US3877441A - Apparatus for heating fluids - Google Patents

Apparatus for heating fluids Download PDF

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Publication number
US3877441A
US3877441A US387756A US38775673A US3877441A US 3877441 A US3877441 A US 3877441A US 387756 A US387756 A US 387756A US 38775673 A US38775673 A US 38775673A US 3877441 A US3877441 A US 3877441A
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United States
Prior art keywords
jackets
radiation
radiation substance
spaces
substance
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Expired - Lifetime
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US387756A
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English (en)
Inventor
Jan Mach
Vaclav Rybar
Radovan Drapal
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
STAV PRAHA VYROBNI STAVEBNI DRUZSTNO STREDISKO MONTA
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STAV PRAHA VYROBNI STAVEBNI DRUZSTNO STREDISKO MONTA
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C99/00—Subject-matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
    • F23C99/006—Flameless combustion stabilised within a bed of porous heat-resistant material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B21/00—Water-tube boilers of vertical or steeply-inclined type, i.e. the water-tube sets being arranged vertically or substantially vertically
    • F22B21/34—Water-tube boilers of vertical or steeply-inclined type, i.e. the water-tube sets being arranged vertically or substantially vertically built-up from water tubes grouped in panel form surrounding the combustion chamber, i.e. radiation boilers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H1/00—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters
    • F24H1/10—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium
    • F24H1/12—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium in which the water is kept separate from the heating medium
    • F24H1/14—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium in which the water is kept separate from the heating medium by tubes, e.g. bent in serpentine form
    • F24H1/16—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium in which the water is kept separate from the heating medium by tubes, e.g. bent in serpentine form helically or spirally coiled
    • F24H1/165—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium in which the water is kept separate from the heating medium by tubes, e.g. bent in serpentine form helically or spirally coiled using fluid fuel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/34—Indirect CO2mitigation, i.e. by acting on non CO2directly related matters of the process, e.g. pre-heating or heat recovery

