US3844908A - Process for coloring aluminum and aluminum alloys - Google Patents

Process for coloring aluminum and aluminum alloys Download PDF

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US3844908A
US3844908A US31044272A US3844908A US 3844908 A US3844908 A US 3844908A US 31044272 A US31044272 A US 31044272A US 3844908 A US3844908 A US 3844908A
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acid
aluminum
pigment
membrane
pigment dispersion
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H Matsuo
T Nakamura
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Dainichiseika Color and Chemicals Mfg Co Ltd
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Dainichiseika Color and Chemicals Mfg Co Ltd
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D11/00—Electrolytic coating by surface reaction, i.e. forming conversion layers
    • C25D11/02—Anodisation
    • C25D11/04—Anodisation of aluminium or alloys based thereon
    • C25D11/06—Anodisation of aluminium or alloys based thereon characterised by the electrolytes used
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D11/00—Electrolytic coating by surface reaction, i.e. forming conversion layers
    • C25D11/02—Anodisation
    • C25D11/04—Anodisation of aluminium or alloys based thereon
    • C25D11/06—Anodisation of aluminium or alloys based thereon characterised by the electrolytes used
    • C25D11/08—Anodisation of aluminium or alloys based thereon characterised by the electrolytes used containing inorganic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D11/00—Electrolytic coating by surface reaction, i.e. forming conversion layers
    • C25D11/02—Anodisation
    • C25D11/04—Anodisation of aluminium or alloys based thereon
    • C25D11/18—After-treatment, e.g. pore-sealing
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D11/00—Electrolytic coating by surface reaction, i.e. forming conversion layers
    • C25D11/02—Anodisation
    • C25D11/04—Anodisation of aluminium or alloys based thereon
    • C25D11/18—After-treatment, e.g. pore-sealing
    • C25D11/24—Chemical after-treatment
    • C25D11/246—Chemical after-treatment for sealing layers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
    • Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
    • Y10T428/249986—Void-containing component contains also a solid fiber or solid particle

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a process for coloring aluminum and aluminum alloys. More particularly, it relates to a process for preparing pigment colored aluminum products possessing special varicolored characteristics and having high fastness for. both indoor and outdoor applications.
  • a process for coloring aluminum metals which involves the procedure of anodic oxidation, dipping the metal in an aqueous solution containing a metal salt, and electrolyzing the product with an alternating current to color the metal with an inorganic material (Japanese Pat. Publications 1715/1963 and l6566/l97l).
  • Process (I) The principal disadvantage of the products manufactured by process (I) is that the light fastness of the products is very low. Thus, these products are difficult to use in outdoor applications where high light fastness is required. Processes (2) and (3) are complicated-by the fact that the preparation of the electrolyte and the control of the electrolytic conditions are difficult, and that the uniform coloring of the metal is difficult and the types of color which may be used are limited. Process (4) has the disadvantages that a specifically prepared, high cost aluminum alloy is required in order to provide a uniform color, and the types of color which may be used are limited.
  • a process for coloring aluminum metals in which a metal is treated with a concentrated sulfuric acid solution containing an organic pigment which has a higher fastness than the previous dyes employed Japanese Patent. Publication No. 22843/1971.
  • the organic' pigment may be applied to the metal as a coating of paint. This process suffers from the disadvantage that 98% sulfuric acid poses serious operational hazards as well as being difficult to use. If the pigment is used in a paint, the coating applied to the surface of a metal sometimes possesses inferior adhesiveness, transparency and clearness.
  • the treated membrane is subsequently heated at 350C. to yield a product having a high scratch resistance and color (Japanese Pat. Publication No. l4038/ I968).
  • Process (6) has the advantage that there are no limitations on the types of acids, dispersing agents, and inorganic pigments used in the anodic oxidation process.
