US3859164A - Method and device for obtaining controlled nuclear fusion by means of artificial plasma - Google Patents

Method and device for obtaining controlled nuclear fusion by means of artificial plasma Download PDF

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US3859164A
US3859164A US142708A US14270871A US3859164A US 3859164 A US3859164 A US 3859164A US 142708 A US142708 A US 142708A US 14270871 A US14270871 A US 14270871A US 3859164 A US3859164 A US 3859164A
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beams
plasma
atomic
ions
electrons
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Karl Nowak
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/02—Arrangements for confining plasma by electric or magnetic fields; Arrangements for heating plasma
    • H05H1/22—Arrangements for confining plasma by electric or magnetic fields; Arrangements for heating plasma for injection heating
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors

Definitions

  • 6, and 6a presents the atomic ion sources and 7, and 7a the atomic accelerators.
  • the atomic ion beams are deflected through magnets 2, 2a and by means of the weaker deflection magnets 5, 5a the electronic beams coming from the electronic accelerators 8, 8a are admixed.
  • the thus formed plasma beams are directed against each other in short periods with limited quantities of particles.
  • a magnetic contraction coil 3 produce the desired high density of the atomic ions.
  • the suction lines 11, 11a maintain a high vacuum in the reaction space.
  • Pmmemm' H915 saw 2 OF 2 INVENTOR METHOD AND DEVICE FOR OBTAINING CONTROLLED NUCLEAR FUSION BY MEANS OF ARTIFICIAL PLASMA essary for the practical application of said method.
  • Ac cording to the invention beams of atomic ions and elec- I trons are combined via different deflection magnets, the beams of atomic ions passing through both magnets, the electron beam, on the other hand, passing only through one weaker magnetic field.
  • the plasma beams thus produced Prior to the collision the plasma beams thus produced are contracted to ion densities of the orders to 10 or more ions/ccm by means of magnetic fields of increasing electric field strength due to the avoidance of radial velocity components of the ion flux movement and are thus led together in limited packets (i.e., short pulses of electric current).
  • the fusion plasma also has to be kept in a stable position for a certain period of time (cca 1 second), i.e., it has to be enclosed by an arrangement, so that'the fastest of the atomic ions of thete-mperature movement on all sides may collide in accordance with the mean value.
  • cca 1 second a certain period of time
  • considerable problems have to be facedin achieving fusion temperature and in maintaining the fusion plasma over a sufficient length of time with a sufficiently high plasma density and yield.
  • the present invention avoids these difficulties. Artificial plasma is produced in a vacuum, thus eliminating theside effects. Byavoiding a movement of temperature on all sides and applying an exclusive axial ion velocity in two plasma beams travelling in opposite directions, a primary radial velocity component being avoided, high. and highest plasma densities may be obtained by means of relatively weak electromagnetic fieldstrengths. Owing to the fact that all atomic ions of the beams virtually possess the same velocity, which is produced by one accelerator in each case, also the reaction time necessary in the case of ordinary plasma with a general temperature movement, i.e., Maxwells distribution of temperature velocity, is no longer required, that is to say, the necessity of enclosing the plasma. Atomic ions and electrons are accelerated separately to an appropriate extent each and form plasmas each. Only the collision of these two contracted artificial plasmas triggers of the fusions.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the principle of the method invented
  • FIG. 2 schematically shows an example of the practical application of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 serves to explain the fusion process invented
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 show details of an appropriate device for obtaining the energy produced
  • FIG. 6 offers a schematic explanation of another variety of the device invented.
  • FIG. 7 schematically shows an example of the reaction chamber of the device invented.
  • the beams of atomic ions 1, 1a stemming from ion sources (canal ray tubes) and subsequent accelerators, which are not shown here, are directed against each other after having been deflected by magnetic fields from magnetic poles 2, 2a and meet within the contraction field of a magnetic coil 3.
