US3883332A - Particle separator - Google Patents

Particle separator Download PDF

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Publication number
US3883332A
US3883332A US314165A US31416572A US3883332A US 3883332 A US3883332 A US 3883332A US 314165 A US314165 A US 314165A US 31416572 A US31416572 A US 31416572A US 3883332 A US3883332 A US 3883332A
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United States
Prior art keywords
duct
inlet
flow
annular
roof
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Expired - Lifetime
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US314165A
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English (en)
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Richard Penderell Llewelyn
John Austin Hart
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State Electicity Commision of Victoria
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State Electicity Commision of Victoria
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Priority to US05/553,973 priority Critical patent/US4011068A/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B04—CENTRIFUGAL APPARATUS OR MACHINES FOR CARRYING-OUT PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES
    • B04C—APPARATUS USING FREE VORTEX FLOW, e.g. CYCLONES
    • B04C5/00—Apparatus in which the axial direction of the vortex is reversed
    • B04C5/12—Construction of the overflow ducting, e.g. diffusing or spiral exits
    • B04C5/13—Construction of the overflow ducting, e.g. diffusing or spiral exits formed as a vortex finder and extending into the vortex chamber; Discharge from vortex finder otherwise than at the top of the cyclone; Devices for controlling the overflow

Definitions

  • Aratus for separating particles from a stream of gas and entrained particles comprising an annular duct having at one end an inlet to direct the stream into the duct such that the stream passes through the duct with swirl and at the other end outlet means to divide the inner part of the flow from particles in the outer region of the flow.
  • the inlet and duct are shaped so that the swirl within the duct is that of a potential vortex in which the velocity is perpendicular to the axis of the vortex and is inversely proportional to the radius from this axis. This enables substantially streamline flow to be maintained.
  • the annular duct may be conically tapered.
  • One application of the invention is to the burner pipes of brown coal burning boilers.
  • the brown coal is pulverised in a mill and is carried by a stream of hot gas to the burners, the mill providing the active mixing needed for drying.
  • the stream of gas and pulverised fuel is usually passed through a classifier before being supplied to the burner so that oversize fuel is returned to the mill for further treatment.
  • a classifier usually passed through a classifier before being supplied to the burner so that oversize fuel is returned to the mill for further treatment.
  • This problem can be overcome by causing a partial segregation of the pulverised fuel from the accompanying gas and water vapour to form separate sub-streams of differing particle concentration, these sub-streams being supplied to separate parts of the furnace to improve the combustion and heat transfer therein.
  • the irrotational flow on which the present invention is predicated is the potential vortex in which the velocity is perpendicular to the straight axis of the vortex and is, inversley proportional to the radius from this axis, the constant of proportionality being the vortex strength. There must also be transmission of the flow parallel to the vortex axis. The degree to which the real flow will correspond to the theoretical potential vortex will depend on the extent to which the flow is influenced by boundaries.
  • the rate ofgrowth of wall boundary layers can be reduced by accelerating the flow along these boundaries If a sink is located on the vortex axis to generate the required fluid translation parallel to it the stream lines of the flow will lie along the surfaces of the cones having apices at the sink location and it is therefore possi ble and preferred to select the frustums of two such cones as the inner and outer physical boundaries.
  • a method of separating particles from a stream of gas and entrained particles comprising causing the stream to flow with substantially a potential vortex swirl about a straight vortex axis and with movement along the axis so that the particles tend to outer regions of the flow and dividing an inner part of the flow from those particles in the outer regions of the flow.
  • the invention further provides apparatus for separating particles from a stream of gas and entrained particles, comprising an annular duct having at one end an inlet to direct the stream into the duct such that the stream will pass through the duct with substantially potential vortex swirl about the central axis of the duct and at the other end outlet means to divide an inner part of the flow from particles in the outer region of the flow.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a conical vortex sepa rator fitted with a contracting inlet of one specific design
  • FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a conical vortex separator fitted with a contacting inlet ofa different design
  • FIG. 3 is a partly sectional view of the vortex separator shown in FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic longitudinal cross-section through a conical vortex separator incorporated in a burner for a furnace;
  • FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic longitudinal cross-section through a conical vortex separator used as a particle collector for gas cleaning purposes;
  • FIG. 6 shows the axes of Cartesian, cylindrical polar and spherical polar co-ordinate systems used in the mathematical design methods to be described;
  • FIG. 7 is a conceptual sketch of the flow in a conical vortex separator also to be referred to in the descrip tion of the mathematical design methods
  • FIG. 8 is a further sketch showing co-ordinates and parameters considered in the mathematical analysis.
  • FIG. 9 is a sketch showing (to-ordinates and parameters considered in the design of the inlet.
  • FIG. 1 shows a conical vortex separator comprised of a contracting inlet 11 and a conically tapered annular duct 12.
  • the inner wall 13 and the outer wall 14 of annular duct 12 are both conically tapered to converge toward a common origin disposed on the central axis of the duct and beyond the outlet end 16 of the duct.
  • a stream of gas and entrained particles is passed into inlet 11 whence it is directed from a uniform streamline flow into a swirling flow having swirl about the axis of the annular duct 12.
  • the swirling flow passes along the duct to the end 16 and gas is drawn from an annulus comprising the inner part of the exit annulus of the flow at the duct end 16. in this manner there is generated a flow which conforms to that defined by a point three-dimensional potential sink lying on the axis of a potential vortex. the sink being located at the apices of the cones which constitute the stream surfaces of such a flow.
  • the entry of the stream from the inlet 11 into the duct 12 is directed relative to the sink such that there is established within the duct 12 a substantially potential sinkvortex flow having bounding streamlines which lie on the surfaces of cones converging to the same origin as the conical walls 13. 14.
  • the walls 13, 14 conform to the conical stream surfaces of the potential sinkvortex flow and can serve as inner and outer physical boundaries with very little generation of turbulence. The flow speed on these boundaries will increase in the direction of motion of the gas producing favourable conditions for the wall boundary layers.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate a conical vortex separator similar to that shown in FIG. I but with a contracting inlet of slightly different shape.
  • the annular duct 17 has cylindrically curved outer and inner wall portions l8, 19 extending from the inlet 21 to the main conically tapered outer and inner wall portions 22, 23 of the duct.
  • the inlets ll and 21 in both cases are of contracting cross-section in the direction of flow and are shaped to produce at the inlet to the annular duct a radial distrubution of circumferential velocity conforming to the potential vortex within the duct.
  • the inlet end of the annular duct is finished to a spiral conforming to the vortex flow and is fitted with an annular roof 31 which joins smoothly with the roof 24 of the inlet.
  • Roof 24 and floor 26 of the inlet are connected by an outer wall 25 and an inner wall 30.
  • Outer wall 25 smoothly joins the outer tubular wall 14 of the annular duct at the entrance to the duct defined by the dotted line 27.
  • Inner and outer walls 25, 30 converge in the direction of flow through the inlet and the inlet as a whole is of contracting cross-section in the direction of flow.
  • the roof 24 and floor 26 of the inlet are non-parallel. More particularly they are angled so that the flow which crosses the duct entrance adjacent the roof 24 will, after one revolution within the annular duct, exactly coincide with the flow adjacent floor 26 at the duct entrance 27.
  • the duct roof 31 after one revolution around the duct, joins smoothly with the floor 26 of the inlet at the duct entrance.
  • the flow leaving the inlet at the duct entrance 27 has a swirl component of velocity which is inversely proportional to the distance from the central axis of the duct with superimposed velocity along the duct and the flow adjacent the inlet floor 26 will have the same velocity as the flow in the duct adjacent duct roof 31 so that the flows in the inlet and the duct join smoothly with minimum turbulence,
  • the flow can continue with its sinlovortex swirling flow without the need for any physical dividers within the annular duct.
  • the separator of FIGS. 2 and 3 is similar in operation to that of FIG. 1 in that there is a radial plane marking the transition between the inlet flow and the flow within the annular duct. in this case the transition is at a position where the floor 28 of the inlet joins the duct roof 32.