  • it has been found that it is impossible to impregnate pigment particles into the pores of an anodically oxidized membrane and to adsorb pigment particles on the surface of the membrane. (the surface of which is formed by treatment with sulfuric acid, oxalic acid, chromic acid or a flame-injection method) because the activity of the surface and the size of the holes of the anodically oxidized membrane are changed by the conditions of the treatment.
  • Aluminum metals treated by conventional techniques have surfaces of low activity and have pores on the surfaces which are very small.
  • the dispersing agents used to disperse the pigments in water are very important factors. When anionic, cationic and nonionic-anionic dispersing agents are employed, the pigment dispersion coagulates rendering it inadequate for coloring aluminum.
  • anodic oxidation of aluminum and aluminum alloys in the presence of an acid or mixture of acids derived from a phosphorus oxide to form porous anodically oxidized membranes which are treated with an aqueous pigment dispersion.
  • an acid mixture of an acid derived from a phosphorus oxide and an organic or an inorganic acid is preferably used.
  • the aluminum and aluminum alloys of this invention have various shapes. Suitable aluminum alloys include alloys containing copper, silicon, iron, manganese, magnesium, zinc, chromium, titanium, lead, nickel or bismuth such as aluminum alloys 15, 25, 38, SA, 45, 525, 565, NP 5/6, A 548, 618, 635, 148, A I78, I75, 24 S, 755 and the like.
  • aluminum alloys include aluminum alloys.
  • the porous, anodically oxidized membranes of aluminum possess many fine pin holes which are formed by passing an electric current of a specific density through the membrane in an acidic aqueous solution containing an acid or an acid mixture derived from phosphorus oxides.
  • Suitable acids derived from phosphorus oxides include orthophosphoric acid, metaphosphoric acid, pyrophosphoric acid, polymetaphosphoric acid and mixtures thereof.
  • Orthosphosphoric acid which is produced by adding P 0 to water, is preferably used.
  • Suitable organic and inorganic acids used in the acid mixture include sulfuric acid, chromic acid, boric acid, oxalic acid, sulfamic acid, malonic acid, sulfosalicylic acid, maleic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, phthalic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, succinic acid and lactic acid. Sulfuric acid and oxalic acid are especially preferred.
  • the acids derived from phosphorus oxide and acid mixtures thereof are used in aqueous solutions at concentrations of ().l 30% by weight, preferably 2 by weight.
  • concentrations of ().l 30% by weight preferably 2 by weight.
  • a mixture of acids is used, from 50 to l50 weight percent of an inorganic acid or an organic acid is preferably used based on the amount of phosphorous oxide derived acid used.
  • Various metal salts such as aluminum sulfate may be added to the acid in order to improve the stability of the bath and the anticorrosive properties of the anodically oxidized membranes.
  • the conditions employed in the anodic oxidation of the aluminum metals include a bath temperature of 15 35C., a reaction time of 10 60 minutes and a current density of 0.5 2.0 A/dm
  • the process of this invention may be modified by using a two-step process in which the metal is anodically oxidized first in the presence of an acid derived from phosphorous oxides and then is anodically oxidized again in the presence of an acid such as oxalic acid or sulfuric acid. Control of the anodic oxidation bath is rendered easier by this procedure than when the oxidation is conducted in the presence of the acid mixture.
  • the anodic oxidation step can be conducted in an acidic bath containing a pigment dispersion in such a manner that allows the pigment to adsorb on the anodically oxidized membrane.
  • This latter procedure has its advantages.
  • the pigment used must be stable to acids and the oxidation conditions.
  • the membranes are anodically oxidized in the presence of at least one acid derived from phosphorous oxides, they maintain their ability to absorb pigment from the aqueous pigment dispersion. On the other hand, if the membranes are anodically oxidized without the presence of an acid derived from a phosphorous oxide, the adsorbing capability of the membrane is quickly lost.
  • the oxidized membranes normally retain their adsorbing capability for about two days, and, thus, should be treated within that period.
  • the sealing treatment can be conducted by applying steam, hot water, nickel acetate, potassium bichromate,'sodium silicate and the like to the oxidized membranes.
