US3846799A - Electronically step-by-step rotated directive radiation beam antenna - Google Patents

Electronically step-by-step rotated directive radiation beam antenna Download PDF

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US3846799A
US3846799A US00387837A US38783773A US3846799A US 3846799 A US3846799 A US 3846799A US 00387837 A US00387837 A US 00387837A US 38783773 A US38783773 A US 38783773A US 3846799 A US3846799 A US 3846799A
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elements
director
angularly
ranked
wires
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M Gueguen
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Alcatel Lucent NV
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International Standard Electric Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
    • H01Q19/10—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces
    • H01Q19/12—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces wherein the surfaces are concave
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S1/00—Beacons or beacon systems transmitting signals having a characteristic or characteristics capable of being detected by non-directional receivers and defining directions, positions, or position lines fixed relatively to the beacon transmitters; Receivers co-operating therewith
    • G01S1/02—Beacons or beacon systems transmitting signals having a characteristic or characteristics capable of being detected by non-directional receivers and defining directions, positions, or position lines fixed relatively to the beacon transmitters; Receivers co-operating therewith using radio waves
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/44—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the electric or magnetic characteristics of reflecting, refracting, or diffracting devices associated with the radiating element
    • H01Q3/446—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the electric or magnetic characteristics of reflecting, refracting, or diffracting devices associated with the radiating element the radiating element being at the centre of one or more rings of auxiliary elements

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT This invention relates to an electronically rotatable antenna which includes several radially arranged Yagi antennae having a common drive element. Reflector and director elements of each Yagi antenna are se- 7 quentially rendered operative by biasing suitable diodes short-circuiting them to a ground-plate. The radiation pattern is step-by-step rotated. Directivity is increased by short-circuiting other elements belonging to other arrays than the main one, those elements defining generatrices of a parabola having the driver element as a focus and the reflector element as an apex.
  • the present invention relates to a fixed frequency operation antenna having directional radiation pattern with a main lobe as narrow as possible and being electronically rotatable step-by-step. More particularly, it relates to an electronically rotatable antenna using Yagi-type arrays.
  • a Yagi array comprises several parallel planar dipoles including, in order, a not-fed dipole called reflector, a fed dipole called driven dipole and a number of not-fed suitably spaced parasitic dipoles called directors.
  • Such an array has a maximum radiation in the array plane toward directors.
  • such a Yagi array is rotatable round the driven dipole, selected as an axis, so as to scan an area located in a predetermined angle, by the radiation beam.
  • Known art includes a number of electronic control embodiments for rotating fixed-antenna radiation beam. Particularly, it is known to use aerials made of a cylindrical reflector illuminated by a plurality of linear sources, wherein scanning is produced by either continuous or step-by-step electronic controlled varaible phase shifts applied to linear sources (ferrite phase shifters, varactor phase shifters). Such aerials are difficult to operate and the produced rotating beam is distorted in the course of the rotation.
  • a purpose of this invention is to provide a simple operational aerial having a directional radiation pattern which is step-by-step rotatable under electronic control without beam distortion.
  • the provided aerial is derived from a system including an assembly of S identical Yagi arrays having a common driven dipole and each comprising a reflector wire and p director wires, the array ranked O being possibly considered as produced by rotating array ranked (-1) by an angle 6 round the axis constituted by the driven dipole common to all arrays and rotation angle 6 being 360/S.
  • the driven dipole and the S l+p) wires have a height close to M4 and are normal to a ground plane made of a metal plate.
  • the S (1+p) wires are connected to the said ground planeby unidirectional elements such PIN diodes which may have either a high impedance or a very low impedance depending on the bias voltage applied thereto.
  • a so constituted antenna roughly has with respect to the horizontal radiation beam over the said ground plane and taking into account hereafter mentioned considerations the same properties as an antenna without ground plane wherein driven dipole and the S (I+p) wires would have twice this height, thus would be close to M2.
  • the driven dipole is fed from an RF source, at
  • short-circuited wire means every wire, when it is associated to a diode operating at very low impedance and insulated wire means every wire, when it is associated to a diode operating at very high impedance.
  • the radiation beam aligned with angular coordinate (Q-l) 6 is produced by utilizing the (p+l short-circuited wires of the array ranked Q while the (S-l) (1+p) other wires are insulated wires.
  • the step-by-step beam rotation is produced by biasing each of the diodes of the (1+p) wires ranked Q l by logic signals, at level l for instance, then each of the diodes of the 1+p) wires ranked Q 2, and so on up to Q S.