  • duct roof 32 is a smooth continuation of the inlet roof 29.
  • the roof 29 and floor 28 of the inlet are connected by an outer wall 3 and inner wall 34.
  • the roof and floor of the inlet are non parallel and their mutual inclination varics in the direction of flow to enable the smooth join ing ofthe continuation of the roof with the floor of the inlet at the entrance to the duct.
  • the inlet is of contracting cross-section in the direction of flow with the result that at the entrance to the duct the flow leaving the inlet has a swirl component of velocity which is inversely proportional to the distance from the central axis of the duct with a superimposed velocity along the duct and the flow adjacent the inlet floor will have a same velocity as in the flow in the duct against the duct roof so that the flows of the inlet and the duct join smoothly with a minimum turbulence.
  • the re quired spiral swirling flow is thus established within the duct without the need for any physical dividers within The niathematicai methods whereby the annular ducts l2. l7 and the contracting inlets ll, 21 can be designed will be explained hereafter.
  • Separators of the types shown in FIGS 1 to 3 could simply replace the more conventional separators presently used in particle separation firing of boiler installations.
  • the separator could be attached directly to the furnace wall and the fuel stream discharged as from a swirl burnerv This could be done while still obtaining the full benefit of complete separation by returning the fuel-lean vapour stream inside the inner cone of the separator.
  • FIG. 4 An exemplary combination separator and burner is shown in FIG. 4.
  • the combination burner and separator 40 is mounted in the furnace wall 41.
  • the inner and outer conically tapered walls of the separator are designated as 42, 43 and the fuel and vapour stream enters the end 44 of the duct between these walls from a contracting inlet (not shown).
  • the burner end of the combination has a refractory nose 45 which is shaped to provide a return passage 46 through which fuel-lean vapour is drawn from the inner region of the swirling flow in the separator duct and to waste through a central tube 47.
  • Straightening vanes 48 are provided at the entrance to the return passage 46 to give pressure recovery of the swirl energy present in the waste vapour. Since the waste gases come from the most energetic part of the flow within the separator (i.e., adjacent the inner wall) such pressure recovery is quite important.
  • the particle enriched portion of the stream at the outer wall of the separator passes from the separator with swirling motion and is mixed with secondary air from a secondary air manifold 49 as it discharges di' rectly into the furnace for combustion.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a separator 50 for separating and collecting particles from a gas stream.
  • the inner and outer conically tapered walls of the separator are designated as 51 and 52 and the particle laden gas stream enters the inlet end 53 of the duct from a contracting inlet 54.
  • a conical extension 56 of the outer wall 52 of the annular duct is provided so as to define a particle collection chamber 57 beyond the annular duct outlet.
  • Particle lean gas is drawn from the inner part of the swirling flow at the duct outlet via an annular inlet 58 to a gas outlet pipe 59 extending back through the interior of the annular duct.
  • the wall portion 61 defining the central aperture through annular inlet 58 is connected to a further pipe 62 extending back through the interior of the pipe 59 so that gas may be drawn from chamber 57 through this pipe 62.
  • Adjacent the inlet end of the annular duct pipe 62 passes out through the wall of pipe 59 and connects with inlet 54 at 63.
  • Gas flowing into the annular duct via inlet 54 causes a pressure reduction in pipe 62 so that gas is drawn from chamber 57 back through pipe 62 and into inlet 54 so as to be recycled through the annular duct.
  • Inlet 58 is fitted with flow straightening vanes 64 to give pressure recovery of the swirl energy present in the gas entering outlet pipe 59.
  • Particles in the outer regions of the swirling flow within the annular duct pass from the duct outlet into chamber 56. They settle in the bottom end of the chamher which serves as a collection hopper and are removed by intermittent or slow continuous rotation of an eliminator valve 66.
  • Separators of the type illustrated in FIG. 5 may find wide use in gas collecting applications. They could be used in place of electro-static separators or as precleaners in advance of electro-static cleaners.
  • a bar over a symbol denotes a vector quantity.
  • Equation of particle motion The inertia of dense particles carried by a gas flow causes them to diverge from curved fluid streamlines