  • the adsorption capability of the oxidized membranes can be adjusted by changing the ratio of the acid derived from a phosphorous oxide and the inorganic acid or the organic acid.
  • the depth of color of the finished product is also affected by the acid ratio. Proportionately greater amounts of the acids derived from phosphorous oxide increase the depth of the finished product. If the color depth attained is insufficient because of the conditions selected for the concentration of the acid mixture, the concentration of the aqueous pigment dispersion and the type of pigment and the like, greater color depth may be achieved by passing an electric current in the aqueous pigment dispersion bath as an auxiliary means for adsorption, i.e., electrophoresis.
  • a dispersing agent must be used in the aqueous pigment dispersion bath. If has been found that aqueous pigment dispersions coagulate in the presence of anionic, cationic, or nonionic-anionic dispersing agents, but do not coagulate in the presence of nonionic or nonioniccationic dispersing agents when used in an electrolytic medium. Moreover, the nonionic or nonionic-cationic dispersing agents promote the adsorption of the pigment. If no electrophoresis technique is employed, the type of dispersing agent used is not limited.
  • the aqueous pigment dispersion can be prepared by dispersing a water and oil insoluble pigment with a nonionic, anionic or cationic dispersing agent.
  • suitable pigments include known organic and inorganic pigment derivatives such as phthalocyanines, anthraquinones, perynones, perylenes, indigos, thioindigos, dioxadines, quinacridones, azo-coupled derivatives, azocondensation derivatives, isoindolenones, aniline black, carbon black, titanium oxide, chrome yellow, molybdenum red, iron oxide, chromium oxide green, cadmium yellow, cadmium red, cobalt blue, barium sulfate, transparent iron oxide, etc., and mixtures thereof.
  • the dispersing agents can be known nonionic, anionic and cationic dispersing agents.
  • Suitable nonionic dispersing agents include polyethyleneglycol derivatives such as polyethyleneglycol-alkyl esters, -alkyl ethers, -alkylphenyl ethers, alkylamides; and polyalcohol partial esters such as oxyethyl-oxypropyl block copolymers, and sorbitane aliphatic acid esters.
  • Suitable anionic dispersing agents include ammonium salts, amine salts and alkali metal salts of aliphatic hydrocarbons, alkyl sulfonates, sulfuric acid esters such as sulfuric oil, alkyl sulfonates, arylsulfonates and carboxylic acid polymers,alkylphosphonates, alkylphosphoric esters, and the like.
  • Suitable cationic dispersing agents include alkylamine ethyleneoxide derivatives such as polyoxyethylenestearylamine, polyoxyethyleneoleyl amine, polyoxyethylenelaurylamine and the like.
  • the pigment In order to disperse the pigment in the aqueous medium in the presence of a dispersing agent, the pigment is crushed in a speed line mill, a sand mill, a ball mill, a roller or an atomizing ultrasonic vibrator.
  • the pigment in the resulting dispersion usually has a diameter less than 5,u, preferably 0.0] 0.5,u..
  • the amount of pigment incorporated in the dispersion varies depending upon the type of inorganic pigment or organic pigment used. Usually, the quantity of pigment employed ranges from 5 70 weight percent, preferably 50 weight percent.
  • the amount of dispersing agent used ranges from 1 500 weight percent, preferably 1 200 weight percent, based on the amount of pigment.
  • Protective colloids such as methylcellulose, polyvinylalcohol and the like may also be added to the dispersion.
  • the dispersion medium consists mainly of water. If necessary, an organic medium miscible with water can be added. Suitable media include ketones such as acetone and methylethylketone; diols such as ethyleneglycol; triols such as glycerine; and cellosolves such as methylcellosolve.
  • the concentration of pigment varies depending upon the required depth of color, but is preferably in the range of 0.2 30%.
  • the dispersion is prepared by diluting a concentrated dispersion from 1 1,000 times with deionized water.
  • the methods employed for applying the dispersions to the anodically oxidized aluminum include dipping methods, spraying methods, flow coating methods, roller coating methods, and brush coating methods.
