US3882744A - Electrostatographic web feeding apparatus - Google Patents

Electrostatographic web feeding apparatus Download PDF

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Publication number
US3882744A
US3882744A US391176A US39117673A US3882744A US 3882744 A US3882744 A US 3882744A US 391176 A US391176 A US 391176A US 39117673 A US39117673 A US 39117673A US 3882744 A US3882744 A US 3882744A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
web
brake
paper
feeding
cutter
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US391176A
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English (en)
Inventor
Alan F Mccarroll
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Xerox Corp
Original Assignee
Xerox Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Xerox Corp filed Critical Xerox Corp
Priority to US391176A priority Critical patent/US3882744A/en
Priority to CA198,348A priority patent/CA1019008A/en
Priority to FR7417339A priority patent/FR2241812B1/fr
Priority to DE2433694A priority patent/DE2433694A1/de
Priority to JP49088964A priority patent/JPS5046337A/ja
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3882744A publication Critical patent/US3882744A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03GELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/65Apparatus which relate to the handling of copy material
    • G03G15/6517Apparatus for continuous web copy material of plain paper, e.g. supply rolls; Roll holders therefor
    • G03G15/6523Cutting
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65HHANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H2301/00Handling processes for sheets or webs
    • B65H2301/50Auxiliary process performed during handling process
    • B65H2301/51Modifying a characteristic of handled material
    • B65H2301/512Changing form of handled material
    • B65H2301/5121Bending, buckling, curling, bringing a curvature
    • B65H2301/51212Bending, buckling, curling, bringing a curvature perpendicularly to the direction of displacement of handled material, e.g. forming a loop
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T83/00Cutting
    • Y10T83/444Tool engages work during dwell of intermittent workfeed
    • Y10T83/4594Dwell caused by clamping or blocking work during continuous operation of feed means
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T83/00Cutting
    • Y10T83/647With means to convey work relative to tool station
    • Y10T83/6472By fluid current