Definitions

  • the radiation substance transmits heat in this form to a system of hollow jackets, which are preferably of cylindrical or prismatic formation, co-axially placed one inside the other so as to produce continuous annular spaces between neighbouring jackets, said spaces being filled with the radiation substance.
  • the apparatus thereby disperses with surfaces for heat exchange by convection.
  • the present invention is related to the invention cov- BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • This invention relates to an apparatus for heating or evaporating liquids or gases, in particular water, intended for example for the heating of buildings, providing heat for industrial purposes, for power engineering and the like.
  • the new apparatus which preferably may have the shape of a boiler, the heat released by the combustion process is transmitted to heat exchange surfaces nearly exclusively by radiation, the proportion of heat transmitted by convection being negligible.
  • Boilers in which radiation is the main and substantially the only way of heat transfer, and among which also the boiler according to the present invention is included, are still in the first stages of their development and therefore cannot be compared either directly or indirectly with known boiler types conventionally used for the above mentioned purposes, since not only the manner in which the combustion proceeds but also the design and construction of such conventional boilers do not permit transfer of the major part of the heat unless it takes place through convection surfaces. It has to be admitted, however, that in connection with these classic boiler type it has already been proposed to equip them with means for flameless combustion, which, due to the higher radiation effect would result 1 in more favorable specific performance of the heat exchange surfaces.
  • Single-chamber boilers representing the smallest operative unit used according to said copending application, have smooth walls, or walls provided with ribs which follow the flow direction of the combustion gases. Such boilers resemble fire-tube boilers, even if their cast-iron sections are assembled in known ways to form high-performance units, or if they are made as assembled steel reactor units submerged in the heated liquid.
  • the smooth plane surfaces, shallow ribs or longitudinally oriented ribs, and in particular reactor chambers having the shape of an elongated rectangle, have their heat exchange surfaces less suitably arranged for an optimum impinging angle of the radiated heat rays and, moreover, they do not prevent the undesirable escape of unburned gases to higher regions of the reaction space along the heat exchange surfaces, whereby the spectral radiation effect is reduced.
  • the invention relates to a type of boiler adapted for flameless combustion of a mixture of fuel and oxidizing agent, with a bed of a gas-permeable radiation substance, such as zirconium silicate, adapted to be brought into a thermal condition in which it radiates substantially the entire thermal energy liberated at its surface, said substance being in intimate contact with heat exchange surfaces by which it is surrounded and enclosed.
  • a gas-permeable radiation substance such as zirconium silicate
  • the heat exchange surfaces comprise hollow jackets of similar formation, through which the heated liquid flows, the jackets being placed one inside the other around a common axis of symmetry, regular and continuous annular gaps or spaces of a constant width being formed therebetween.
  • the gaps as well as the space within the innermost jacket are filled with said radiation substance, while at the bottom of said jackets there are provided means for homogenizing and distributing the mixture of fuel and oxidizing agent are provided such means being accommodated in a common casing.
  • the radiation substance which fills the gaps between the heat exchange surfaces is capable of producing a combustion process, which may be termed a contact-kinetic combustion process and has been disclosed in detail in our aforementioned prior US. patent application Ser. No. 239,433. It is only this combustion process which is capable of producing a thermal condition in which the radiation substance, due to its properties, permits radiation of substantially the entire thermal energy released at its surface in the wavelength range of 0.5 to
  • the various coaxial heat exchange jackets are provided with hollow radial ribs of semicircular, triangular or prismatic shape; the jackets are preferably wound from metal tubes of any required profile as a single or multiple coil helix or spiral with a constant radius of curvature through which the liquid flows and whose coils are preferably in close contact with one another.
  • the jackets may be arranged in such a way that, instead of a continuous helix or spiral, each jacket consists of a plurality of individual closely adjoining coils whose inner spaces are at their lowest points connected in parallel to a common supply and at their highest points are connected to a common discharge of the heated liquid.
  • the boiler according to the invention therefore comprises one, two or more hollowjackets of similar formation, preferably of equal height, having any of the above described shapes; the heat exchange surfaces of the jackets may be either entirely smooth, but preferably are provided with ribs of any desired profile along their entire height, said ribs lying in parallel planes perpendicular to the axis of symmetry, which means that the ribs are positioned across the flow direction of the combustion gases.
  • jackets which are wound from circular tubes to the shape of a single or multiple coil helix or a spiral with series-connected, parallel-connected or series-parallel connected coils, the tube surfaces themselves represent a natural ribbing.
