US3872315A - Radiation sensitive fluid analyzer - Google Patents

Radiation sensitive fluid analyzer Download PDF

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Publication number
US3872315A
US3872315A US427108A US42710873A US3872315A US 3872315 A US3872315 A US 3872315A US 427108 A US427108 A US 427108A US 42710873 A US42710873 A US 42710873A US 3872315 A US3872315 A US 3872315A
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United States
Prior art keywords
radiation
source
fluid
units
phototransducer
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US427108A
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English (en)
Inventor
Richard H Boll
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Elsag International BV
Original Assignee
Babcock and Wilcox Co
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Babcock and Wilcox Co filed Critical Babcock and Wilcox Co
Priority to US427108A priority Critical patent/US3872315A/en
Priority to CA211,419A priority patent/CA1017165A/en
Priority to GB54369/74A priority patent/GB1485428A/en
Priority to AU76632/74A priority patent/AU483686B2/en
Priority to ES433194A priority patent/ES433194A1/es
Priority to IT54716/74A priority patent/IT1026129B/it
Priority to DE19742460434 priority patent/DE2460434A1/de
Priority to FR7442172A priority patent/FR2255594B1/fr
Priority to JP49146338A priority patent/JPS5847657B2/ja
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3872315A publication Critical patent/US3872315A/en
Assigned to BABCOCK & WILCOX TRACY POWER, INC., A CORP. OF DE reassignment BABCOCK & WILCOX TRACY POWER, INC., A CORP. OF DE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: BABCOCK & WILCOX COMPANY, THE, A CORP. OF DE
Assigned to ELSAG INTERNATIONAL B.V., A CORP. OF THE NETHERLANDS reassignment ELSAG INTERNATIONAL B.V., A CORP. OF THE NETHERLANDS ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: BABCOCK & WILCOX TRACY POWER, INC., A CORP. OF DE
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/47—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection
    • G01N21/49—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection within a body or fluid
    • G01N21/53—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection within a body or fluid within a flowing fluid, e.g. smoke
    • G01N21/534—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection within a body or fluid within a flowing fluid, e.g. smoke by measuring transmission alone, i.e. determining opacity
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
    • G01N21/255—Details, e.g. use of specially adapted sources, lighting or optical systems