Definitions

  • the disclosed brake is actuated by a single electrical solenoid, and provides a positive paper stop at two spaced points on the paper substantially simultaneously and evenly, thereby preventing paper path skew.
  • Two individual linear brake rods are pivotally connected to opposite ends of a teeter arm transverse the paper path.
  • the solenoid is pivotally connected to the center to the teeter arm.
  • the two brake rods are commonly driven but pivotable with respect to one another to automatically prevent one from applying any pressure to the paper until the other has also made contact, and then to automatically provide even and self adjusting brake pressure.
  • Each has an independent return spring and is normally maintained slightly away from the web.
  • This brake is disclosed operating in combination with feed means and a fixed curved perforated paper bubble forming member for smooth registered feeding into electrostatographic imaging means.
  • the present invention relates to electrostatographic web feeding apparatus providing accurate sheetfeeding with web stopping and cutting, including an improved web cutter brake which operates very rapidly and evenly and prevents web skewing.
  • FIG. 1 is a side view of an exemplary web feeding apparatus embodiment of the present invention, partially schematicised for clarity;
  • FIG. 2 is basically the same as FIG. 1, but showing the web brake and cutter actuated;
  • FIG. 3 is a top view of the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2, illustrating the perforated web bubble forming platen;
  • FIG. 4 is a front view, transversely across the web path, of the embodiment of FIGS. 1-3, illustrating details of the web brake structure.
  • This apparatus 10 includes a paper brake 12 operating in conjunction with a paper cutter 14 for cutting a web of paper 16 from a paper roll 18 into individual image receiving sheets.
  • the apparatus 10 also provides accurate sheet feeding of the paper 16 into an imaging means 20 in registration with an image thereon.
  • the imaging means 20 shown here schematically is a portion of a conventional.xerographic drum and associated transfer corotron for the transfer of a xerographic toner image to the paper 16 in a conventional manner.
  • many of the components of the apparatus 10 and the associated electrostatographic system are conventional, and, therefore, need not be described herein. Those components which are conventional are illustrated schematically for clarity.
  • first web feed means 22 here comprising a continuously rotating conventional set of paper feeding friction drive wheels.
  • This first feed means 22 is shown here' directlyadjacent the upstream end of a hump member 24 which extends into and deforms the path of the uncut web to form a web or hump.
  • the web feeds through the paper brake 12 located at the downstream end of a hump member 24.
  • the web then passes through the closely adjacent (immediately downstream) conventional paper cutter 14, which is adapted to rapidly sever the entire web transverse the web direction of travel so as to cut the web into desired lengths of individual sheets of paper.
  • the cutter 14 is followed downstream by a second conventional paper feeding means 26 for further feeding the paper on into the imaging means 20.
  • the second web feed means 26 may comprise continuously operating conventional feed rollers operating at substantially the same web feeding speed as the first feed means 22, e.g., approximately 10 percent faster.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates both the paper cutter 14 and paper brake 12 being actuated to'stop and then evenly cut the web 16. It will be appreciated that the operation of these two members is coordinated and synchronized with the position of the image on the imaging means 20, as described in the cited references. During this stop and cut operation the web is completely stopped by the paper brake 12, as will be discussed further herein, so that the web will not be moving as the paper cutter 14 is operating. This insures a smooth and even cut and prevents jamming or skewing of the web during the paper cutting operation.
  • the imaging means 20 is upstream.
  • This bubble is caused to expand smoothly in a direction normal the web path while the downstream edge of the web is stopped by the paper brake 12, so as to absorb and confine the additional length of paper being continuously fed downstream towards the paper brake 12 by the first feed means 22 during paper braking.
  • the disclosed hump member 24 prevents this by providing positive pre-forming of the bubble and control over both the position and direction of the web bubble during both its expansion and contraction, for significantly improved reliability. It may be seen that the hump member 24 provides a continuous bubble or loop in the otherwise substantially planar path of the web 16 at all times, including the time periods in which the paper brake 12 is not engaging the web at all. Thus, when the paper brake 12 is actuated, the paper bubble is already pre-formed, i.e., initially partially buckled in the desired position and direction of buckling or bubbling.
  • the hump member 24 is a substantially continuous and smooth surfaced fixed platen extending shown, of much less than 90. Thus, it does not present any significant obstruction or significant frictional resistance to the feeding of the web over its surface.
  • hump member 24 is multiply apertured to prevent a vacuum from forming between it and the web 16. This allows the web 16 to very rapidly rise away from the hump member 24 into an expanded web bubble when the paper brake 12 is actuated. The rapid expansion of the web bubble requires the large area of the web over the hump member 24 to rapidly move away from its normal directly overlying position. By making the hump member as a thin, slightly curved, metal plate which is highly multiply perforated (to offer an insubstantial air flow resistance) this can be achieved. The hump member 24 does not offer any significant resistance to the rapid increase or expansion of the web bubble away from its supporting surface. Yet the web 16 is initially fully and continuously supported by the surface of the hump member 24.
  • means are preferably provided to limit its longitudinal extent at the upstream and downstream ends of the hump member 24. In the apparatus this is provided at the upstream end of the feed means 22 and at the downstream end by a curved paper guide or deflector 28 directly adjacent the entrance to the paper brake 12.
  • blower or fan means may be additionally provided for blowing a positive air pressure flow from underneath up through the perforated hump member 24 against the bottom of the web 16. This provides further insurance of the smooth, rapid, outward expansion of the web bubble away from the surface of the hump member 24 during paper braking.
  • the web brake 12 provides, upon actuation, a very rapid stopping of the web without skewing, tearing or buckling of the web. These have been problems with many prior paper brakes when used for rapidly stopping for cutting a segment of a rapidly moving web.
  • the paper brake l2 automatically provides substantially simultaneous and even pressure stopping engagement with the web at two points spaced apart transversely on the web, thereby positively preventing web skewing from either the braking itself or from the operation of the paper cutter 14.
  • the paper brake 12 is actuated in conjunction with the paper cutter 14, but its braking operation should be completed prior to the beginning of the cutting operation of the paper cutter 14. That is, the web is preferably fully stopped in the paper cutter 14 before the paper cutter begins to cut the paper. Also, the paper brake 12 is preferably closely adjacent the paper cutter. It is desirable that the web brake 12 engage the web only intermittently and as briefly as possible only during the operation of the paper cutter 14, so as to interfere as little as possible with the normal web feeding, and to require as small as possible a web bubble expansion over the hump member 24. The brake 12 is particularly suited for such rapid braking and release of the web.