  • each director wire will be considered as determined by its angular rank Q [l s Q s S] and by itsradial rank k [l s k s p], and will be defined by the symbol D
  • Any director wire D will have as Rho-Theta coordinates in the ground plane:
  • Rho (Q-l) 6
  • Theta: d d being the radius of a circle centered on driven dipole base and which includes on its circumference all the director wires of radial rank k.
  • the beam directivity directed from driven dipole to directors would be substantially improved by setting, behind the driven dipole at a distance of about M4, a reflecting surface constituted by a parabolic cross-section cylinder.
  • a reflecting surface could be simulated by its skeleton" constituted by the reflector wire and some additional parasitic wires suitably arranged with their axes confused with some generatrices of the said parabolic reflecting surface.
  • each time the (p+l wires of radial rank Q are short-circuited each of the p director wires of radial rank k and of angular rank (Q+M,,-) [or (Q+M,,-S), if (Ql-M,,) S]9 and each of the p director wires of radil rank k and of angular rank (Q-M,,.) [or (QM,,-+S), if (QM,,. 0] are simultaneously shortcircuited.
  • the numbers M, are independent of Q and there is only one M,,- for a value of k.
  • the k values of M are determined by the Rho-Theta coordinates of the D closer director wires to the generatrices of a parabolic cross-section cylinder having as a focus the driven dipole base and as an apex the base of the reflector wire R in the array ranked 1.
  • the logic control device controlling the radiation beam step-by-step rotation is constituted by a S-stage shiftregister fed by a clock having a frequency equal to /1- (T being the duration of the radiation beam rotation by 360) and an assembly of pS three-input OR gates whose outputs are each connected to the bias input of the PIN diode associated to one of the pS director wires.
  • Each of the S shift-register outputs is provided with (l-l-3p) connections.
  • a first connection connects the output of the Q stage to the bias input of the PIN diode associated to reflector wire ranked Q.
  • p second connections connect the output of the Q'" stageto one input of each of the OR gates whose outputs control the diodes associated to director wires of angular rank Q.
  • p third connections connect the output of the Q'" stage to one input of each of the p OR gates whose outputs control the diodes associated to the director wires of arrays of angular rank (Q+M,,-) or (Q+M,, S).
  • p fourth connections connect the output of the Q stage to one input of each of the p OR gates whose outputs control the diodes associated to the director wires of arrays of angular rank (QM,,.) or (QM,,-+S).
  • FIG. lu shows a Yagi array on a ground plane
  • FIG. 1b is a cross-sectional view of the radiation pattern along the ground plane
  • FIG. 2 shows schematically the projections of the ground plane of the various parasitic wires or elements consituting the antenna according to this invention, in the case ofp 3,
  • FIG. 3 shows how a PIN diode associated to a wire is mounted
  • FIGS. 46 explain the antenna operation when utilizing additional reflector wires
  • FIG. 7 is a diagram of a logic control device, according to this invention, for step-by-step rotating the radiation beam.
  • FIG. 1 shows (in la) a driven dipole and four parasitic wires, i.e., a reflector R and three directors D D and D normal to aground plane, forming a Yagi array (in this embodiment, p 3).
  • a driven dipole and four parasitic wires i.e., a reflector R and three directors D D and D normal to aground plane, forming a Yagi array (in this embodiment, p 3).
  • the driven elements and the four parasitic elements are metal wires having a height of about )t/4, A being the free-space wave length corresponding to the frequency F ofan RF source feeding the base of the driven element.
  • the array radiation pattern is, when applying the image principle, identical with respect to the portion located above the ground plane to that which would be produced by use ofa Yagi array comprising a driven element having a middle feeding point and four parasitic elements having a height of about ) ⁇ /2. With such an assumption, there is no radiation under the ground plane since it is infinite.
  • lb shows the cross-section of the radiation pattern by the ground plane. It is to be noted the presence of a main lobe toward the three director wires and three subsidiary lobes on the other side.
  • the ground plane is not infinite and is constitued by a metal circular plate whose center is on the driven element and radius is r,,.
  • electromagnetic radiation is no longer null under ground plane and the radiation pattern shape is, above ground plane, lightly moditied with respect to its horizontal structure, more substantially modified with respect to its vertical structure, the shorter is r,, the more oblique is the maximum radiation axis with respect to ground plane.
  • ground plate conductance has a finite
  • tangential electric field is thus not null, and surface waves may appear at the plate level, particularly when conductance thereof is rather bad. Reflections may occur due to plate rims and generate a stationary wave system which may disturb Yagi array operation if the junction point of one of the parasitic elements to ground plane is at a current node, since, in that case, electric charges flowing through the concerned wire flow with difficulty into ground plane.