  • Tubes of other than circular profiles have to be wound so as to produce a transversely undulated heat exchange surface on the jacket.
  • the jackets may be produced by pressing or by other suitable shaping of their sheet metal walls, or may be cast as a unit, or may consist of sections with a suitably shaped surface, which after assembly of the sections, produce the surface ribbing.
  • a common casing housing means for homogenization and distribution of the fuel mixture into the various spaces between the jackets and into the innermost jacket is arranged in the bottom part of the jackets.
  • the arrangement of a common casing is highly advantageous, since it results in uniform and equal thermal conditions existing at the same time in all gaps and spaces filled with the radiation substance so as to bring about the highest thermal effect.
  • Such an arrangement represents an advance as compared with previous arrangements, in which separate homogenizing and distributing means had to be provided for each chamber.
  • the hollow jackets are assembled according to the required performance to larger boiler units by placing the individual jackets into one another; this is why the heat exchange jackets have to be dimensioned so that the jacket lying closest to the axis of symmetry has the smallest diameter or the smallest distance from the axis of symmetry, and thus represents the smallest basic unit.
  • Each further jacket has a larger diameter or a larger radial distance from the axis of symmetry. This radial distance is so chosen as to provide between each two neighboring heat exchange jackets along their entire periphery a regular and continuous space or gap of constant dimensions, whose width corresponds to double the radial distance of the axis of symmetry from the innermost heat exchange surface of the jacket of the smallest basic unit.
  • the radiation substance is able to insure a highly intense process of contact-kinetic combustion on its surface of a perfectly homogeneous mixture of fuel and oxidizing agent under extreme conditions, i.e., at such a flow velocity of the combustible mixture as to exceed the forward speed of flame propagation, while the temperature of this mixture in the main streams passing through the layer of radiation substance remains below the ignition point. It is only this method of surface combustion that is capable of stabilizing such thermal conditions within a narrowly defined layer of radiation substance, which, in consequence of the properties of said substance, is able to transmit by radiation practically the entire usable heat, liberated by the combustion, to the metal walls of the heat exchange jackets in spectral wavelengths from 0.5 to 6 micrometers.
  • the radiation substance is in intimate contact with the heat exchange surfaces, primarily at points where the aforementioned transverse ribs are located, a two-fold advantage is obtained.
  • the angles under which the heat rays impinge on the heat exchange surfaces are favorable; this results in an increased flow of heat onto the heat exchange surfaces.
  • the transverse ribs are an obstacle to the undesirable free escape of the combustible mixture along the heat exchange surfaces to the space above the main combustion zone; the undesirable expansion of the combustible mixture is thereby prevented.
  • the combustion is thus concentrated into a small space at an increased pyrometric temperature, thereby favorably influencing the intensity of the heat flux in the most effective range of wavelengths.
  • the smallest basic unit consisting of a single hollow jacket having the smallest radial distance of its periphery from the axis of symmetry, can operate as a selfsufficient boiler with relatively lowest performance. Due to the arrangement of its heat exchange jacket, produced by any of the aforementioned methods, this unit achieves about a 30% saving in weight as compared with radiation boilers provided with longitudinal ribbings, as known at present and, in addition, shows an increased efficiency of performance.
  • FIG. 1 is a view in vertical axial section through the boiler
  • FIG. 2 is the corresponding plan view, with the combustion gas collecting hood removed;
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing a series connection between successive hollw jackets
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing a series-parallel connection between the successive hollow jackets.
  • FIG. 5 is a fragmentary view in perspective illustrating the parallel connection of the partial coils which constitute one of said jackets.
  • the illustrative boiler there shown comprises three coaxial cylindrical jackets l, 2 and 3 of circular cross-section, the jackets having been produced by winding three metal tubes of circular cross-section into three respective self-contained single coil helices of the same height.
  • the inner diameter of the jacket 1 equals the width of the annular space or gap formed by the annular space between jackets l and 2 as well as the annular space between jackets 2 and 3.
  • the axis of symmetry 4, around which the jackets l, 2, and 3 are coaxially arranged, is vertical in the embodiment shown in the drawing.
  • the lower ends of the tubular helices of jackets 1, 2, and 3 are connected to a common cold water supply pipe 5, and the upper ends are connected to a common discharge pipe 6 for the heated water.
  • the bottom ofjackets l, 2, and 3 is closed by a common gas distribution grate 7 comprising a plate with a system of circular openings or slots 8.
  • a common gas distribution grate 7 comprising a plate with a system of circular openings or slots 8.
