US3863451A - Heater apparatus of a hot gas external combustion piston engine - Google Patents

Heater apparatus of a hot gas external combustion piston engine Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US3863451A
US3863451A US400883A US40088373A US3863451A US 3863451 A US3863451 A US 3863451A US 400883 A US400883 A US 400883A US 40088373 A US40088373 A US 40088373A US 3863451 A US3863451 A US 3863451A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
tubes
array
downstream
upstream
heating
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US400883A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Peter Kuhlmann
Franz Beschorner
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
MAN AG
Original Assignee
MAN Maschinenfabrik Augsburg Nuernberg AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE19722249117 external-priority patent/DE2249117C3/de
Application filed by MAN Maschinenfabrik Augsburg Nuernberg AG filed Critical MAN Maschinenfabrik Augsburg Nuernberg AG
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3863451A publication Critical patent/US3863451A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G1/00—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
    • F02G1/04—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type
    • F02G1/043—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type the engine being operated by expansion and contraction of a mass of working gas which is heated and cooled in one of a plurality of constantly communicating expansible chambers, e.g. Stirling cycle type engines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/006—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements with variable shape, e.g. with modified tube ends, with different geometrical features
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/26—Arrangements for connecting different sections of heat-exchange elements, e.g. of radiators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G2244/00—Machines having two pistons
    • F02G2244/50—Double acting piston machines