Definitions

  • RADIATION SENSITIVE FLUID ANALYZER fluid such as, but not limited to, opacity, turbidity, the [75] Inventor: Richard B0, Alliance Ohio concentration of particulate matter. in the fluid, the
  • the transmitting and receiving units of such devices are usually isolated from the fluid by means of isolating windows through which the radiation is transmitted and received.
  • such devices are subject to error due primarily to deterioration ofthe radiation source and phototransducer and fouling of the isolating window.
  • Various means have been employed for compensating for such errors, such as, providing a compensating phototransducer adjacent to the radiation source and continuously or intermittently washing the faces of the isolating windows exposed to the fluid.
  • Such expediences do not provide complete compensation for the errors as the compensating phototransducer compensates only for degradation of the radiation source and not for changes in the input-output characteristics of the phototransducers.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an analyzer embodying the principles of my invention showing a typical in-situ application and in block diagram a typical computing circuit which may be used therewith.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration showing a typical application of the analyzer as a turbidimeter.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown a duct or stack 2 through which waste gases flow in the direction of the arrow, having sides, identified for convenience as the A side and the B side.
  • a transmitter-receiver unit generally indicated at 4
  • a symetrical transmitter-receiver unit mounted on the B side.
  • transmitter-receiver unit 4 components incorporated in the transmitter-receiver unit 4 are identified by a numeral followed by a letter A, whereas similar components in the transmitter-receiver unit 6 are identified by the same numeral followed by the letter B.
  • a radiation source such as a lamp 8A, radiation from which during the half cycle of operation, when the unit is operating as a transmitter, (as indicated by the dashed line directional) passes through a beamsplitter 10A, through a V-shaped window 12A, the stack gases present in duct 2, V-shaped window 128 and is reflected by beamsplitter 10B onto a phototransducer 228.
  • radiation from lamp 8A is diverted by beamsplitter 10A, to a mirror 14A, thence to a mirror 16A, through window 12A to a mirror 18A, thence to a beamsplitter 20A and thence to a phototransducer 22A.
  • a side transmitter-receiver unit 4 is a transmitter 10 AMA WA2I10 s, BM W,,W,,1 e Y L Where:
  • B side transmitter-receiver unit 6 is a transmitter 2 AME
  • the turbidity is obtained completely independent of the window transmission factors, W A and W independent of the phototransducer sensitivities, A and B and independent of the lamp intensities, I and I Moreover the third term on the right hand side of equation (9) is a constant whose value will remain fixed over long periods of time inasmuch as the transmitterreceiver units may readily be constructed so as to substantially hermetically seal the interior of the units from ambient conditions.
  • FIG. 1 Shown in FIG. 1 is one form of computing circuit which may be used to automatically compute either the total or specific turbidity ('yL) or (y) from the output signals 5,, S S and S
  • the radiation sources 8A and 8B are connected to a power supply and control unit 32 which during one-half cycle of operation energizes the source 8A and during the other one-half cycle energizes the source 8B.
  • a power supply and control unit 32 which during one-half cycle of operation energizes the source 8A and during the other one-half cycle energizes the source 8B.
  • phototransducers 22A and 22B generate output signals S and S respectively.
  • source 8B is energized phototransducers 22A and 22B generate output signals S and S respectively.
  • control impulses are simultaneously sent along lines 34, 36 from the power supply and control unit 32 indicating the source energized.
  • the signals generated by phototransducer 22A input to a logarithmic amplifier 46, whereas the signals gen- 4 erated by phototransducer 22B input to a logarithmic amplifier 48.
  • the output signals from logarithmic amplifier 46 are applied along line 50 to storage registers 52 and 54.
  • the registers 52 and 54 are connected through lines 56, 58 respectively to a difference amplifier 60 connected to an algebraic summing amplifier 62 by way of line 64.
  • the output signals from logarithmic amplifier 48 are applied along the line 66 to storage registers 68 and 70.
  • Registers 68 and 70 are also connected to the power supply and control unit 32 through lines 36 and 34 respectively.
  • the registers 68 and 70 are connected through lines 72 and 74 respectively to a difference amplifier 76, connected to algebraic summing amplifier 62 by way of line 78.
  • the output signal from algebraic summing amplifier 62 may be transmitted to an indicating, recording and/or controlling device such as shown at 80.
  • the algebraic summing amplifier 62 may be provided with a calibration input 82 which may be used to adjust for the third term on the right hand side of equation (9), which heretofor has been related to be a constant whose value will remain fixed over long periods of time.
  • the logarithms of the values of unabsorbed radiation from radiation sources 8A and 8B are stored in registers 52 and 70, and the values of the logarithms of absorbed radiation from radiation sources 8A and 8B are stored in registers 68 and 54.
  • the registers 52, 54 provide the inputs to the difference amplifier 60, while the registers 68, 70 provide the inputs to the difference amplifier 76.
  • the outputs of the amplifiers 60, 76 provide the inputs to the summing amplifier 62.
  • the amplifier 62 thus provides an output signal along line 84 that is in functional relationship to the turbidity of the flue gases.
  • the radiation sources 8A and 8B may be selected to emit predominantly radiation having a wave length compatible with the fluid characteristic to be determined.
  • the sources could be incandescent, hollow cathode or mercury arc lamps.
  • radiation sources having wave length characteristics close to those of the human eye could be selected so that the analyzer would indicate a smoke opacity approximating that determined by an observer.
  • the transmitted wave length band can be, if desired, further defined by optical filters such as shown at 24A and 24B.
  • Collimating lenses such as shown at 26A, 26B would normally be employed to produce a radiation beam of substantially parallel rays.
  • well known expediencies may be incorporated in the transmitterreceiver units such as the lens-pinhole arrangement comprising lenses 28A, 28B and pinholes 30A and 30B disposed at the focal points of the lenses to limit the viewing angles of the associated phototransducers.
  • a fluid sampler 88 which may be a container if a static fluid sample is being analyzed, or a pipe or duct. if a flowing fluid is being analyzed in-situ.
  • a fluid sampler 88 Secured to the wall of the sampler 88 at an angle 0 to each other (usually 90), are transmitter-receiver units 4 and 6 with the windows 12A and 12B exposed to the sampled fluid through suitable openings in sampler 88.
  • the unit 4 When the unit 4 is operating as a transmitter, the unit 6 receives scattered light from the sampled fluid and vice versa. The turbidity of the fluid and then be determined from the output signals of phototransducers 22A and 22B.
  • equations (2) and (3) do not apply.
  • the factor e 7 L would be replaced by a function of turbidity, which may be designated at f('y).
  • logarithmic processing would produce an output that, in general, is not linear to specific turbidity, but is usually proportional to I n
  • the computing circuit described above may be arranged to generate an output signal proportional to f (y) in accordance with the following equation.
  • transmitter-receiver units can function either as a transmitter or receiver, and when functioning as a transmitter, radiation source intensity, changes in window transparency and phototransducer sensitivity are monitored by the phototransducer.
  • a pair of symetrical transmitterreceiver units each comprising a housing, a radiation source disposed within said housing, an opening in one wall of said housing, a window closing said opening and forming a cavity having transparent walls through which radiation from the source is transmitted through the fluid to the other of the units, a phototransducer disposed within the housing, means diverting radiation from the source through the window to the phototransducer without passing through the fluid between said units, and means directing radiation received through the fluid from the other of said units through said window to said phototrandsucer, the combination further comprising means for alternately and cyclically energizing the radiation source in each of said units to cause each of said units to cyclically and alternately act as a transmitter and then as a receiver whereby the phototransducer receives radiation from the radiation source in the unit when operating as a transmitter and from the radiation source in the other of said units when operating as a receiver.
  • the means diverting radiation from the source through the window without passing through the fluid between said units comprises a first beamsplitter disposed in the path of the radiation from the source to the window, an optical system directing the diverted radiation through the window onto a second beamsplitter directing the diverted radiation onto the phototransducer.
  • An analyzer as set forth in claim 4 further including a lens and pinhole located between the second beamsplitter and phototransducer, said pinhole located at the focal point of said lens.
  • a analyzer as set forth in claim 3 wherein said first beamsplitter diverts radiation from the source in a direction at right angles to the radiation from said source, and said optical system comprises a first mirror directing the diverted radiation in a direction parallel to the radiation from said source, a second mirror then directing said diverted radiation in reverse direction but parallel to the radiation diverted by said first beamsplitter through said window onto a third mirror directing the diverted radiation in reverse direction but parallel to the radiation from said source onto said second beamsplitter.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
US427108A 1973-12-21 1973-12-21 Radiation sensitive fluid analyzer Expired - Lifetime US3872315A (en)