  • the electron beams 4, 4a Prior to the combination of theion beams the electron beams 4, 4a are added, which also come from accelerators not shown here, via the deflection magnets 5, 5a, which leads to the formation of artificial plasma beams.
  • the combined beams of atomic ions and electrons are preferably of the same or of similar cross sections and parti- I cle densities (electron energy might be somewhat higher) so that in the nascent plasma the space charge is either compensated (quasi neutrality) or negative and the mutual Coulomb repulsion of atomic ions in the beams is offset.
  • the nascent plasma contracts itself (self pinch) and is subsequently further contracted by the fields of the magnetic coil 3 enclosing the area of reaction.
  • the deflection fields of magnetic poles 2, 4 (and 2a, 4a, respectively) for beams of atomic ions and electrons are of the same direction each so that the antipole particles are added from opposite sides in each case; in case of different directions they might be added from the same side.
  • Beamsof atomic ions and electrons possess approximately the same velocity, i.e., electronic energy may be substantiall below the atomic energy.
  • Electron velocity may preferably also be somewhat greater than the ion velocity.
  • the beams of atomic ions 1 and la also pass through the deflection fields for the electrons 4 and 4a respecively, a fact which in calculating-the paths of the ion beams l and la and the field strenghts of the deflection magnets 2 and 2a should be taken into consideration; the fields of the electron deflection magnets (poles 5, 50), however, which may be much weaker, do not have a decisive effect upon the ion beams, which are deflected only to a small extent since they possess a far greater amount of energy when moving at the same speed. Within the area enclosed by coil 3 the fusion reactions take place.
  • the beams of atomic ions and plasma respectively have to penetrate each other to a certain degree which depends on the'ion density obtained through contraction as well as on the degree of ion acceleration. It is to be suggested to use atomic ion energies ranging from a few keV to a maximum of about keV, the field strength of the field of contraction (coil 3) amounting to 10 to 10 Gauss.
  • the reaction path may be less than 1 m (e.g., m in the case of ions/ccm if all energy is made use of).
  • the accelerated plasma beams are preferably directed against each other by impulses, i.e., abruptly.
  • the high vacuum vessel enclosing the arrangement is not shown in FIG. 1 for reasons of simplicity.
  • FIG. 2 offers a further explanation of the apparatus used. It shows schematically the cases of the ion sources 6 and 6a with the subsequent accelerators 7, 7a and the electron source and accelerator units 8, 8a, which resemble Braun tubes.
  • the contraction magnet 3 enclosing reaction tube 9 is made to supply field strength through an increasing electromagnetic field strength which at the outset slowly increases towards the field of reaction.
  • the connections 10, 10a located before or after the accelerators may have a diameter of e.g., 10 to cm or more, the same holds true for part 9 in the reaction zone, however, it may also be a little less there.
  • Within the area of reaction the plasma contracts itself to form a slim tube, i.e., it is of small cross cut with high particle density.
  • On the side of the area of reaction there is a tube 11 and preferably also a symmetrical tube 11a in addition for the evacuation of the system. Pumps for achieving a maximum vacuum should be in constant operation, the bring about the operating vacuum and remove remaining reaction products.
  • FIG. 3 two plasma columns D e and D 6 which have been heavily contracted by magnetic action and which have been produced according to the method explained in FIG. 1 in an apparatus as is shown in FIG. 2, collide frontally, so that the atomic ions, owing to the high plasma density, may encounter fusion pulses after having travelled a short distance and little scattering occurs.
  • the electrons added to the atomic ions are preferably a little faster or are put in a little earlier, which leads to the formation of an electron cloud at the point of collision of the ion packets emitted, which may further support the fusion of atomic ions.