Definitions

  • the open space between the tubes of the upstream array and/or the flow velocity inside the tubes of the upstream array is made higher than that inside the tubes of the downstream array,
  • These flow velocity relations are provided by differences in tube diameter, differences in the number of tubes, configuration of heat transfer fins alone or in combination with each other or in combination with other features such as staggering of one array with re spect to the other,
  • the downstream array may be subdivided into two or more downstream arrays. An arrangement of two interleaved pairs of arrays is also shown.
  • This invention relates to hot gas piston engines of the external combustion type, and more particularly to multicylinder double acting engines in which the working gas moves between hot and cold chambers through a regenerator. More specifically this invention concerns the heating tube arrays of such an engine where the gas which expands in the hot chamber is subjected to heat in passing through an array of heating tubes.
  • German Pat. No.. 806,740 an arrangement of a double array of heating tubes with the tubes of one array coupled to those and the heating gas passing through one array and then the other is shown, in which both arrays are circular.
  • the engine there disclosed there is a centrally disposed burner working from above and the hot gases produced by it are deflected from the axial direction and made to flow radially out through the inner heating tube array and then the outer array.
  • the inner array is the upstream array in terms of the direction of the flow of the heating gas.
  • the number and dimensions of the heating tubes in each array is in this case the same.
  • the heating tubes in the outer array are further apart than those of the inner, which means that the flow-through cross section of the outer array for the heating gas is greater than that of the inner array.
  • the heater tube arrays are so constructed that the flow-through cross-sectional area for the heating gas provided by the upstream array is greater than that provided by the downstream array, or else the flowthrough cross section of the upstream array for the working gas is smaller for the tubes of the upstream array than for those of the downstream array, or else both of these features are used simultaneously.
  • the upstream array to the downstream array there is an increase in the flow velocity of the heating gas and/or a decrease in the flow velocity of the working gas.
  • the heat transfer coefficient at the outside of the heating tubes of the downstream array is improved and, on the other hand, the heat transfer coefficient at the inside of the heating tubes of the upstream array is likewise improved.
  • a temperature drop in the heating gas in the down stream direction is of course inevitable.
  • This drop of the driving temperature difference of the system is to a great extent compensated by providing very good inner cooling of the heating tubes of the upstream array and by providing very efficient heating of the outside of the heating tubes of the downstream array.
  • nearly the same wall temperature of all heating tubes can be obtained, so that during operation there is substantially the same thermal loading of each heating tube array.
  • an increase of the thermal loading of the heater as a whole increases the loading of all heating tubes equally, so that the thermal loading can be more safely increased to the limit of the thermal capacity of the individual tubes and an optimum utilization of the thermal capacity of all components of the heater can be obtained.
  • Such an operation because it contains no components not fully used and does not require some parts to be made for much higher capacities than the others, can also save weight, space and cost.
  • the heating tube arrays are in straight lines, which is particularly suitable for engines with cylinders and regenerators arranged in straight lines.
  • the spacing between the outside of the tubes in the upstream array is greater than in the downstream array. This may be accomplished in various ways, the diameter of the tubes of the downstream array may be greater, or they may be the same and there may be more of them, with the couplings between the upstream and downstream arrays using a branching section, or the tubes may have an oval cross section presenting their narrow diameters to the flow of gas in the upstream array and their broad diameters in the downstream array. In some forms of the invention there are more than two arrays.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view from above, partly broken away, of a first embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a vertical cross section along the line Il-II of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic plan view of a second embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a vertical cross section along the line lV-IV of FIG. 3;
  • FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic plan view of a triple array heater
  • FIG. 6 is a vertical cross section along the line Vl-VI of FIG. 5;
  • FIG. 7 is a vertical cross section along the line VII VII of FIG. 5'.
  • FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic plan of a heater with four rows of tubes
  • FIG. 9 is a vertical cross section along the line IXIX of FIG. 8.
  • FIG. 10 is a vertical cross section along the line X-X of FIG. 8.
  • FIG. I is a diagram of a heater with two rows oftubes in which the tubes of the downstream row are of larger diameter and hence also of closer external spacing.
  • the direction of flow of the heating gas is shown by the arrows I.
  • the two rows of tubes are arranged in straight rows 2 and 3 lined up perpendicular to the direction of heating gas flow.
  • FIG. 2 shows how a heating tube 4 of the upstream row 2 is connected by a U-shaped tube 9 to a heating tube 7 of the downstream row 3.
  • each of the tubes ofone row is connected to one of the tubes of the other.