  • the paper brake 12 is preferably driven by a single short stroke linearly operating commercially available electrical solenoid 30.
  • the solenoid 30 is shown mounted to a fixed frame 32 with its operating rod or plunger stroke normal the plane of the web 16.
  • the operating plunger of the solenoid 30 is pivotally connected to the center of a teeter arm 34, so that actuation of the solenoid 30 draws the teeter arm 34 upwardly towards the frame 32 and the web 16.
  • the teeter arm 34 is free to rotate or teeter intermediately relative to the solenoid 30 about the pivotal interconnection provided by pivotal connecting means 36, which may be a conventional pin connection.
  • the teeter arm 34 is an elongated bar extending transversely across a major portion of the web, and generally parallel thereto. It is preferably a thin plate set edgewise (perpendicular) to the web so as to form a strong, but light weight beam for transmitting the force of the solenoid 30 to its outer ends. It may be seen that these outer ends of the teeter arm 34 are each connected to the bottom ends of elongated vertically extending brake rods 38 and 40 respectively. These connections are also conventional pivotal pin connections. Both of the brake rods 38 and 40 are preferably thin cylindrical steel rods extending upwardly from the ends of the teeter arm 34 perpendicularly toward the web 16. They are preferably restrained or guided for purely linear reciprocal movement in this direction by a pair of fixed cylindrical slide guides 42, shown in the partially broken away section around the brake rod 40.
  • the brake rods 38 and 40 each have frictional brake pads 44 and 46, respectively, at their upper ends adapted to engage the bottom of the web 16 ,and also to force the web 16 upwardly against directly overlying fixed brake pads 48 and 50.
  • frictional brake pads 44 and 46 respectively, at their upper ends adapted to engage the bottom of the web 16 ,and also to force the web 16 upwardly against directly overlying fixed brake pads 48 and 50.
  • connection taneously driven by the connection to the teeter arm 34 by the solenoid 30 toward the web when the solenoid is actuated.
  • the two brake rods are individually freely pivotable with respect to one another.
  • the teeter arm rapidly pivots to bring the other brake pad into engagement with the paper.
  • the paper brake 12 cannot stop the paper at one braking point prior to its being stopped at the other braking point.
  • the described pivotal mounting also insures that the braking force remains even between the two braking areas at all times, during both actuation and removal of the braking forces.
  • the solenoid 30 cannot apply an uneven force between the two brake rods.
  • the two separate braking actions provided by the two brake rods are also automatically selfadjusting regardless of the initial spacing or adjustment of the brake pads relative to the web.
  • the described pivotal connections prevent any tortional or lateral forces from acting on the brake rods. Therefore, they can be reciprocally slidably mounted in the simple cylindrical bushings provided by the rod guides 42 without any danger of binding during operation.
  • each brake rod equidistantly on opposite sides of the pivotal connecting means 36 allows pivotal movement of the teeter arm relative to the web in direct response to uneven pressures between the brake pads 44 and 46.
  • the teeter arm 34 cross-transmits and evenly balances these pressures while at the same time rapidly applying braking pressure to both brake pads through the common central upward movement of the same pivotal connecting means 36 by the solenoid 30.
  • Each brake rod 38 and 40 has a separate return spring 52 and 54, respectively, to normally urge and re tain it away from the web 16 except when the solenoid 30 is actuated (energized). These are preferably sufficiently strong coil springs under pre-compression to rapidly inactivate the paper brake as soon as the electrical energization is removed from the solenoid 30.
  • Mechanical spacing stops 56 and 58 which are independently screw adjustable, are provided as brake adjustments to limit the maximum extent of movement of the ends of the teeter arm 34 away from the web 16. This thereby determines the maximum spacing of the brake pads 44 and 46 out of contact with the web. By adjusting the stops 56 and 58, the brake rods 38 and 40 can be independently maintained only a short distance from the web. This means that only a very short stroke of the solenoid 30 is required to bring the brake pads into paper contact, for faster braking action upon actuation of the solenoid 30.
  • electrostatographic web feeding apparatus for feeding downstream a web of image supporting material from a web supply to an imaging means for transfer of an image from said imaging means to said web in registration, including registered web cutter means for cut ting said web into individual sheets, the improvement comprising:
  • first web feed means for feeding said web from said web supply into said cutter means; said cutter means being located downstream from said first web feed means;
  • web brake means for rapidly and evenly stopping said web at said cutter means and preventing skewing of said web relative to said cutter means, said web brake means providing, upon actuation, substantially simultaneous and automatically even pressure stopping engagement with said web at at least two spaced points transversely of said web,
  • bubble means associated with said brake means for formation of an expandable bubble of said web to prevent interruption of web feeding while said web is stopped by said web brake means;
  • brake means for feeding said web downstream from said brake means and said cutter means; wherein said brake means comprises: brake drive means;
  • pivotal connecting means providing connection for movement by said drive means of said teeter arm toward said web, but free intermediately pivotable movement of said teeter arm relative to said web;
  • said web engaging means both being connected to said teeter arm for movement therewith toward said web by said brake drive means.
  • said brake drive means is a single linear drive means pivotably connected to said teeter arm intermediately thereof.
  • said brake drive means is a single linear short stroke, electrical solenoid directly pivotally connected centrally to said teeter arm, and having a linear output movement normal said web.
  • hump member is a substantially continuous smooth surfaced fixed hump member extending into the path of said web to continuously preform and maintain a small bubble in said web over said surface of said hump member, and wherein said hump member is a thin, slightly curved, plate which is highly multiply perforated to offer insubstantial air flow resistance.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Advancing Webs (AREA)
  • Paper Feeding For Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Controlling Rewinding, Feeding, Winding, Or Abnormalities Of Webs (AREA)
US391176A 1973-08-24 1973-08-24 Electrostatographic web feeding apparatus Expired - Lifetime US3882744A (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US391176A US3882744A (en) 1973-08-24 1973-08-24 Electrostatographic web feeding apparatus
CA198,348A CA1019008A (en) 1973-08-24 1974-04-29 Electrostatographic web feeding apparatus
FR7417339A FR2241812B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-08-24 1974-05-17
DE2433694A DE2433694A1 (de) 1973-08-24 1974-07-12 Foerdervorrichtung fuer ein elektrostatographisches bahnmaterial
JP49088964A JPS5046337A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-08-24 1974-08-02