  • a circular casing 9 with a spiral bottom 10 and a tangential supply conduit 11 for a homogeneous mixture of fuel gas with air.
  • the upper part of the jackets l, 2, and 3 is covered by a common collecting hood 12 with a chimney 13 for the discharge of combustion gases. All gaps or spaces 15 between the jackets l, 2, and 3, and the inner space 15 of the innermost jacket 1 are filled with a gas permeable radiation substance 14, e.g., zirconium silicate in granular form.
  • a gas permeable radiation substance 14 e.g., zirconium silicate in granular form.
  • the boiler according to the invention operates as follows.
  • a homogeneous fuel-air mixture preferably in a stoichiometric proportion, is fed from a mixing and homogenizing apparatus 16 through the supply conduit 11 to the circular casing 9, whose spiral bottom 10 further homogenizes and directs the stream of combustible mixture towards the distribution grate 7, through whose openings 8 the gaseous mixture flows into the spaces or gaps 15 above the grate 7, such space being filled with particles of the radiation substance 14.
  • the dimensions, shape and properties of these particles of the radiation substance 14 are chosen according to the width of its layer, size of the boiler, the type of fuel used, etc.
  • the combustion proceeds with an intensity of 60 to 1 10 million k cal/hour in l m of space filled with the radiation substance 14.
  • the thermal energy is radiated primarily in spectral wavelengths of 0.5 to 6 micrometers.
  • the radiated heat impinges on the semicircular ribs of jackets 1, 2, and 3, which as we have seen consist of tubes through which water flows from the common supply pipe 5; the water having been heated, the water leaves through the common discharge pipe 6.
  • the ribs formed by the outer faces of the tubes cause the heat rays to impinge on the heat exchange surfaces in a wide range almost at right angles, so as to increase the thermal flux upon a unit of the heat exchange surface.
  • the largest proportion of liberated heat is transmitted in the combustion zone.
  • a smaller part of the heat is radiated in larger wavelengths in the remaining two thirds of the height of the radiation substance layer 14, which begins to be heated by combustion gases, which in this zone have a lower temperature than in the combustion zone.
  • the overall heat transmission is so intense that the temperature of the combustion products, when they leave the upper surface of the radiation substance layer 14 (which is only about 200 to 300 millimeters high) amounts to 180 to 250C, so that there is no need to equip the boiler with further heat exchange surfaces for heat transmission by convection; in spite of this, the efficiency of the boiler is about
  • the heat transmission by convection is as low as about 5% of the total heat transmitted to the jackets l, 2, and 3 in the spaces 15 filled with the radiation substance l4.
  • Combustion products which have already been cooled in the upper layer of the radiation substance 14, are accumulated under the collecting hood l2 and leave through the chimney 13.
  • the combustion process in the boiler may proceed either by subjecting the combustible gas mixture to an overpressure or by subjecting hood 12 to an underpressure.
  • Such a high rate of radiation can be achieved only if the combustion zone is as narrow as possible (considered in the direction of flow of combustion gases) and remains limited to the lower part of the boiler.
  • the transverse ribs of the jackets l, 2, and 3 act as a resistance against the flow of an unburnt combustible mixture along the heat exchange surfaces, so that the combustion zone is not transferred to a higher level, which would reduce the intensity of the combustion process.
  • the miniaturization, made possible by the present invention, is important in practical use and the new boilers may find application as radiation boilers in dwelling houses or industrial buildings, in power engineering, and in the future asa source of pressure steam for steam traction.
  • the new boilers are able to meet up-todate requirements regarding the prevention of air pollution and protection of the environment. From the manufacturers point of view, the new boiler is labor saving, the saving in weight amounts to about 90% as compared with conventional boilers, and no intricate machiner is required for its production.
  • the new apparatus has been described as intended for heating or evaporating of liquids. It will, however, be clear to those skilled in the art, that after a suitable adjustment the new apparatus can equally well be used for heating gases, in particular, air.
  • Apparatus for heating fluids and adapted for flameless combustion of a combustible gaseous mixture of a fuel and an oxidizing agent comprising a plurality of connected hollow jackets of similar construction through which the fluid to be heated flows, said jackets being of different diameters and being disposed coaxially one inside the other so as to form regular and continuous annular spaces of constant width between the opposite surfaces of successive jackets, a gas-permeable radiation substance filling the spaces between successive jackets and the space within the innermost jacket, said radiation substance being adapted to be brought into a thermal condition in which it radiates substantially the entire thermal energy liberated at its surface, said substance being in intimate contact with the surfaces of said jackets by which it is surrounded and enclosed, a casing at the bottom of said jackets, the casing being common to all of the jackets at the bottoms thereof, means in said casing for homogenizing the combustible gaseous mixture, and distribution means in said casing for distributing the homogenized combustible gaseous