  • particle energy has to suffice to achieve an approach up to a distance of 10' cm, at which point the Coulomb repulsion ceases to exist and the great nuclear force becomes effective, i.e., apparently a change in the structure of the atomic ions takes place in the course of which a nucleus is formed out of the two nuclei.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 schematically show an appropriate arrangement for the purpose of obtaining energy.
  • a layer 12 e.g., a graphite layer (graphite cylinder tube) is attached to the inner wall of the reaction tube which absorbs radiation energies of all kinds and which also becomes positively charged by protons if protons are produced in the course of the reaction, thus supplying electric current via a leakage 13. It may also become charged through scattered atomic ions.
  • a grid-like electrode with a positive potential may be placed before this wall electrode 12, which consists e.g., of cylindrically arranged graphite rods 14 with a lead 15.
  • Protons result from the fusion of deuterium ions and tritium and anenergy release of 4.08 MeV.
  • protons and tritium trigger off further reactions in the course of which also He and He emerge as well as neutrons (P+ D He+ 5.5 MeV. T+ D "He N 17.6 MeV, etc.).
  • the deuterium fusion may also directly supply H0 (D D He N 3.27 MeV Therefore a direct fusion of deuterium ions into stable helium (He) should be sought to be achieved, with no production of protons or neutrons and with an energy release of 23.8 MeV.
  • reaction tube 9 is lined in addition by a layer 16 ofa high density material, e.g., lead, platinum, tungsten, or an appropriate alloy, designed to complete the radiation absorption by graphite layer 12.
  • a layer 16 of a high density material e.g., lead, platinum, tungsten, or an appropriate alloy, designed to complete the radiation absorption by graphite layer 12.
  • FIG. 6 A further. application of the present invention is shown in FIG. 6.
  • special electrodes have been designed according to FIG. 6 to capture these particles.
  • the remaining primary electric energy may be obtained from these electrodes by means of circuits, e.g., between these electrodes and the point of departure of the particles.
  • the remaining fast atomic ions reach the abovementioned electrode 17 via polar field 2 and, together with the ion source, can form a circuit (6a in FIG. 2), whereas surplus fast electrons are lead to electrode 18 via polar field 5 and may form a circuit e.g., with the electron source (8a in FIG. 2). If necessary, it might also be possible to establish a circuit between electrodes l7 and 18.
  • FIG. 7 schematically shows a detail of the device invented, namely an example of the reaction chamber.
  • the reaction tube 9 with the inner layer 12 and the outer layer 16 has two cooling jackets.
  • the inner cooling jacket with feed pipe 19 and outlet 20 may be used to make use of the thermal reaction energy for the purpose of power production
  • the outer jacket with feed pipe and outlet 21, 22 is designed above all to cool the magnetic coil 3 and to protect it against damage.
  • Layer 12 preferably consists of graphite, layer 16 of a high density and appropriately heat resisting alloy.
  • Magnetic fields e.g., may be replaced by other devices capable of combining and concentrating atomic ions and electrons into high density plasma beams.
  • a device for obtaining controlled nuclear fusion 8.
  • the sources of atomic ions (6, 6a) with accelerators (7, 7a) and electron sources with accelerators (8, 8a) are symmetrically arranged so as to form a reaction chamber, the reaction chamber being enclosed by a magnetic coil (3) and mixing magnets (5, 5a) for the purpose of mixing the beams of atomic ions and electrons into plasma beams.
  • a device wherein a layer (12) is attached the vessel wall (9) for the purpose of obtaining energy which is capable of absorbing both radiation energy and charges and which is provided with a junction in order to conduct positive charges for the supply of electric current (13).
  • a device wherein grid-like electrode arrangements in front of the layer (12) which possess a positive potential for the absorption of scattered electrons.
  • a device wherein additional electrodes (l7, 18) are provided for capturing charged particles that have evaded collision, for the purpose of retrieving unused electric energy of charged particles.
  • a device wherein the reaction chamber with the energy absorption arrangement (9, l2, 16) is enclosed by two systems of vessels serving the purpose of letting off heat, the inner system (19, 20) designed to take over thermal energy and the outer one (21, 22) to protect the contraction coil (3).