  • dip coating methods are used.
  • the dip coating method is accomplished by submerging the anodically oxidized aluminum in an aqueous pigment dispersion with a pH of less than 1 l, preferably less than 8, at 0C. 100C, preferably l0C. 70C., for more than i minute, preferably more than 3 minutes.
  • a pH of less than 1 l, preferably less than 8 at 0C. 100C, preferably l0C. 70C., for more than i minute, preferably more than 3 minutes.
  • an electric current through the dispersion at 0C. 80C., preferably C. 40C., for 10 seconds to 10 minutes, preferably 30 seconds to l minute.
  • the product is treated with steam to seal the pinholes or is coated with a coating composition.
  • the coating composition can be prepared by dissolving a resin in water or another solvent. Suitable resin derivatives include acryls, alkyds,
  • the coating compositions can be applied to the colored aluminum products by submersion, spray coating, electrophoresis coating, roller coating and similar techniques.
  • the colored product can be used without a coating.
  • the coatings of this invention impart greater weather durability, and chemical resistance, in addition to promoting greater alkali resistance, and acid resistance and other fastness properties.
  • the pigment is contained within the resin of a coated film. This results in a product which possesses poor adhesibility of the pigment as well as a poorly transparent coating. If the coated film is marred or peels through deterioration of the resins, the pigment is removed with the coated film and exposes a noncolored metal surface. In this invention, however, even though the coated film may be peeled, the pigment is not removed and the metal surface is not exposed. Accordingly, repairs of the coated films are easily made.
  • the aqueous pigment dispersion and the coating composition can be separately applied so that total control of the process is very simple.
  • the colored products prepared in this manner have a first layer of pigment particles adsorbed on the aluminum or the aluminum alloy and a second layer of a coated resinous film.
  • EXAMPLE I A 52 S Aluminum plate having a length of 80 mm., a width of mm. and a thickness of 1 mm., which acted as an anode, was dipped in an aqueous 4% phosphoric acid solution, and was anodically oxidized at the current density of 1.0 A/dm at 30C. for minutes.
  • An aqueous, red pigment dispersion was prepared by stirring a mixture of 20 parts of perylene red (CI Vat Red 29), 8.0 parts of polyoxyethylenestearylamine Condition of anodic oxidation Coloring Depth of condition Color Time of anodic Thickness of oxidized Dip time in oxidation membrane the dispersion minutes) (u) (minutes) 0 I20 colorless 30 3 5 pale 30 3 l0 medium 60 7 30 deep EXAMPLE 2
  • a 63 S Aluminum plate having a length of 100 mm., a width of 50 mm., and a thickness of 2 mm. was dipped in an aqueous 10% phosphoric acid solution and was anodically oxidized with adirect current at a current density of 2.0 A/dm at room temperature for 40 minutes.
  • An aqueous, black pigment dispersion was prepared by stirring a mixture. of parts of a channel type carbon black, 5 parts of sodium aliphatic carbonate, and
  • a diluted, aqueous blackpigment dispersion was prepared by mixing 100 parts of the concentrated black pigment dispersion with 900 parts of deionized water.
  • the anodically oxidized plate was washed with water, dipped in the diluted dispersion for 10 minutes and washed with water. Then, the plate was treated with hot water to seal the pores ofthe surface.
  • the resulting black colored aluminum alloy had a high light fastness.
  • EXAMPLE 3 A Aluminum plate having a length of 100 mm., a width of 50 mm., and a thickness of l mm. was dipped in an aqueous 8% phosphoric acid solution and was anodically oxidized with a DC current at the current density of L0 A/dm'- at 28C. for 30 minutes.
  • An aqueous blue pigment dispersion was prepared by stirring a mixture of 50.9 parts of copper phthalocyanine paste (39.3% solid content), 8 parts of polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether (HLB 14.2) and 41.] parts water in a speed line mill.