  • the centripetal force arising from the pressure gradient in an irrotational flow is sufficient to produce the required lateral acceleration of an element of gas, but not of a denser solid particle, which therefore pursues a straighter path and thus acquires a velocity relative to the gas.
  • the particle is then subjected to gavitational, pressure gradient and drag forces.
  • the resultant of these forces can, by Newtons second law, be equated to the product of the mass and acceleration of the particle, and the equation of motion integrated within a prescribed flow field to determine the particle trajectory.
  • Equation (3) The equation of motion for a single spherical particle whose position vector is 'r' is Putting ft C particle drag coefficient T- .1 mm Re particle Reynolds numher F t l l drpar )6 e e may ml C equation l may be written To solve equation (3) it is convenient to select, from the cylindrical (z, r, 6) and spherical (R, dz, 6) polar coordinate systems shown in FIG. 6, the components in the z. :1), and directions. The relevant equations are then where a and b are unit vectors in the R and 9 directions.
  • FIG. 7 is a conceptual sketch of the sink-vortex sepad; M cosdi ZCM2 cos"d q +O(C) 5 rator.
  • the top surface of the separator is defined by tracing back through a full revolution 6 21r streamlines which intersect the radius 9 6... ABCD is then the cross-section required of an inlet to the sink-vortex flow. Ducting upstream is to be so shaped as to produce at this section the three-dimensional velocity distribution appropriate to the sink-vortex flow.
  • the velocity field of a two-dimensional vortex flow can be produced from a curved, contracting flow designed by the Helmholtz-Kirchhoff method of potential flow analysis.
  • the bounding streamlines of the resultant flow are shown in FIG. 9.
  • the flow speed is constant and equal to V,; on the inner streamline the speed increases from V to along the straight section between 0) and (u, 0) and there is thereafter constant.
  • the two-dimensional flow in FIG. 9 is scaled to correspond with the section of the separator in the xy plane z z of FIG. 8, that is, r z tandr. V(r) Klz tanqb.
  • the radius 6 0 is chosen such that the streamlines crossing it are, to a sufficient approximation. circular.
  • Fuel delivery means for a furnace fired by gas borne particulate fuel comprising an apparatus for separating particles from a stream of gas and entrained particles, said apparatus comprising:
  • an elongated annular duct having an outer tubular wall and an inner tubular wall both extending from an inlet end of the duct through to an outlet end of the duct;
  • outlet means to divide an inner part of the flow at the outlet end of the duct from particles in the outer region of the flow; wherein said outlet means comprises passage means having an annular inlet presented to the inner part of the flow at the exit annulus of the duct which passage means extends from its inlet duct through the space within the inner wall of the annular duct to the inlet end of the duct; and wherein said inlet has a roof, a floor and inner and outer walls connecting the roof and floor so as to define a single inlet passage separate from the annular duct, the roof and floor of the inlet are non-parallel. and the roof of the inlet joins smoothly onto the roof of the duct which latter roof joins smoothly with the floor of the inlet at the entrance to the annular duct; and
  • the inner and outer walls of the inlet converge in the direction of flow and smoothly join the inner and outer walls of the duct respectively. whereby at the entrance of the annular duct the flow in the inlet enters the duct smoothly;
  • such apparatus being mounted exteriorly of the furnace wall with said annular duct transverse to the wall and said outlet end of the duct disposed within an opening through the furnace wall such that said particles in the outer regions of the flow at the outlet end of the duct pass into the furnace via said opening with swirl from the duct.
  • Apparatus for separating particles from a stream of gas and entrained particles comprising:
  • an elongated annular duct having an outer tubular wall and an inner tubular wall both extending from an inlet end of the duct through to an outlet end of the duct;
  • the inner and outer walls of the duct both converge conically toward a common convergence apex beyond the outlet end of the duct so that the duct is of Contracting annular crosssection toward its outlet end;
  • said inlet has a roof, at floor, and inner and outer walls connecting the roof and floor so as to define a single inlet passage separate from the annular duct.
  • the roof and floor of the inlet are non-parallel, and the roof of the inlet joins smoothly onto the roofof the duct which latter roof, after one revolution around the duct joins smoothly with the floor of the inlet at the entrance to the annular duct;
  • the inner and outer walls of the inlet converge in the direction of flow and smoothly join the inner and outer walls of the duct respectively, whereby at the entrance of the annular duct the flow in the inlet enters the duct smoothly.