Priority Applications (9)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US427108A US3872315A (en) 1973-12-21 1973-12-21 Radiation sensitive fluid analyzer
CA211,419A CA1017165A (en) 1973-12-21 1974-10-15 Compensated fluid analyzer using two transmitter-receiver units
GB54369/74A GB1485428A (en) 1973-12-21 1974-12-17 Fluid analysers
AU76632/74A AU483686B2 (en) 1973-12-21 1974-12-19 Radiation sensitive fluid analyser
IT54716/74A IT1026129B (it) 1973-12-21 1974-12-20 Perfezionamento negli analizza tori di fluido
DE19742460434 DE2460434A1 (de) 1973-12-21 1974-12-20 Flud-analysator
ES433194A ES433194A1 (es) 1973-12-21 1974-12-20 Un aparato analizador de fluido.
FR7442172A FR2255594B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-12-21 1974-12-20
JP49146338A JPS5847657B2 (ja) 1973-12-21 1974-12-21 リユウタイブンセキキ

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US427108A US3872315A (en) 1973-12-21 1973-12-21 Radiation sensitive fluid analyzer

Publications (1)

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US3872315A true US3872315A (en) 1975-03-18

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US427108A Expired - Lifetime US3872315A (en) 1973-12-21 1973-12-21 Radiation sensitive fluid analyzer

Country Status (8)