  • a diluted, aqueous blue pigment dispersion having a pH of 5 was prepared by mixing 200 parts of the concentrated bl u e dispe riQn,with 800 parts of deionized water and with formic acid. The anodically oxidized plate was washed with water and dipped in the dispersion for 5 minutes.
  • a direct current having a density of 20 mA/dm was passed between the oxidized plate acting as an anode and a stainless steel cathode plate having a length of mm., a width of 50 mm., and a thickness of 1 mm. at room temperature for 30 minutes.
  • the resulting colored plate was washed, and treated with hot water to seal the pinlike pores in accordance with the process of Example 2, to yield a blue colored aluminum alloy plate characterized by a clear transparent uniform color with a high light fast- EXAMPLE 4
  • the blue colored aluminum alloy plate produced by the procedure of Example 3 was treated in a l5% aqueous solution of a water soluble acryl resin Water sol S-7 l0 manufactured by Dainippon Ink Co.
  • Example 3 by passing a direct current at volts at a bath temperature of 25C. for 3 minutes between said plate acting as an anode and a stainless steel plate acting as a cathode in accordance with the procedure of Example 3, instead of sealing the surface of the plate.
  • the resulting plate was washed with water and cured by heating to yield a blue colored aluminum alloy plate having a uniform color and lubrication.
  • the thickness of the membrane was 2111. as determined by permascopic measurement.
  • an anodically oxidized reference aluminum alloy plate was coated with the pigment and the water soluble acrylic resin.
  • the properties of the coated film of the reference plate were similar to those of the plate of the example. However, when the coated films on both plates were removed, the appearance of the reference plate was poor, but the ap- 5 pearance of the former plate was not altered because of its colored base.
  • the film properties of the plates are compared as shown in Table l.
  • the anodically oxidized plate was washed with water, dipped in the dispersion for 30 minutes, and washed with water to yield a green colored aluminum alloy plate.
  • the depth of color was varied as indicated in Table 11.
  • EXAMPLE An aqueous, blue pigment dispersion was prepared by stirring 50.9 parts (39.3% solid content) of copper phthalocyanine blue paste, 8 parts of polyoxye- 5 thylenenonylphenylether (HLB 14.2) and 41.1 parts of water in a speed line mill. 300 Parts of the concentrated dispersion were admixed with 700 parts of deionized water and the diluted aqueous blue pigment was sprayed on the anodically oxidized aluminum alloy of Example 1 for minutes. The alloy was washed with water, dried in air, and then dipped in a trichlene solution of an acryl resin heated at 70C. for seconds.
  • HLB 14.2 polyoxye- 5 thylenenonylphenylether
  • the alloy was cured to yield a clear, deep blue colored aluminum alioy plate.
  • EXAMPLE 16 A coloring, bath was prepared by mixing 100 parts of the aqueous pigment dispersion of TABLE 11 Condition of anodic oxidation Coloring Depth of condition color Time for anodic Membrane Dip time in oxidation (min.) thickness (;L) disperesion (min.)
  • Example 5 the anodic oxidation bath of Example 5 was employed.
  • the aluminum alloy plates were anodically oxidized at a current density of 1.0 A/dm at 28C. for 50 minutes and then were dipped in the aqueous green pigment dispersion of Example 5 for 5 minutes.
  • a degreased 25 Aluminum plate having a length of 100 mm., a width of mm., and a I thickness of l mm. was dipped in the bath and was vanodically oxidized by passing a direct current at a density of 1.0 A/dm at 28C. for 40 minutes.
  • the plate was washed with water and treated with hot water to seal the pores to yield a clear, red colored aluminum alloy conditions as shown in Table 111. a plate.
  • porous anodi cally oxidized membrane is treated with the aqueous brane with an aqueous pigment dispersion consisting essentially of water, a pigment and a dispersing agent, whereby the pigment is impregnated into the porous surface of the membrane.