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US314165A 1971-12-09 1972-12-11 Particle separator Expired - Lifetime US3883332A (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US05/553,973 US4011068A (en) 1972-12-11 1975-02-28 Particle separator

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AUPA732871 1971-12-09
AU49370/72A AU470888B2 (en) 1971-12-09 1972-11-28 Improvements in and relating to stream dividers

Related Child Applications (1)

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US05/553,973 Continuation-In-Part US4011068A (en) 1972-12-11 1975-02-28 Particle separator

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US (1) US3883332A (cs)
JP (1) JPS4865569A (cs)
AU (1) AU470888B2 (cs)
CA (1) CA1009592A (cs)
CH (1) CH553593A (cs)
DE (1) DE2260296A1 (cs)
FR (1) FR2165938B1 (cs)
GB (1) GB1398007A (cs)
NL (1) NL7216694A (cs)
SE (1) SE390898B (cs)

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3960734A (en) * 1972-10-10 1976-06-01 Antoni Zagorski High efficiency cyclone separator
US4011068A (en) * 1972-12-11 1977-03-08 State Electricity Commission Of Victoria Commonwealth Of Australia Particle separator
US4848993A (en) * 1987-03-25 1989-07-18 F. L. Smidth & Co. A/S Cyclone
US6926749B1 (en) * 2003-06-27 2005-08-09 Fisher-Klosterman Cyclone separator with compact inlet
US20070095034A1 (en) * 2005-10-28 2007-05-03 Samsung Gwangju Electronics Co., Ltd Dust collecting apparatus for vacuum cleaner
CN101631621B (zh) * 2007-02-16 2012-07-04 西门子Vai金属科技有限公司 具有分类器入口及小颗粒物支路的旋流器
WO2018017950A1 (en) * 2016-07-21 2018-01-25 Superior Industries, Inc. Classifying apparatus, systems and methods
US10697410B1 (en) * 2018-05-09 2020-06-30 Brunswick Corporation Marine propulsion systems and fuel filters for marine propulsion systems
US20200275608A1 (en) * 2012-04-16 2020-09-03 Billy Goat Industries, Inc. Debris-collecting apparatus and method of collecting debris
US11059049B2 (en) 2016-07-21 2021-07-13 Superior Industries, Inc. Classifying apparatus, systems and methods
WO2025149952A1 (en) * 2024-01-12 2025-07-17 Luxnara Yaovaphankul Cone stack circumferential surface swirling cyclone separator

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4389307A (en) * 1981-06-22 1983-06-21 Queen's University At Kingston Arrangement of multiple fluid cyclones
US4497263A (en) * 1983-03-07 1985-02-05 Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation Combustion system and method for a coal-fired furnace utilizing a wide turn-down burner
AU4090985A (en) * 1985-04-04 1986-10-09 Conoco Specialty Products Inc. Cyclone separator
CA1269952A (en) * 1984-01-24 1990-06-05 Gavan J.J. Prendergast Cyclone separator
HU193792B (en) * 1985-07-16 1987-11-30 Koezponti Banyaszati Fejleszte Method and apparatus for separating individual phases of multiple-phase flowable media
DE3624086A1 (de) * 1986-07-17 1988-01-21 Orenstein & Koppel Ag Zyklonabscheider

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US770582A (en) * 1904-09-20 Dust-collector
US854516A (en) * 1904-08-17 1907-05-21 Philip C Miller Dust-collector.
US2378600A (en) * 1940-09-09 1945-06-19 Hermannus Van Tongeren Centrifugal dust separator
US2385745A (en) * 1941-02-05 1945-09-25 Joseph F Vogt Cyclone separator
US2560069A (en) * 1946-02-21 1951-07-10 Lummus Co Mixer
US2665809A (en) * 1950-02-09 1954-01-12 Ferros Metals Res Company Ltd Vortex concentrator
US3060664A (en) * 1958-02-03 1962-10-30 Morawski Julian Cyclone separator
US3488924A (en) * 1967-10-24 1970-01-13 Effluent Controls Inc Gas scrubber method
US3513642A (en) * 1968-07-25 1970-05-26 Milan S Cornett Centrifugal dust separator
US3716967A (en) * 1970-09-11 1973-02-20 Anti Pollution Devices Inc Filtering apparatus