  • the heating tubes of the upstream array 2 are connected to a hot working chamber 6 of a cylinder 5 of the engine, whereas the heating tubes of the downstream array 3, such as the tube 7 are connected at their lower ends to a regenerator unit 8.
  • the burner 10, shown diagrammatically in FIG. 2 is disposed on the upstream side of the tube array 2 and projects hot gases on to the two arrays of tubes in succession, first impinging on the tubes connected to the hot working chambers of the engine and then on the tubes connected with the regenerators.
  • the tubes of the upstream array 2 have a smaller outer diameter d and a larger separation distance 0. whereas the tubes of the downstream array have a larger outer diameter D and a smaller separation distance b. as shown in FIG. 1.
  • the ratio of outer diameter to inner diameter is the same for the tubes of both arrays.
  • the two arrays are of the same length and have the same number of tubes, but one is staggered with respect to the other, so that a heating tube of the downstream array is lined up, in the direction of flow of heating gas. with a gap of the upstream array.
  • the cross-sectional area f of the inside of the tube 4 is smaller than the cross-sectional area F of the inside of the tube 7, but since in a given unit of time, with the same quantity of the working gas passing through both tubes, the working gas is forced through the tubes of the upstream array 2 at a higher velocity than that with which it flows through the tubes of the downstream array 3. In consequence there is a very good heat transfer at the inner surface of the upstream tubes and hence a very good cooling of the tube 4 by the working gas.
  • the staggered arrangement of the two arrays provides good impingement of the heating gas on the tubes of the downstream array.
  • the tubes are arrayed in straight lines,
  • the separation distance a between the tubes of the upstream array could be made still greater in relation to the separation distance 1 between the tubes of the downstream array.
  • this taper is provided by a tapered narrowing of the upper part of the tube 7, as shown at 11 on FIG. 2, just below its connection to the double elbow pipe 9.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 show an embodiment of the invention in which the improvement of the heat transfer coeffi cients is provided by the use of an upstream array containing fewer tubes than the downstream array.
  • Each heating tube 12 of the upstream tube array 13 is connected by a branching pipe 16 to two heating tubes 14 of equal size disposed in the downstream array IS.
  • the particular advantage of this arrangement lies in the fact that all of the heating tubes of both arrays can be ex' actly alike. In that manner production costs can be re Jerusalem and parts storage simplified.
  • FIG. 3 The effectiveness of the arrangement shown in FIG. 3 can, for example, be still further increased if heater tubes of oval cross section are used, in which case the tubes of the upstream array would be arranged with their smaller diameters facing the hot gas flow, while the tubes of the downstream array would have reduced spacing, not only because of their greater number, but also because of being oriented with their larger diameters transverse to the direction of flow of the heating gas.
  • the various features described with reference to FIGS. l to 4 can be combined with each other and also with other measures according to the invention.
  • FIGS. 5 and 6 a further example of a heater arrangement according to the invention is shown.
  • the heater tubes 17 of the upstream tube array 18 are in this case connected. each through a distributing pipe 19 having three connections. to the heating tubes 20 and 21 of two downstream tube arrays 22 and 23 respectively.
  • the upstream array 18 can, for example, be connected to the hot working chambers of the engine and the two downstream arrays to the regenerators. The reverse arrangement, is however also possible.
  • the direction of flow of the working gas in the tubes of the array 18 is in any event always opposite to the flow of the working gas in the downstream arrays 22 and 23.
  • heater tubes that are all alike will provide in the case of such a three array heater an increase of the velocity of flow of the working gas in the tubes of the upstream array on account of the coupling of each tube of the upstream array with two downstream tubes, one from each array.
  • the first downstream array 22 has the same number of heater tubes as the upstream array 18, but the second downstream array 23 has twice as many heater tubes.
  • of the array 23 are made in pairs, with each pair being made in one piece and having a single connection to the distributing pipe 19. In that portion near the distributing pipe 19 the heater tube pair unit has a forked portion connecting both tubes of the pair to the distributing pipe 19 through an extended mouthpiece 24.
  • These last heater tube units are so arranged that their greatest projected surface faces the heating gas stream, reducing the open cross-sectional area of the array to a minimum.
  • similar double heater tube units with their narrow side facing the heating gas flow could be used.
  • the heating tubes 20 and 21 of the two downstream arrays 22 and 23 are provided with ribs 25.
  • the heater tubes of the upstream array are shown as of larger diameter than those of the downstream arrays. This diameter difference is in the opposite sense from that which would follow the principles of this invention, but it is outweighed by far in this case by the much greater number of tubes in the combined downstream arrays, compared to the upstream array. and their extensive fin structures 25.
  • FIG. 8 shows a four-row tube heater in which two rows of heater tubes are connected with the hot work chambers of the engine and the other two rows of tubes are connected with the regenerators.
  • the array farthest upstream, the tube row 26, is connected with the third row of tubes 27, whereas the second row of tubes 28 is connected with the fourth and farthest downstream row 29.