  • 20 oxide acid is selected from the group consisting of or- TABLE IV Coloring Depth of Condition of anodic oxidation condition color Total Dip Time in Primary anodic Secondary anodic thickness dispersion oxidation oxidation (I571 H2504) of mem- (10% HGPOJ) time (min) brane (i min.) Time Thickness (min.) (1
  • EXAMPLE l8 8. The process of claim 1, wherein said second acid in said acid mixture is selected from the group consist- The anodically oxidized aluminum plate of Example ing of sulfuric acid, chromic acid, boric acid, oxalic l was treated with hot water to seal the pores, and then acid, sulfamic acid, malonic acid, sulfosalicylic acid, was dipped in the aqueous pigment dispersion of Exammaleic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, phthalic acid, ple l to yield a clear, red colored aluminum alloy. benzenesulfonic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid or mix- Having now fully described the invention, it will be tures thereof.
  • a process for coloring aluminum and aluminum mem SPrSl0n 8 applied by a dlp method. y )Vhlch QWR llt The process of claim 1 wherein said aqueous piganodically oxidizing a membrane of aluminum or an mem dispersion is applied by a spray h d allimlllwm alloy at temPerawre of from 15 12.
  • d th aluminum alloy at a temperature of from 15 C y welg t 0 Ase on 35C in a solution containing from 0.1 30% by amount of phosphorous oxide acid used, wherein ....s. s. .z the total concentration of said acid mixture ranges weight of a Phosphorous Oxide a cld or an and from O. l 30% by weight and treating said memture of a Phosphorous Oxlde acld and from 50 to by weight of a second acid based on the amount of phosphorous oxide acid used, wherein the total concentration of said acid mixture ranges from 0.] 30% by weight and treating said meml3 l4 brane with an aqueous pigment dispersion consistporous surface of the membrane.

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US31044272 1971-12-24 1972-11-29 Process for coloring aluminum and aluminum alloys Expired - Lifetime US3844908A (en)

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US4022671A (en) * 1976-04-20 1977-05-10 Alcan Research And Development Limited Electrolytic coloring of anodized aluminum
US4159927A (en) * 1977-06-27 1979-07-03 Sprague Electric Company Anodizing aluminum in boric acid bath containing hydroxy organic acid
US4196060A (en) * 1975-01-22 1980-04-01 Societe De Vente De L'aluminium Pechiney Method of surface treating an aluminum wire for electrical use
US4383897A (en) * 1980-09-26 1983-05-17 American Hoechst Corporation Electrochemically treated metal plates
US4448647A (en) * 1980-09-26 1984-05-15 American Hoechst Corporation Electrochemically treated metal plates
US4604341A (en) * 1983-08-03 1986-08-05 Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft Process for the one-stage anodic oxidation of aluminum bases for offset printing plates and product thereof
US4793903A (en) * 1986-10-24 1988-12-27 The Boeing Company Method of cleaning aluminum surfaces
US5120405A (en) * 1990-03-02 1992-06-09 Yoshida Kogyo K.K. Method of coloring aluminum or aluminum alloy material
US5334297A (en) * 1991-09-30 1994-08-02 Yoshida Kogyo K.K. Method for production of colored article of aluminum or aluminum alloy
US5531872A (en) * 1994-08-11 1996-07-02 Xerox Corporation Processes for preparing photoconductive members by electrophoresis
US5585189A (en) * 1994-06-02 1996-12-17 Sakura Color Products Corporation Pigment dispersion composition
EP0779379A4 (en) * 1995-05-30 1997-08-06 Sakura Color Prod Corp PIGMENT DISPERSION COMPOSITIONS FOR FILLING AND COLORING ALUMINUM OR ALUMINUM OXIDE FILMS
US6475664B1 (en) * 1999-09-09 2002-11-05 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Alkali rechargeable batteries and process for the production of said rechargeable batteries
US6787887B2 (en) 1995-12-14 2004-09-07 Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. Semiconductor device