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DE1274081B (de) * 1958-08-22 1968-08-01 Siemens Ag Drehstroemungswirbler zum Trennen von Medien unterschiedlicher Dichte

Patent Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US770582A (en) * 1904-09-20 Dust-collector
US854516A (en) * 1904-08-17 1907-05-21 Philip C Miller Dust-collector.
US2378600A (en) * 1940-09-09 1945-06-19 Hermannus Van Tongeren Centrifugal dust separator
US2385745A (en) * 1941-02-05 1945-09-25 Joseph F Vogt Cyclone separator
US2560069A (en) * 1946-02-21 1951-07-10 Lummus Co Mixer
US2665809A (en) * 1950-02-09 1954-01-12 Ferros Metals Res Company Ltd Vortex concentrator
US3060664A (en) * 1958-02-03 1962-10-30 Morawski Julian Cyclone separator
US3488924A (en) * 1967-10-24 1970-01-13 Effluent Controls Inc Gas scrubber method
US3513642A (en) * 1968-07-25 1970-05-26 Milan S Cornett Centrifugal dust separator
US3716967A (en) * 1970-09-11 1973-02-20 Anti Pollution Devices Inc Filtering apparatus

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3960734A (en) * 1972-10-10 1976-06-01 Antoni Zagorski High efficiency cyclone separator
US4011068A (en) * 1972-12-11 1977-03-08 State Electricity Commission Of Victoria Commonwealth Of Australia Particle separator
US4848993A (en) * 1987-03-25 1989-07-18 F. L. Smidth & Co. A/S Cyclone
US6926749B1 (en) * 2003-06-27 2005-08-09 Fisher-Klosterman Cyclone separator with compact inlet
US20070095034A1 (en) * 2005-10-28 2007-05-03 Samsung Gwangju Electronics Co., Ltd Dust collecting apparatus for vacuum cleaner
US8323383B2 (en) 2007-02-16 2012-12-04 Siemens Vai Metals Technologies Ltd. Cyclone with classifier inlet and small particle by-pass
CN101631621B (zh) * 2007-02-16 2012-07-04 西门子Vai金属科技有限公司 具有分类器入口及小颗粒物支路的旋流器
US20200275608A1 (en) * 2012-04-16 2020-09-03 Billy Goat Industries, Inc. Debris-collecting apparatus and method of collecting debris
US11690331B2 (en) * 2012-04-16 2023-07-04 Briggs & Stratton, Llc Debris-collecting apparatus and method of collecting debris
WO2018017950A1 (en) * 2016-07-21 2018-01-25 Superior Industries, Inc. Classifying apparatus, systems and methods
US11059049B2 (en) 2016-07-21 2021-07-13 Superior Industries, Inc. Classifying apparatus, systems and methods
US11845088B2 (en) 2016-07-21 2023-12-19 Superior Industries, Inc. Classifying apparatus, systems and methods
US10697410B1 (en) * 2018-05-09 2020-06-30 Brunswick Corporation Marine propulsion systems and fuel filters for marine propulsion systems
WO2025149952A1 (en) * 2024-01-12 2025-07-17 Luxnara Yaovaphankul Cone stack circumferential surface swirling cyclone separator

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2165938A1 (cs) 1973-08-10
SE390898B (sv) 1977-01-31
NL7216694A (cs) 1973-06-13
FR2165938B1 (cs) 1976-10-29
AU4937072A (en) 1974-05-30
GB1398007A (en) 1975-06-18
AU470888B2 (en) 1976-04-01
DE2260296A1 (de) 1973-06-14
CA1009592A (en) 1977-05-03
CH553593A (de) 1974-09-13
JPS4865569A (cs) 1973-09-10

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