  • This drawback is overcome by providing a very good conductance to ground plate through a suitable surface processing.
  • FIG. 2 show projections of an assembly of Yagi arrays on ground plane, according to this invention.
  • Yagi arrays which have a driven element as a common axis. Those arrays having a similar structure, directors D D and D and reflectors R, are respectively located on circles having the driven element as a center and radii d d d and r, respectively.
  • the beam rotation angular step depends on the number of arrays selected to scan 360.
  • the step is: 0 360/S, S being the number of Yagi arrays. For instance, with S 72, 6 is of 5.
  • the arrays are angularly shifted by 5.
  • a privileged role has been, in the drawings, given to the Yagi array of angular rank Q l with its four wires R D D and D Either director or reflector wires are identical, but their heights, close to M4, are different, all wires located on the same circle have the same height.
  • Those wires are usually constituted by good conductance metal rods whose diameter is of about A/ I00.
  • the ground plate having a radius r is not shown in FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 3 shows how a PIN diode 2 connected to a parasitic element 1 is mounted.
  • Diode 2 has one of its terminals connected to the ground plate 4.
  • the other termiha] is connected, through a choke inductance 3, to a bias source, not shown, but located under ground plate 4.
  • diode 2 When a positive signal is applied to diode 2, through inductance 3, diode 2 passes a current I. Direct resistance of diode 2 depends on I, and, for a current-of about 20 mA, resistance thereof is less than I ohm. The condition is the same as the element 1 was directly connected to ground plate 4. Then, applying the image principle, element 1 has the same behaviour as a wire insulated in free space, having a height close to ) ⁇ /2 and then capable to ring.
  • diode 2 When a negative signal is applied to diode 2, through inductance 3, diode 2 remains blocked, to such an extent that the negative signal is high enough to preclude RF signal peak to switch diode 2 on. In that case, im-
  • I pedance of wire 1 with respect to ground plate 4 is high and only limited by the diode capacitance (about 0.25 pF), which represents, with F 1 GHz, an insulation of about 600 ohms. In such conditions, it is the sameas the wire, having a height close to M4, was insulated in free space. It cannot then ring at frequency F and does not contribute to the radiation beam synthesis.
  • Electronic beam rotation results from the fact that the four parasitic elements of array angularly ranked Q l, are-first short-circuited by applying a positive signal to the four associated diodes, then a positive signal is applied to the four. parasitic-elements of array angularly ranked Q 2, and so on to angular rank Q S.
  • the four wires R D,, D and D of array angularly ranked Q l are located on axis R x as well as driven element P.
  • Axis R y is normal to axis R x.
  • Dotted line parabola is determined by apex R,, focus P and directrix H z- H,,R R P r. Circles of radii d d,, and d intersect the said parabola at points A and A, B and B, C and C, respectively.
  • parabola equation is or in Rho-Theta coordinates p being modulus PA and (I) argument of vector E A from P to any point A of the parabola.
  • antenna directivity is emphasized toward axis R,. ⁇ , according to this invention.
  • FIG. 5 wherein parabola is indicated in solid line.
  • the parasitic wire normal to ground plane at A, is responsive to electric field radiated by driven element with a delay due to distance PA and to Lentz law effect relating to the field induced into a parasitic wire.
  • director elements which are not used and belong to arrays angularly ranked (M,,.+l or (SH-M certain ones which are very close to the hereabove determined parasitic reflector wires.
  • M angularly ranked
  • SH-M certain ones which are very close to the hereabove determined parasitic reflector wires.
  • Those six director wires will be, according to this invention, utilized as additional reflector wires.
  • M /S 0 s 2 are sin W (1,. M, 1/5- 0 Among the two possible values for M obviously that which is selected will result in the smallest deviation Adm.
  • the directivity of the Yagi array angularly ranked Q l is substantially improved, if at the of improved directivity beam will be obtained by sequentially short-circuiting at the same time parasitic
  • the M are independent of Q, electronic rotation wires of arrays angularly ranked 2, 3, etc., as well as director wires belonging to arrays angularly ranked:
  • All elements are constituted by metal rods having a diameter of about6 l A.
  • Director element heights are relatively critical, since they influence gain value and antenna impedance. Usually, those heights are slightly less than M4 and decreasing when farther from driven element.
  • Distances between director elements are less critical and modifications might be envisaged for avoiding taking into account the finite ground plate conductance to locate an element at a plate point where there is no surface wave current node.