US6800875B1 (en) 1995-11-17 2004-10-05 Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. Active matrix electro-luminescent display device with an organic leveling layer
US20050104497A1 (en) * 2003-09-24 2005-05-19 Jochen Fischer Spark plug
US6963382B1 (en) 1995-11-17 2005-11-08 Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. Liquid crystal display and method of driving same
US20070014991A1 (en) * 2005-07-14 2007-01-18 Peter Mardilovich Light source for a projection system having a light absorption layer
US20080315202A1 (en) * 1995-11-17 2008-12-25 Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. Display device
US7633085B2 (en) 1999-03-29 2009-12-15 Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. Semiconductor device and manufacturing method thereof
US20130081952A1 (en) * 2011-09-29 2013-04-04 Denkahimakukougyou Co., Ltd. Method for manufacturing colored aluminum product or colored aluminum alloy product, pigment composition for coloration, and colored aluminum product or colored aluminum alloy product
FR2982138A1 (fr) * 2011-11-07 2013-05-10 Seb Sa Procede d'obtention d'un recipient de cuisson comportant une face exterieure anodisee dure coloree
US20130177769A1 (en) * 2009-12-01 2013-07-11 Basf Coatings Japan Ltd. Method for the formation of paint films and the paint films
CN103469276A (zh) * 2013-09-16 2013-12-25 杭州和韵科技有限公司 一种提高铝阳极氧化膜耐酸碱腐蚀性能的方法
US20150191604A1 (en) * 2014-01-03 2015-07-09 The Boeing Company Composition and Method for Inhibiting Corrosion of an Anodized Material
US10519322B2 (en) * 2014-01-03 2019-12-31 The Boeing Company Composition and method for inhibiting corrosion
US10760175B2 (en) 2015-10-30 2020-09-01 Apple Inc. White anodic films with multiple layers
US11131036B2 (en) 2013-09-27 2021-09-28 Apple Inc. Cosmetic anodic oxide coatings

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JPS5451936A (en) * 1977-09-30 1979-04-24 Shokosha Kk Electropolishing of aluminum and alloy thereof
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DE3312497A1 (de) * 1983-04-07 1984-10-11 Hoechst Ag, 6230 Frankfurt Zweistufiges verfahren zur herstellung von anodisch oxidierten flaechigen materialien aus aluminium und deren verwendung bei der herstellung von offsetdruckplatten
JP4359001B2 (ja) * 2001-03-02 2009-11-04 本田技研工業株式会社 陽極酸化膜改質方法、陽極酸化膜構造及びアルミニウム合金製船外機
JP6276834B2 (ja) * 2011-09-29 2018-02-07 電化皮膜工業株式会社 着色アルミニウム製品または着色アルミニウム合金製品
CN115449791A (zh) * 2022-08-24 2022-12-09 江苏和兴汽车科技有限公司 一种提升压铸铝抗腐蚀性能的方法

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US20050104497A1 (en) * 2003-09-24 2005-05-19 Jochen Fischer Spark plug
US20070014991A1 (en) * 2005-07-14 2007-01-18 Peter Mardilovich Light source for a projection system having a light absorption layer
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US20130177769A1 (en) * 2009-12-01 2013-07-11 Basf Coatings Japan Ltd. Method for the formation of paint films and the paint films
US20130081952A1 (en) * 2011-09-29 2013-04-04 Denkahimakukougyou Co., Ltd. Method for manufacturing colored aluminum product or colored aluminum alloy product, pigment composition for coloration, and colored aluminum product or colored aluminum alloy product
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU4951372A (en) 1974-06-06
FR2164600A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-08-03
IT972702B (it) 1974-05-31
GB1401067A (en) 1975-07-16
DE2262426A1 (de) 1973-07-12
FR2164600B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1975-11-07
DE2262426B2 (de) 1980-11-27
CH585802A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1977-03-15
JPS4869734A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-09-21
CA1015688A (en) 1977-08-16
DE2262426C3 (de) 1981-08-13
JPS525010B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1977-02-09
AU462947B2 (en) 1975-06-25

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