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Plasma Technology (AREA)
  • Drying Of Semiconductors (AREA)
US142708A 1970-05-21 1971-05-20 Method and device for obtaining controlled nuclear fusion by means of artificial plasma Expired - Lifetime US3859164A (en)

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AT453470A AT340010B (de) 1970-05-21 1970-05-21 Einrichtung zur erzielung einer nuklearen reaktion mittels kunstlichem plasma vorzugsweise zur kontrollierten atomkernfusion

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AT (1) AT340010B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE767507A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CH (1) CH574154A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2124442A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2092156A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1311591A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
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Cited By (33)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4172008A (en) * 1977-08-23 1979-10-23 Dubble Whammy, Inc. Nuclear fusion reactor
US4361761A (en) * 1980-07-10 1982-11-30 General Dynamics Convair Division Merged ion-electron particle beam for space applications
US4390495A (en) * 1981-01-19 1983-06-28 Energy Profiles, Inc. Control of colliding ion beams
US4395631A (en) * 1979-10-16 1983-07-26 Occidental Research Corporation High density ion source
US4397810A (en) * 1979-03-16 1983-08-09 Energy Profiles, Inc. Compressed beam directed particle nuclear energy generator
US4397809A (en) * 1979-03-16 1983-08-09 Energy Profiles, Inc. Charged particle machine
US4401618A (en) * 1976-08-09 1983-08-30 Occidental Research Corporation Particle-induced thermonuclear fusion
US4416845A (en) * 1979-08-02 1983-11-22 Energy Profiles, Inc. Control for orbiting charged particles
US4650630A (en) * 1982-02-11 1987-03-17 Boyer John L Process and apparatus for producing nuclear fusion energy
USH446H (en) 1986-04-18 1988-03-01 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Method of controlling fusion reaction rates
GB2249863A (en) * 1990-11-15 1992-05-20 K A Stewardson 'Fuel-free' energy generator
US6628740B2 (en) 1997-10-17 2003-09-30 The Regents Of The University Of California Controlled fusion in a field reversed configuration and direct energy conversion
US20030214262A1 (en) * 2001-03-19 2003-11-20 Monkhorst Hendrik J. Controlled fusion in a field reversed configuration and direct energy conversion
US20030221622A1 (en) * 2001-02-01 2003-12-04 The Regents Of The University Of California Formation of a field reversed configuration for magnetic and electrostatic confinement of plasma
US20040130277A1 (en) * 1997-10-17 2004-07-08 Monkhorst Hendrik J. Controlled fusion in a field reversed configuration and direct energy conversion
WO2006025063A3 (en) * 2004-09-02 2006-09-21 Netanya Plasmatec Ltd Apparatus and method for carrying out a controlled high energy plasma reaction
US20060254520A1 (en) * 2005-03-07 2006-11-16 The Regents Of The University Of California RF current drive for plasma electric generation system
US20060267504A1 (en) * 2005-03-07 2006-11-30 Vandrie Alan Vacuum chamber for plasma electric generation system
US20060267503A1 (en) * 2005-03-07 2006-11-30 Vitaly Bystriskii Inductive plasma source for plasma electric generation system
US20130058446A1 (en) * 2011-06-10 2013-03-07 Xian-Jun Zheng Continuous fusion due to energy concentration through focusing of converging fuel particle beams
WO2014204531A3 (en) * 2013-03-11 2015-03-12 Wong Alfred Y Rotating high density fusion reactor for aneutronic and neutronic fusion
US9997261B2 (en) 2011-11-14 2018-06-12 The Regents Of The University Of California Systems and methods for forming and maintaining a high performance FRC
US10049774B2 (en) 2013-09-24 2018-08-14 Tae Technologies, Inc. Systems and methods for forming and maintaining a high performance FRC
US10217532B2 (en) 2014-10-13 2019-02-26 Tae Technologies, Inc. Systems and methods for merging and compressing compact tori
US10418170B2 (en) 2015-05-12 2019-09-17 Tae Technologies, Inc. Systems and methods for reducing undesired eddy currents
US10440806B2 (en) 2014-10-30 2019-10-08 Tae Technologies, Inc. Systems and methods for forming and maintaining a high performance FRC
US10453575B1 (en) 2014-06-17 2019-10-22 Alfred Y. Wong Submicron fusion devices, methods and systems
WO2020081276A1 (en) * 2018-10-19 2020-04-23 Aceleron, Inc. Methods and systems for plasma self-compression
US11195627B2 (en) 2016-10-28 2021-12-07 Tae Technologies, Inc. Systems and methods for improved sustainment of a high performance FRC plasma at elevated energies utilizing neutral beam injectors with tunable beam energies
US11211172B2 (en) 2016-11-04 2021-12-28 Tae Technologies, Inc. Systems and methods for improved sustainment of a high performance FRC with multi-scaled capture type vacuum pumping
US11217351B2 (en) 2015-11-13 2022-01-04 Tae Technologies, Inc. Systems and methods for FRC plasma position stability
US20220124903A1 (en) * 2019-02-21 2022-04-21 FREENT TECHNOLOGIES, Inc. Improved dense plasma focus devices
US11335467B2 (en) 2016-11-15 2022-05-17 Tae Technologies, Inc. Systems and methods for improved sustainment of a high performance FRC and high harmonic fast wave electron heating in a high performance FRC