  • Ground plate is constituted by a metal disc of radius r,,, for instance longer than 2A. lts surface must be carefully processed to provide a very good conductance so as to avoid too important surface stationary Waves.
  • the S arrays are identical and their positions on ground plate are derived from basic array position by successive rotations, each step being 0 360/S.
  • an antenna according to this invention and designed to operate at frequency F of 1 GHz will comprise a ground plate of radius 1-,, 350 mm long.
  • antenna performances are the following:
  • Horizontal plane radiation beam total aperture i l5 at 3 dB Vertical plane aperture: larger than 30 with maximum between 15 and 25.
  • That vertical plane radiation beam dissymmetry is produced by the finite dimension ground plate.
  • Time duration of each step about 1 ms.
  • the logic device as shown in FIG. 7, for rotating step-by-step the radiation beam will now be described.
  • Pulse frequency from 6 is equal to S/r, 7 being the time duration of radiation beam rotation by 360.
  • First stage of 5 is constituted by a delay-flip-flop having a specific input d.
  • Output S, of 5 is connected to set input of a dissymmetric flip-flop 7.
  • Output of 7 is connected to specific input d of 5.
  • Reset input e of 7 is connected from output S, of 5.
  • pulses shifted along 5 have a width'of about 3/7 and, at a time, only one output is at level l Pulses from outputs 8,, S S ,5 are utilized for biasing diodes which short-circuit:
  • director wires angularly ranked (S l M,,), (S 2-M,,-),(S+3M,,-),,..
  • Each output 5,, of resistor 5 is thus provided with (1 3p) connections,
  • One of thos connections is coupled to the terminal of the diode which short-circuits the reflector wire belonging to the Yagi array angularly ranked Q andthe 3p other connections are used according the following rules.
  • p OR gates such as 8-1, 8-2 and 8-3 have their outputs connected to terminals of diodes which shortcircuit DH, D DH, D D,, of array 1.
  • gates 8-1, 8-2 and 8-3 are each provided with three inputs, one of them being connected from output 5, of register 5.
  • each diode associated thereto is biased three time for a beam rotation, which explain the use of three-input OR gates.
  • the Or gate associated thereto, has its firstinput connected from input angularly ranked Q in register 5, its second input connected from output angularly ranked (M Q) and its third input connected from output angularly ranked (S Q k)-
  • S 72 and p 3.
  • OR gates 8-1, FIG. 7 are connected from outputs: 8,, S and of register 5'.
  • OR gate 8-3 The three inputs of OR gate 8-3 are connected from output: 5,, S and S of register 5.
  • a directive radiation beam antenna of the type wherein said beam is rotated angularly in a step-by-step fashion comprising:
  • each of said plurality comprising: one reflector parasitic element; and a plurality p of director parasitic elements D,,-
  • the array angularly ranked Q is derived from the array -1 by rotating it by an angle 6 360/S around the axis of said common driven element;
  • a ground plane comprising a circular metal ground plate having a common axis with said common driven element, the S l+p) parasitic elements having a height of approximately 1/4 and arranged perpendicular to said ground plate;
  • a source of RF energy mounted between the base of said common driven element'and said ground plate for feeding said common driven element
  • control device for controlling the step-by-step radiation beam rotation, said control device comprising:
  • each of the S shift register outputs being provided with 1+3p) connections, the first coupled from the Qth stage to the bias input of the unidirectional element associated with the director element angularly ranked O, p second ones coupled from the Qth stage output to the input of each of the OR-gates having outputs which control unidirectional elements associated with director elements angularly ranked O, p third ones coupled from Qth stage output to the inputs of eachof the p OR- gates whose outputs control the unidirectional elements associated with director elements of arrays angularly ranked (Q+M,,.) or-(Q+M,,.S) if (Q+M,,.) is greater than S, and p fourth ones coupled from the Qth stage to the input of each of the OR-gates whose outputs control unidirectional elements associated with director elements of arrays angularly ranked
  • unidirectional elements are PIN diodes having one terminal being connected to ground plate and the other terminal connected to the corresponding parasitic element base and to a choke inductance through which a suitable bias voltage is applied thereto.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Aerials With Secondary Devices (AREA)
  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
US00387837A 1972-08-16 1973-08-13 Electronically step-by-step rotated directive radiation beam antenna Expired - Lifetime US3846799A (en)

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DE2341111A1 (de) 1974-02-28
NL7311173A (da) 1974-02-19
FR2196527B1 (da) 1977-01-14
GB1375680A (da) 1974-11-27

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