 1.5 minutes.
  • the erosion of the workpieces was measured after 300 hours of operation and after 600 hours of operation by determining the weight loss of the parts.
  • the weight loss of the plastification cylinder made of nitrated steel was a multiple of the weight loss of a comparable plastification cylinder made in accordance with this invention. Similar results were obtained by comparing feed screws made of alloy tool steel in accordance with the invention.
  • a machine element of steel having a hard, highly abrasion resistant surface and a tough, resilient core for high resistance against mechanical stress and wherein:
  • the steel from which the machine element is made is a high-alloy tool steel having a carbon content of no less than 1.5 percent and a total content of carbide and super carbide forming alloy components of no less than 3.5 percent, said alloy components being materials selected from the group consisting of chromium, tungsten, vanadium, and molybdenum; and
  • At least a portion of the surface of the machine element which is subjected to wear is surfacehardened to a depth of at least 2 mm, by multi-pass induction heating said surface to a temperature above the transformation point Ac: and by subsequently quenching the machine element.
  • said carbide and super carbide forming alloy components include a chromium content of more than 2.5 percent and a molybdenum content of more than 0.2 percent.
  • the steel from which the machine element is made contains alloy components in the following percentages:
  • the step of heating includes a pause of at least 10 seconds between successive heating passes;
  • the step of heating includes a pause of at least 10 seconds between successive heating passes;
  • the successive heating passes involve the application of progressively higher induction energy levels.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Injection Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)
US376292A 1972-07-05 1973-07-05 Machine element of surface-hardened steel having an improved resistance against wear, heat, and mechanical stress Expired - Lifetime US3884730A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE2232932A DE2232932A1 (de) 1972-07-05 1972-07-05 Verschleiss- und warmfestes werkstueck aus stahl mit gehaerteter oberflaeche zur verwendung als maschinenteil

Publications (1)

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US3884730A true US3884730A (en) 1975-05-20

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US376292A Expired - Lifetime US3884730A (en) 1972-07-05 1973-07-05 Machine element of surface-hardened steel having an improved resistance against wear, heat, and mechanical stress

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US (1) US3884730A (es)
JP (1) JPS4958849A (es)
AT (1) ATA589373A (es)
CA (1) CA1019658A (es)
CH (1) CH598356A5 (es)
DE (1) DE2232932A1 (es)
FR (1) FR2190926B1 (es)
GB (1) GB1441032A (es)
IT (1) IT989470B (es)
NL (1) NL7309259A (es)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4686342A (en) * 1985-08-01 1987-08-11 Collier John D Process for making wire mesh screens
US4897117A (en) * 1986-03-25 1990-01-30 Teledyne Industries, Inc. Hardened penetrators
US4949836A (en) * 1987-06-04 1990-08-21 Krauss-Maffei A.G. Screw with wear resistant surface
US6887322B2 (en) * 2001-04-09 2005-05-03 Wexco Corporation High pressure cylinders including backing steel with tool steel lining
US20060067824A1 (en) * 2004-09-30 2006-03-30 O'hara Stephen J Turbocharger with titanium component
WO2013014279A1 (de) * 2011-07-28 2013-01-31 Aktiebolaget Skf Bauteil und verfahren zum herstellen des bauteils
US11491541B2 (en) 2019-05-31 2022-11-08 Apollo Machine & Welding Ltd. Hybrid process for enhanced surface hardening

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3101906A1 (de) * 1981-01-22 1982-09-02 Alfred Teves Gmbh, 6000 Frankfurt Druckbegrenzungsventil-anordnung fuer zwei arbeitskreise
JP2870831B2 (ja) * 1989-07-31 1999-03-17 日本精工株式会社 転がり軸受
SE509205C2 (sv) * 1996-05-21 1998-12-14 Ovako Steel Ab Förfarande för tillverkning av en stålkomponent med hård yta och seg kärna

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1963403A (en) * 1933-01-26 1934-06-19 Fred C T Daniels Locally hardened molybdenum steel article of manufacture
US2669647A (en) * 1952-06-13 1954-02-16 Gen Engineering Company Canada Dual frequency induction heating apparatus
US3761370A (en) * 1970-09-21 1973-09-25 K Keller Method of hardening the surface of workpieces made of iron and steel

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1126370A (fr) * 1954-07-03 1956-11-21 Gussstahlwerk Bochumer Ver Ag Procédé de fabrication de cylindres de laminage à froid
AT246201B (de) * 1960-07-14 1966-04-12 Voest Ag Oberflächenhärtung legierter Stähle
FR1482611A (fr) * 1966-06-08 1967-05-26 Deutsche Edelstahlwerke Ag Procédé de trempe superficielle de pièces en acier

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1963403A (en) * 1933-01-26 1934-06-19 Fred C T Daniels Locally hardened molybdenum steel article of manufacture
US2669647A (en) * 1952-06-13 1954-02-16 Gen Engineering Company Canada Dual frequency induction heating apparatus
US3761370A (en) * 1970-09-21 1973-09-25 K Keller Method of hardening the surface of workpieces made of iron and steel

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4686342A (en) * 1985-08-01 1987-08-11 Collier John D Process for making wire mesh screens
US4897117A (en) * 1986-03-25 1990-01-30 Teledyne Industries, Inc. Hardened penetrators
US4949836A (en) * 1987-06-04 1990-08-21 Krauss-Maffei A.G. Screw with wear resistant surface
US6887322B2 (en) * 2001-04-09 2005-05-03 Wexco Corporation High pressure cylinders including backing steel with tool steel lining
US20060067824A1 (en) * 2004-09-30 2006-03-30 O'hara Stephen J Turbocharger with titanium component
WO2013014279A1 (de) * 2011-07-28 2013-01-31 Aktiebolaget Skf Bauteil und verfahren zum herstellen des bauteils
US11491541B2 (en) 2019-05-31 2022-11-08 Apollo Machine & Welding Ltd. Hybrid process for enhanced surface hardening

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NL7309259A (es) 1974-01-08
CA1019658A (en) 1977-10-25
FR2190926B1 (es) 1977-08-19
CH598356A5 (es) 1978-04-28
ATA589373A (de) 1977-09-15
FR2190926A1 (es) 1974-02-01
IT989470B (it) 1975-05-20
DE2232932A1 (de) 1974-01-24
GB1441032A (en) 1976-06-30
JPS4958849A (es) 1974-06-07

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