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US (1) US3872315A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS5847657B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA1017165A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2460434A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
ES (1) ES433194A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2255594B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1485428A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IT (1) IT1026129B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3994603A (en) * 1974-03-08 1976-11-30 Cerberus Ag Detection system to determine the transmissivity of a medium with respect to radiation, particularly the light transmissivity of smoke-contaminated air, for fire detection
US4146799A (en) * 1976-10-29 1979-03-27 Itt Industries, Inc. Oil concentration detector
US4317113A (en) * 1979-08-24 1982-02-23 Hochiki Corporation Photoelectric smoke sensor
DE3212734A1 (de) * 1981-04-28 1983-01-13 Deutsche Itt Industries Gmbh, 7800 Freiburg Verfahren zur messung und bestimmung von oel in wasser und anordnung zur durchfuehrung des verfahrens
US4560874A (en) * 1981-06-02 1985-12-24 Santa Barbara Research Center Reference channel for sensing optical contamination
US4647777A (en) * 1985-05-31 1987-03-03 Ametrek, Inc. Selective gas detector
FR2593912A1 (fr) * 1986-02-04 1987-08-07 Vaisala Oy Procede pour mesurer le facteur de transmission de la lumiere et appareil pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procede
US4726684A (en) * 1983-07-22 1988-02-23 Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd. Measurement apparatus for optical transmission factor
US4814628A (en) * 1987-03-20 1989-03-21 Precitronic Gesellschaft Fuer Feinmechanik Und Electronic Mbh Arrangement for the transmission of laser light with reference source for backscatter obstruction detection
US4838698A (en) * 1986-04-07 1989-06-13 Hochiki Corp. Extinction type detector
EP0262911A3 (en) * 1986-09-29 1989-08-23 Circuits And Systems, Inc. System for transmission loss comparison
EP0298584A3 (en) * 1987-05-13 1990-06-27 Combustion Developments Limited Monitoring equipment using transmitted light
US5245200A (en) * 1989-07-10 1993-09-14 Fladda Gerdt H Apparatus and method for preventing blockage of a measuring head for effecting measurements of suspended substances
US5325171A (en) * 1991-09-20 1994-06-28 Nec Corporation System for calibration of optical instrument on satellite with reference light source
US5477328A (en) * 1993-04-27 1995-12-19 Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd. Optical transmission calibration device and method for optical transmissiometer
US5517314A (en) * 1991-12-04 1996-05-14 Opsis Ab Optical analysing equipment for determining parameters of gaseous substances flowing through a duct
US5610713A (en) * 1995-05-31 1997-03-11 Jenoptik Ag Device for measuring the optical range of optical and electronics systems
WO1997029358A1 (en) * 1996-02-12 1997-08-14 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. Self-correcting spectroscopic process analysis
US6117682A (en) * 1993-04-27 2000-09-12 Dexsil Corporation Method for detecting hydrocarbons in water
GB2384555A (en) * 2001-01-16 2003-07-30 Teraview Ltd Apparatus and method for investigating a sample
US20040063154A1 (en) * 2002-08-23 2004-04-01 Booth David K. Rapidly responding, false detection immune alarm signal producing smoke detector
US20060261967A1 (en) * 2002-08-23 2006-11-23 Marman Douglas H Smoke detector and method of detecting smoke
US9322773B2 (en) 2011-06-07 2016-04-26 Measurement Specialties, Inc. Optical sensing device for fluid sensing and methods therefor
US11176807B2 (en) * 2019-11-22 2021-11-16 Honeywell International Inc. Unmanned system (US) for smoke detector testing

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3617756A (en) * 1968-03-26 1971-11-02 Erwin Sick Optical measuring apparatus using measuring and comparison light beams
US3652850A (en) * 1969-05-22 1972-03-28 Nat Res Dev Measurement of optical density
US3659946A (en) * 1969-12-10 1972-05-02 Shimadzu Corp Automated light scattering photometer
US3677652A (en) * 1971-06-15 1972-07-18 Gte Sylvania Inc Fluid analyzer apparatus
US3809912A (en) * 1971-06-29 1974-05-07 Plessey Handel Investment Ag Light scattering measurement instrument

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3617756A (en) * 1968-03-26 1971-11-02 Erwin Sick Optical measuring apparatus using measuring and comparison light beams
US3652850A (en) * 1969-05-22 1972-03-28 Nat Res Dev Measurement of optical density
US3659946A (en) * 1969-12-10 1972-05-02 Shimadzu Corp Automated light scattering photometer
US3677652A (en) * 1971-06-15 1972-07-18 Gte Sylvania Inc Fluid analyzer apparatus
US3809912A (en) * 1971-06-29 1974-05-07 Plessey Handel Investment Ag Light scattering measurement instrument