  • the number of tubes in each of the two farthest downstream rows 27 and 29, for example connected to the regenerators of the engine is twice as great as the number of tubes in the upstream rows 26 and 28 with which they are connected and which are connected, for example, to the hot working chambers of the engine cylinders.
  • the diameter of all of the tubes used is the same. It is clear from the previous discussion, however, that tubes of different diameters and/or of oval cross section could also be used in this arrangement.
  • FIG. 9 shows U-shaped pipe connections 30 connecting the tubes of two different arrays.
  • these connecting pipes 30 connect to cross pipes or manifolds 31 for the downstream arrays 27 and 29 respectively, extending over the full length of the array.
  • to which all of the U- shaped connecting pipes 30 are connected make it possible to provide the optimum number of heater tubes for the downstream arrays for the particular case.
  • variations in the flow through the pipes can be equalized for the entire heater by this arrangement.
  • FIG. 10 shows a longitudinal cross section of a portion of the manifold pipe 31, showing the connection with the U-shaped pipes 30 preferably opposite an in terval between connections to the heater tubes, for a more even distribution of flow and reduction of energy dissipation in the flow.
  • Ribs 32 as shown on one pair of heater tube arrays in FIG 9 can be provided for increasing the heat transfer surfaces.
  • the ribs 32 extend out further from the heater tube in the downstream array 29 than in the upstream array 28, for the reasons already previously discussed.
  • the plan view of the ribs 32 is shown in FIG. 8. it may be observed that it is also possible to associate more than one downstream array of tubes with each of the upstream arrays 26 and 28, thus combining the features of FIG. 5 and FIG. 8.
  • FIG. 5 could be modified by using staggering of the arrays and differences in the diameter of the tubes to obtain the benefits of the invention as well as or instead of use of a larger number of tubes as shown in the array 23.
  • the pressure drop in all the connecting elbows is substantially the same.
  • the individual heater tubes can be very short and the heater as a whole can likewise be very short in its dimension parallel to the axes of the tubes, so that the pressure losses in the working gas can be held particularly low, to the benefit of the efficiency of the motor. and, in addition, it is also easier to heat the entire length and height of the heater tube arrays evenly by a burner producing the hot gas stream impinging on the heater tubes. Local overheating can thus be more easily avoided.
  • the burner acting on the heater arrays is disposed on the regenerator side or on the side of the hot work chambers of the engine cylinders.
  • the regenerators associated with the respective cylinders are arranged alternately on each side of the cylinder row.
  • there is complete freedom of design regarding location of the burner that fires the heater Since in particular the four-row heater has relatively small dimensions, in some cases a single burner can be used for heating two or more heaters arranged next to each other.
  • a hot gas piston engine as defined in claim 1 in which at least the said upstream array consists of a single row of heating tubes.
  • said con necting means includes tapered transition tube section (ll) for smooth transition from the smaller diameter of the said tubes of said upstream array to the larger diameter of the said tubes of said downstream array.
  • said connecting duct means includes manifold means (31) for connecting the smaller number of tubes of said upstream array (26, 28) with the greater number of tubes of said downstream array (27, 29).
  • the downstream array includes a plurality of rows of tubes and each heating tube of said upstream array (18) in connected to at least one tube of each row of said downstream array (22, 23) and in which the direction of flow of the working gas in the downstream array is in a direction opposite to its direction of flow in the upstream array.
  • each heating tube (l7) of said upstream array (18) is connected by a branching section (19) with downstream heating tubes (20. 2]) of said downstream tube array (22, 23) which are not all in the same row ofthe downstream array (22, 23).
  • both of said arrays comprise a plurality of rows of tubes (26, 27, 28, 29) one behind the other in the direction of flow of said heating gas, and in which the tubes of the more upstream rows of the upstream array are connected by said connecting means to tubes of more upstream rows of the downstream array and in which the tubes of the more downstream rows of the upstream array are connected by said connecting means to tubes of more downstream rows of the downstream array.
  • An engine as defined in claim 12 in which at least the upstream array consists of two rows of tubes (27, 28) and the upstream row of tubes (26) thereof is connected by said connecting means to tubes (27) of said downstream array which are upstream of the tubes (29) of the downstream array that are connected to tubes of the downstream row (28) of the upstream ur' ray, and in which, further, the open cross-sectional area for passage of the heating gas presented by the upstream array and that presented by the tubes of the downstream array (27) connected thereto are respec tively greater than the cross-sectional area for such passage presented by the downstream row (28) of the upstream array and by the tubes of the downstream array (29) connected thereto.
  • heating tubes are of oval cross section and are aligned in the upstream array with the major cross-sectional diameter parallel to the flow of heating gas and in the downstream array with the major cross-sectional axis transverse to the flow of heating gas.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Geometry (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
US400883A 1972-10-06 1973-09-26 Heater apparatus of a hot gas external combustion piston engine Expired - Lifetime US3863451A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19722249117 DE2249117C3 (de) 1972-10-06 Heißgaskolbenmaschjne