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
  • Combustion Of Fluid Fuel (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Air Supply (AREA)
US387756A 1972-08-14 1973-08-13 Apparatus for heating fluids Expired - Lifetime US3877441A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CS5631A CS177930B1 (lt) 1972-08-14 1972-08-14

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US3877441A true US3877441A (en) 1975-04-15

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US387756A Expired - Lifetime US3877441A (en) 1972-08-14 1973-08-13 Apparatus for heating fluids

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US (1) US3877441A (lt)
JP (1) JPS4992638A (lt)
AT (1) AT328137B (lt)
BE (1) BE803423A (lt)
CA (1) CA987976A (lt)
CH (1) CH564176A5 (lt)
CS (1) CS177930B1 (lt)
DE (1) DE2321926C3 (lt)
DK (1) DK136123B (lt)
ES (1) ES417863A1 (lt)
FR (1) FR2196454B1 (lt)
GB (1) GB1440980A (lt)
IT (1) IT992943B (lt)
LU (1) LU68213A1 (lt)
MC (1) MC986A1 (lt)
NL (1) NL7310980A (lt)
NO (1) NO135882C (lt)

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4089303A (en) * 1975-06-03 1978-05-16 Andre Brulfert Boiler or vapor generator using catalytic combustion of hydrocarbons
US4166449A (en) * 1975-04-28 1979-09-04 Depew Walter L Heat storage vault
US4176623A (en) * 1978-03-08 1979-12-04 Combustion Engineering, Inc. Fluidized bed boiler
US4194496A (en) * 1978-03-30 1980-03-25 Carlson Norman G Solar heat storage systems
US4360339A (en) * 1981-02-02 1982-11-23 Combustion Engineering, Inc. Fluidized boiler
US5375563A (en) * 1993-07-12 1994-12-27 Institute Of Gas Technology Gas-fired, porous matrix, surface combustor-fluid heater
DE19508692A1 (de) * 1994-03-03 1995-09-07 Vaillant Joh Gmbh & Co Brenner mit Festkörperschüttung
US5476375A (en) * 1993-07-12 1995-12-19 Institute Of Gas Technology Staged combustion in a porous-matrix surface combustor to promote ultra-low NOx Emissions
US5544624A (en) * 1993-07-12 1996-08-13 Institute Of Gas Technology Gas-fired, porous matrix, combustor-steam generator
US20140299120A1 (en) * 2013-03-15 2014-10-09 Paul M. Klinkman Solar Heat Collection and Storage System
US10094418B2 (en) 2013-11-18 2018-10-09 Saf-Holland Gmbh Wheel bearing assembly having a temperature-measuring device
US20180347858A1 (en) * 2012-10-18 2018-12-06 Thermolift, Inc. Combination Solar and Combustion Heater

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2041181B (en) * 1978-12-29 1983-08-17 Hutni Druhovyroba Flameless combustion method and a boiler utilizing such method
IE802479L (en) * 1980-11-28 1982-05-28 Helot And Co Ltd Water heating apparatus suitable for use as domestic central¹heating boiler
ES2111048T3 (es) * 1991-07-05 1998-03-01 Thermatrix Inc A Delaware Corp Metodo y aparato para la reaccion controlada en una matriz de reaccion.

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US737279A (en) * 1902-06-16 1903-08-25 Missouri Locovolo Company Steam-generator.
US1777708A (en) * 1928-05-02 1930-10-07 Hydrogenating Process Corp Apparatus for heat treating hydrocarbon oils
US2082338A (en) * 1933-04-13 1937-06-01 Joseph W Hays Process for the very rapid heating of fluids
US2102152A (en) * 1933-01-25 1937-12-14 Joseph W Hays Premixing device for fluid fuel burners
US3563212A (en) * 1969-08-27 1971-02-16 Steam Engines Systems Corp Vapor generator
US3563211A (en) * 1969-03-18 1971-02-16 Lloyd H Hornbostel Jr Gas-fired boilers or the like

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR477959A (fr) * 1914-07-09 1915-11-18 Alfred Adam Dispositif de chauffage pour toutes applications
DE1551500A1 (de) * 1967-06-02 1970-09-10 Richmond Ngmeering Co Inc Waermeaustauscher
BE701934A (fr) * 1967-07-27 1968-01-02 Chaudiere multitubulaire.