Cited By (35)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3994603A (en) * 1974-03-08 1976-11-30 Cerberus Ag Detection system to determine the transmissivity of a medium with respect to radiation, particularly the light transmissivity of smoke-contaminated air, for fire detection
US4146799A (en) * 1976-10-29 1979-03-27 Itt Industries, Inc. Oil concentration detector
US4317113A (en) * 1979-08-24 1982-02-23 Hochiki Corporation Photoelectric smoke sensor
DE3212734A1 (de) * 1981-04-28 1983-01-13 Deutsche Itt Industries Gmbh, 7800 Freiburg Verfahren zur messung und bestimmung von oel in wasser und anordnung zur durchfuehrung des verfahrens
US4560874A (en) * 1981-06-02 1985-12-24 Santa Barbara Research Center Reference channel for sensing optical contamination
US4726684A (en) * 1983-07-22 1988-02-23 Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd. Measurement apparatus for optical transmission factor
US4647777A (en) * 1985-05-31 1987-03-03 Ametrek, Inc. Selective gas detector
FR2593912A1 (fr) * 1986-02-04 1987-08-07 Vaisala Oy Procede pour mesurer le facteur de transmission de la lumiere et appareil pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procede
US4838698A (en) * 1986-04-07 1989-06-13 Hochiki Corp. Extinction type detector
AU598527B2 (en) * 1986-04-07 1990-06-28 Hochiki Kabushiki Kaisha Extinction type detector
EP0262911A3 (en) * 1986-09-29 1989-08-23 Circuits And Systems, Inc. System for transmission loss comparison
US4814628A (en) * 1987-03-20 1989-03-21 Precitronic Gesellschaft Fuer Feinmechanik Und Electronic Mbh Arrangement for the transmission of laser light with reference source for backscatter obstruction detection
EP0298584A3 (en) * 1987-05-13 1990-06-27 Combustion Developments Limited Monitoring equipment using transmitted light
US5245200A (en) * 1989-07-10 1993-09-14 Fladda Gerdt H Apparatus and method for preventing blockage of a measuring head for effecting measurements of suspended substances
US5325171A (en) * 1991-09-20 1994-06-28 Nec Corporation System for calibration of optical instrument on satellite with reference light source
US5517314A (en) * 1991-12-04 1996-05-14 Opsis Ab Optical analysing equipment for determining parameters of gaseous substances flowing through a duct
US5477328A (en) * 1993-04-27 1995-12-19 Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd. Optical transmission calibration device and method for optical transmissiometer
US6117682A (en) * 1993-04-27 2000-09-12 Dexsil Corporation Method for detecting hydrocarbons in water
US5610713A (en) * 1995-05-31 1997-03-11 Jenoptik Ag Device for measuring the optical range of optical and electronics systems
EP0745838B1 (de) * 1995-05-31 2003-02-05 Vaisala Impulsphysik GmbH Sichtweitenmessgerät
WO1997029358A1 (en) * 1996-02-12 1997-08-14 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. Self-correcting spectroscopic process analysis
GB2384555B (en) * 2001-01-16 2005-05-04 Teraview Ltd Apparatus and method for investigating a sample
US7214940B2 (en) 2001-01-16 2007-05-08 Teraview Limited Apparatus and method for investigating a sample
US20040065832A1 (en) * 2001-01-16 2004-04-08 Cluff Julian Alexander Apparatus and method for investigating a sample
GB2384555A (en) * 2001-01-16 2003-07-30 Teraview Ltd Apparatus and method for investigating a sample
US7564365B2 (en) 2002-08-23 2009-07-21 Ge Security, Inc. Smoke detector and method of detecting smoke
US20060261967A1 (en) * 2002-08-23 2006-11-23 Marman Douglas H Smoke detector and method of detecting smoke
US7075445B2 (en) 2002-08-23 2006-07-11 Ge Security, Inc. Rapidly responding, false detection immune alarm signal producing smoke detector
US20040063154A1 (en) * 2002-08-23 2004-04-01 Booth David K. Rapidly responding, false detection immune alarm signal producing smoke detector
US9322773B2 (en) 2011-06-07 2016-04-26 Measurement Specialties, Inc. Optical sensing device for fluid sensing and methods therefor
US9851295B2 (en) 2011-06-07 2017-12-26 Measurement Specialties, Inc. Optical devices for fluid sensing and methods therefor
US9964483B2 (en) 2011-06-07 2018-05-08 Measurement Specialties, Inc. Low-temperature safe sensor package and fluid properties sensor
US11176807B2 (en) * 2019-11-22 2021-11-16 Honeywell International Inc. Unmanned system (US) for smoke detector testing
US20220058940A1 (en) * 2019-11-22 2022-02-24 Honeywell International Inc. Unmanned system (us) for smoke detector testing
US11688275B2 (en) * 2019-11-22 2023-06-27 Honeywell International Inc. Unmanned system (US) for smoke detector testing

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES433194A1 (es) 1976-12-01
JPS5098886A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1975-08-06
FR2255594B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1978-09-29
DE2460434A1 (de) 1975-08-14
CA1017165A (en) 1977-09-13
JPS5847657B2 (ja) 1983-10-24
GB1485428A (en) 1977-09-14
IT1026129B (it) 1978-09-20
FR2255594A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1975-07-18
AU7663274A (en) 1976-06-24

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