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3863451A true US3863451A (en) 1975-02-04

Family

ID=5858358

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US400883A Expired - Lifetime US3863451A (en) 1972-10-06 1973-09-26 Heater apparatus of a hot gas external combustion piston engine

Country Status (3)

Country Link
US (1) US3863451A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS5812461B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
SE (1) SE402324B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2375164A (en) * 2001-05-04 2002-11-06 Llanelli Radiators Ltd Heat exchanger system
EP3252420B1 (en) * 2016-05-17 2020-08-19 United Technologies Corporation Heat exchanger with precision manufactured flow passages

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS58122343A (ja) * 1982-01-13 1983-07-21 Aisin Seiki Co Ltd スタ−リング機関用ヒ−タ構造
JPS62134767U (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1986-02-17 1987-08-25
JP6964270B2 (ja) 2018-03-28 2021-11-10 パナソニックＩｐマネジメント株式会社 内視鏡用発光装置及びそれを用いた内視鏡、並びに蛍光イメージング方法

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US228717A (en) * 1880-06-08 Heater for air-engines
US1223108A (en) * 1914-04-16 1917-04-17 Ets Delaunay Belleville Sa Belleville-boiler elements with tubes of increasing diameter.
US2955807A (en) * 1954-08-02 1960-10-11 United Coke And Chemicals Comp Heat-exchange apparatus

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US228717A (en) * 1880-06-08 Heater for air-engines
US1223108A (en) * 1914-04-16 1917-04-17 Ets Delaunay Belleville Sa Belleville-boiler elements with tubes of increasing diameter.
US2955807A (en) * 1954-08-02 1960-10-11 United Coke And Chemicals Comp Heat-exchange apparatus

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2375164A (en) * 2001-05-04 2002-11-06 Llanelli Radiators Ltd Heat exchanger system
GB2375164B (en) * 2001-05-04 2005-11-30 Llanelli Radiators Ltd Heat exchanger system
EP3252420B1 (en) * 2016-05-17 2020-08-19 United Technologies Corporation Heat exchanger with precision manufactured flow passages

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
SE402324B (sv) 1978-06-26
DE2249117A1 (de) 1974-04-25
JPS4971340A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-07-10
DE2249117B2 (de) 1976-05-20
JPS5812461B2 (ja) 1983-03-08

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US4475586A (en) Heat exchanger
US3255818A (en) Involute plate heat exchanger
US3749160A (en) Tube bank heat exchanger and unit of such heat exchangers
GB794660A (en) Heat exchangers
US2519084A (en) Shell and tube heat exchanger having zig-zag tubes
GB1510858A (en) Finned tube heat exchanger used as a desublimer for isolating sublimation products from a reaction gas
US5318110A (en) Heat exchanger having internally cooled spacer supports for heat exchange tubes
US2405722A (en) Heat exchange structure
US3863451A (en) Heater apparatus of a hot gas external combustion piston engine
US3153446A (en) Heat exchanger
GB1227221A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB1412285A (en) Plate type heat exchanger
US3746083A (en) Heat-exchanger
US5388409A (en) Stirling engine with integrated gas combustor
US2502675A (en) Cleanable type heat exchanger
US2334731A (en) Internal combustion engine
GB978699A (en) Improvements in or relating to gas heaters
US3898841A (en) External combustion hot gas piston engine
US3294161A (en) Heat exchangers
US3822552A (en) Pipe configuration for hot gas engine
US3757746A (en) Heat exchanger
US3852961A (en) Heat exchanger pre-heating combustion air in a stirling cycle engine
US5117904A (en) Heat exchanger
US3808815A (en) Heaters for hot-gas engines
US3795102A (en) Double acting, reciprocating hot gas, external combustion cylinder-piston engine