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US737279A (en) * 1902-06-16 1903-08-25 Missouri Locovolo Company Steam-generator.
US1777708A (en) * 1928-05-02 1930-10-07 Hydrogenating Process Corp Apparatus for heat treating hydrocarbon oils
US2102152A (en) * 1933-01-25 1937-12-14 Joseph W Hays Premixing device for fluid fuel burners
US2082338A (en) * 1933-04-13 1937-06-01 Joseph W Hays Process for the very rapid heating of fluids
US3563211A (en) * 1969-03-18 1971-02-16 Lloyd H Hornbostel Jr Gas-fired boilers or the like
US3563212A (en) * 1969-08-27 1971-02-16 Steam Engines Systems Corp Vapor generator

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4166449A (en) * 1975-04-28 1979-09-04 Depew Walter L Heat storage vault
US4089303A (en) * 1975-06-03 1978-05-16 Andre Brulfert Boiler or vapor generator using catalytic combustion of hydrocarbons
US4176623A (en) * 1978-03-08 1979-12-04 Combustion Engineering, Inc. Fluidized bed boiler
US4194496A (en) * 1978-03-30 1980-03-25 Carlson Norman G Solar heat storage systems
US4360339A (en) * 1981-02-02 1982-11-23 Combustion Engineering, Inc. Fluidized boiler
US5544624A (en) * 1993-07-12 1996-08-13 Institute Of Gas Technology Gas-fired, porous matrix, combustor-steam generator
US5476375A (en) * 1993-07-12 1995-12-19 Institute Of Gas Technology Staged combustion in a porous-matrix surface combustor to promote ultra-low NOx Emissions
US5375563A (en) * 1993-07-12 1994-12-27 Institute Of Gas Technology Gas-fired, porous matrix, surface combustor-fluid heater
DE19508692A1 (de) * 1994-03-03 1995-09-07 Vaillant Joh Gmbh & Co Brenner mit Festkörperschüttung
FR2726070A1 (fr) * 1994-10-21 1996-04-26 Inst Gas Technology Appareil de chauffage de fluide a bruleur de surface et a matrice poreuse
US20180347858A1 (en) * 2012-10-18 2018-12-06 Thermolift, Inc. Combination Solar and Combustion Heater
US20140299120A1 (en) * 2013-03-15 2014-10-09 Paul M. Klinkman Solar Heat Collection and Storage System
US10094418B2 (en) 2013-11-18 2018-10-09 Saf-Holland Gmbh Wheel bearing assembly having a temperature-measuring device

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NO135882C (lt) 1977-06-15
MC986A1 (fr) 1974-05-07
DE2321926C3 (de) 1980-09-25
JPS4992638A (lt) 1974-09-04
AT328137B (de) 1976-03-10
BE803423A (fr) 1973-12-03
NO135882B (lt) 1977-03-07
CH564176A5 (lt) 1975-07-15
DK136123B (da) 1977-08-15
ATA688073A (de) 1975-05-15
CA987976A (en) 1976-04-27
IT992943B (it) 1975-09-30
FR2196454B1 (lt) 1978-02-17
CS177930B1 (lt) 1977-08-31
ES417863A1 (es) 1976-02-16
FR2196454A1 (lt) 1974-03-15
LU68213A1 (lt) 1973-10-23
GB1440980A (en) 1976-06-30
NL7310980A (lt) 1974-02-18
DE2321926A1 (de) 1974-03-14
DK136123C (lt) 1978-01-16
DE2321926B2 (de) 1980-01-24

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