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US391176A US3882744A (en) 1973-08-24 1973-08-24 Electrostatographic web feeding apparatus

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3882744A true US3882744A (en) 1975-05-13

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US391176A Expired - Lifetime US3882744A (en) 1973-08-24 1973-08-24 Electrostatographic web feeding apparatus

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US3882744A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS5046337A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA1019008A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2433694A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2241812B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (58)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2714679A1 (de) * 1976-04-29 1977-11-10 Xerox Corp Kopiersystem
US4218026A (en) * 1978-06-23 1980-08-19 Xerox Corporation Paper web buffer system
US4561756A (en) * 1984-12-13 1985-12-31 Xerox Corporation Short paper path copy sheet transport system
US4919025A (en) * 1988-10-24 1990-04-24 General Motors Corporation Method and apparatus for processing continuously manufactured tubing
US5079980A (en) * 1990-09-18 1992-01-14 Markem Corporation Method and apparatus for accumulating, cutting and stacking a continuously moving supply of material
US5135213A (en) * 1990-10-15 1992-08-04 Xerox Corporation Apparatus for method for high speed sheet feeding
US5166735A (en) * 1992-06-05 1992-11-24 Xerox Corporation Sheet buckle sensing
US5289251A (en) * 1993-05-19 1994-02-22 Xerox Corporation Trail edge buckling sheet buffering system
US5596399A (en) * 1994-09-12 1997-01-21 Xerox Corporation Compact document measuring system for electronic document imaging
US5839336A (en) * 1993-12-28 1998-11-24 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Paper-punching device for use in an image-forming apparatus
US5911807A (en) * 1996-09-27 1999-06-15 Markem Corporation Apparatus for cutting a continuously flowing material web
WO2001057600A1 (en) * 2000-02-03 2001-08-09 Estabrooks David A On demand media web electrophotographic printing apparatus
US20020017184A1 (en) * 2000-08-14 2002-02-14 Gass Stephen F. Table saw with improved safety system
US6398211B1 (en) * 1999-05-07 2002-06-04 Man Roland Druckmaschinen Ag Device for braking paper sheets
US6418825B1 (en) * 1997-11-05 2002-07-16 Boewe Systec Ag Device for cutting a paper web in the transverse direction
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US20020170399A1 (en) * 1999-10-01 2002-11-21 Gass Stephen F. Safety systems for power equipment
US6601489B2 (en) * 2000-01-06 2003-08-05 Schmale-Holding Gmbh & Co. Cutting and transporting a sheet workpiece
US20040182210A1 (en) * 2003-03-19 2004-09-23 Schmale-Holding Gmbh & Co. Transversely cutting and conveying a web
US20050139051A1 (en) * 2000-08-14 2005-06-30 Gass Stephen F. Brake positioning system
US6994004B2 (en) 2000-09-29 2006-02-07 Sd3, Llc Table saw with improved safety system
US7000514B2 (en) 2001-07-27 2006-02-21 Sd3, Llc Safety systems for band saws
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US7077039B2 (en) 2001-11-13 2006-07-18 Sd3, Llc Detection system for power equipment
US7098800B2 (en) 2003-03-05 2006-08-29 Sd3, Llc Retraction system and motor position for use with safety systems for power equipment
US7100483B2 (en) 2000-08-14 2006-09-05 Sd3, Llc Firing subsystem for use in a fast-acting safety system
US7137326B2 (en) 2000-08-14 2006-11-21 Sd3, Llc Translation stop for use in power equipment
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US7290472B2 (en) 2002-01-14 2007-11-06 Sd3, Llc Miter saw with improved safety system
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US7353737B2 (en) 2001-08-13 2008-04-08 Sd3, Llc Miter saw with improved safety system
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US7472634B2 (en) 2003-08-20 2009-01-06 Sd3, Llc Woodworking machines with overmolded arbors
US7481140B2 (en) 2005-04-15 2009-01-27 Sd3, Llc Detection systems for power equipment
US20090044670A1 (en) * 2007-08-13 2009-02-19 Guangquan Zhang Metal slicing machine
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US7784507B2 (en) 2000-09-29 2010-08-31 Sd3, Llc Router with improved safety system
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US8065943B2 (en) 2000-09-18 2011-11-29 Sd3, Llc Translation stop for use in power equipment
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DE3216970A1 (de) * 1982-05-06 1983-11-10 Peter 7072 Heubach Renz Einrichtung zum kaschieren von boegen mit kunststoff-folie
CN109534039A (zh) * 2018-10-08 2019-03-29 南京哈昵特户外用品有限公司 一种青少年防水布料制造用收卷打包装置