Families Citing this family (2)

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DE2734895A1 (de) * 1977-08-03 1979-03-01 Leybold Heraeus Gmbh & Co Kg Verfahren und vorrichtung zum beschuss von materie mit fokussierten ladungstraegerstrahlen
RU2162619C2 (ru) * 1997-09-23 2001-01-27 Дмитриев Михаил Васильевич Кинетический способ управляемого термоядерного синтеза

Citations (3)

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GB983753A (en) * 1960-06-08 1965-02-17 Nowak Karl Ing Method and device for obtaining controlled nuclear fusion
GB993174A (en) * 1962-08-10 1965-05-26 Litton Industries Inc Improvements in or relating to nuclear fusion reactors
GB1012751A (en) * 1961-06-21 1965-12-08 Nowak Karl Ing Method and apparatus for producing controlled nuclear fusion

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB983753A (en) * 1960-06-08 1965-02-17 Nowak Karl Ing Method and device for obtaining controlled nuclear fusion
GB1012751A (en) * 1961-06-21 1965-12-08 Nowak Karl Ing Method and apparatus for producing controlled nuclear fusion
GB993174A (en) * 1962-08-10 1965-05-26 Litton Industries Inc Improvements in or relating to nuclear fusion reactors

Cited By (106)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4401618A (en) * 1976-08-09 1983-08-30 Occidental Research Corporation Particle-induced thermonuclear fusion
US4172008A (en) * 1977-08-23 1979-10-23 Dubble Whammy, Inc. Nuclear fusion reactor
US4397810A (en) * 1979-03-16 1983-08-09 Energy Profiles, Inc. Compressed beam directed particle nuclear energy generator
US4397809A (en) * 1979-03-16 1983-08-09 Energy Profiles, Inc. Charged particle machine
US4416845A (en) * 1979-08-02 1983-11-22 Energy Profiles, Inc. Control for orbiting charged particles
US4395631A (en) * 1979-10-16 1983-07-26 Occidental Research Corporation High density ion source
US4361761A (en) * 1980-07-10 1982-11-30 General Dynamics Convair Division Merged ion-electron particle beam for space applications
US4390495A (en) * 1981-01-19 1983-06-28 Energy Profiles, Inc. Control of colliding ion beams
US4650630A (en) * 1982-02-11 1987-03-17 Boyer John L Process and apparatus for producing nuclear fusion energy
USH446H (en) 1986-04-18 1988-03-01 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Method of controlling fusion reaction rates
GB2249863A (en) * 1990-11-15 1992-05-20 K A Stewardson 'Fuel-free' energy generator
US6628740B2 (en) 1997-10-17 2003-09-30 The Regents Of The University Of California Controlled fusion in a field reversed configuration and direct energy conversion
US20040130277A1 (en) * 1997-10-17 2004-07-08 Monkhorst Hendrik J. Controlled fusion in a field reversed configuration and direct energy conversion
US6894446B2 (en) 1997-10-17 2005-05-17 The Regents Of The University Of California Controlled fusion in a field reversed configuration and direct energy conversion
US6888907B2 (en) 1997-10-17 2005-05-03 The Regents Of The University Of California Controlled fusion in a field reversed configuration and direct energy conversion
US20040218707A1 (en) * 1997-10-17 2004-11-04 Monkhorst Hendrik J. Controlled fusion in a field reversed configuration and direct energy conversion
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