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US3728920A (en) * 1969-06-02 1973-04-24 Xerox Corp Cut and deflect web drive apparatus

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US3728920A (en) * 1969-06-02 1973-04-24 Xerox Corp Cut and deflect web drive apparatus
US3673905A (en) * 1970-02-27 1972-07-04 Minolta Camera Kk Cutter device of rolled copy paper for electronic copying machines

Cited By (98)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2714679A1 (de) * 1976-04-29 1977-11-10 Xerox Corp Kopiersystem
US4218026A (en) * 1978-06-23 1980-08-19 Xerox Corporation Paper web buffer system
US4561756A (en) * 1984-12-13 1985-12-31 Xerox Corporation Short paper path copy sheet transport system
US4919025A (en) * 1988-10-24 1990-04-24 General Motors Corporation Method and apparatus for processing continuously manufactured tubing
US5079980A (en) * 1990-09-18 1992-01-14 Markem Corporation Method and apparatus for accumulating, cutting and stacking a continuously moving supply of material
US5135213A (en) * 1990-10-15 1992-08-04 Xerox Corporation Apparatus for method for high speed sheet feeding
US5166735A (en) * 1992-06-05 1992-11-24 Xerox Corporation Sheet buckle sensing
US5289251A (en) * 1993-05-19 1994-02-22 Xerox Corporation Trail edge buckling sheet buffering system
EP0628888A3 (en) * 1993-05-19 1995-04-05 Xerox Corp Buffer system for leaves.
US5839336A (en) * 1993-12-28 1998-11-24 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Paper-punching device for use in an image-forming apparatus
US6014920A (en) * 1993-12-28 2000-01-18 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Paper-punching device for use in a image-forming apparatus
US5596399A (en) * 1994-09-12 1997-01-21 Xerox Corporation Compact document measuring system for electronic document imaging
US5911807A (en) * 1996-09-27 1999-06-15 Markem Corporation Apparatus for cutting a continuously flowing material web
US6418825B1 (en) * 1997-11-05 2002-07-16 Boewe Systec Ag Device for cutting a paper web in the transverse direction
US6398211B1 (en) * 1999-05-07 2002-06-04 Man Roland Druckmaschinen Ag Device for braking paper sheets
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA1019008A (en) 1977-10-11
JPS5046337A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1975-04-25
FR2241812B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1976-12-24
FR2241812A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1975-03-21
DE2433694A1 (de) 1975-04-24

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