US3840354A - Three-stage gasification of coal - Google Patents
Three-stage gasification of coal Download PDFInfo
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- US3840354A US3840354A US00237333A US23733372A US3840354A US 3840354 A US3840354 A US 3840354A US 00237333 A US00237333 A US 00237333A US 23733372 A US23733372 A US 23733372A US 3840354 A US3840354 A US 3840354A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
- C10J3/46—Gasification of granular or pulverulent flues in suspension
- C10J3/463—Gasification of granular or pulverulent flues in suspension in stationary fluidised beds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C1/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon
- C07C1/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon from oxides of a carbon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
- C10J3/46—Gasification of granular or pulverulent flues in suspension
- C10J3/466—Entrained flow processes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
- C10J3/46—Gasification of granular or pulverulent flues in suspension
- C10J3/48—Apparatus; Plants
- C10J3/485—Entrained flow gasifiers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
- C10J3/72—Other features
- C10J3/74—Construction of shells or jackets
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
- C10J3/72—Other features
- C10J3/74—Construction of shells or jackets
- C10J3/76—Water jackets; Steam boiler-jackets
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
- C10J3/72—Other features
- C10J3/78—High-pressure apparatus
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
- C10J3/72—Other features
- C10J3/82—Gas withdrawal means
- C10J3/84—Gas withdrawal means with means for removing dust or tar from the gas
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
- C10J3/72—Other features
- C10J3/82—Gas withdrawal means
- C10J3/84—Gas withdrawal means with means for removing dust or tar from the gas
- C10J3/845—Quench rings
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
- C10J2300/0913—Carbonaceous raw material
- C10J2300/093—Coal
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
- C10J2300/0913—Carbonaceous raw material
- C10J2300/0946—Waste, e.g. MSW, tires, glass, tar sand, peat, paper, lignite, oil shale
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
- C10J2300/0953—Gasifying agents
- C10J2300/0959—Oxygen
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
- C10J2300/0953—Gasifying agents
- C10J2300/0973—Water
- C10J2300/0979—Water as supercritical steam
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/18—Details of the gasification process, e.g. loops, autothermal operation
- C10J2300/1807—Recycle loops, e.g. gas, solids, heating medium, water
- C10J2300/1823—Recycle loops, e.g. gas, solids, heating medium, water for synthesis gas
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
- Y02P20/129—Energy recovery, e.g. by cogeneration, H2recovery or pressure recovery turbines
Definitions
- OXYGEN 56 CHAR B S'IEAI 57 ABSTRACT A process for the production of methane-rich fuel gas by the gasification of coal in three stages.
- first stage partially gasified char recycled from the process is reacted with oxygen and superheated steam at pressures greater than 50 atmospheres and temperatures greater than 2,500F. to yield a first stage synthesis gas containing hydrogen and carbon oxides.
- second stage the first stage synthesis gas is reacted with superheated steam and coal at pressures in excess of 50 atmospheres and temperatures in excess of 1,600F. to yield a partially gasified char entrained in a second stage product gas containing methane, hydrogen and carbon oxides.
- chair and gases from the second stage form a fluidized bed reacting at a pressure in excess of 50 atmospheres and at a temperature in excess of 1,500F. to form char entrained in a third stage product gas containing methane, Hydrogen and oxides of carbon.
- the third stage char and third stage product gas are separated with the char recycled to the first stage and the product gas is purified by the removal of carbon oxides, hydrogen sulfide and other impurities and the purified product gas is methanated to produce the methane rich fuel gas.
- Slag formed in the first and second stages is collected in the third stage and is removed from the process after elutriation from the slag of char collected with the slag, which char is returned to the third stage.
- Methane-rich fuel gas is produced by a two-stage gasification process wherein particulate coal and steam are reacted in the second stage with synthesis gas from the first stage at a temperature in excess of 1,600F. and a pressure in excess of 50 atmospheres to produce char and a product gas containing hydrogen, methane and oxides of carbon.
- the char and product gas are withdrawn and separated and the product gas is thereafter treated to remove carbon oxides and other diluents and is ultimately methanated to produce a methane-rich fuel gas.
- the char is recycled to the first gasification stage for reaction with steam and oxygen at a temperature in excess of 2,500F.
- This invention resides in a process for three-stage gasification of coal to produce a methane-rich fuel gas.
- recycled char is reacted at high tem perature with oxygen and steam at a pressure of at least 50 atmospheres to yield a first stage synthesis gas containing hydrogen and carbon oxides.
- synthesis gas from the first stage is reacted with superheated steam and coal at a high temperature and at av pressure of at least 50 atmospheres to produce a second stage product gas containing methane, hydro gen and oxides of carbon.
- partially gasified char is maintained as a fluidized bed by second stage product gas which reacts with the char to yield partially gasified char from the third stage entrained in a third stage product gas containing methane, hydrogen and oxides of carbon.
- the temperatures and residence times of reactants in the first and second stages are controlled to convert char ash to molten slag in the first stage and to convert coal'partially into a gas containing methane, hydrogen and carbon oxides,-at temperatures above the range of coal plasticity in the second stage.
- the temperature in the third stage is .lower, and the residence time of the solid reactants in the third stage is longer, than thosein the first and second stages to permit more complete utilization of the reactants in the third stage.
- the char and third stage product gas are separated and, while-the char is recycled to the first stage for further reaction in the process, the third stage product gas is purified for conversion and removal of carbon oxides, hydrogen sulfide and other impurities and is thereafter methanated to produce a fuel gas containing at least percent methane.
- the third stage and the fluidized char bed are in direct communication with a part of the second stage.
- the third stage is separated from the first and second stages. Slag formed in the first and second stages iscollected in, and removed from, a lower portion of the third stage.
- Third stage gasification of char fluidized in product gas from a two-stage gasification process permits further reaction of the partially gasified char in the hydrogen-rich second stage product gas at lower temperatures and for longer residence times, thereby providing a higher methane yield with greater carbon utilization at lower oxygen requirements.
- FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of apparatus adapted for use in the process of this invention wherein the third stage portion of the gasification vessel communicates with the second stage portion.
- FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic illustration of apparatus adapted for use in the process of this invention wherein the third stage is separate from the first and second stages.
- FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic illustration or apparatus adapted for use with the process of this invention wherein the third stage is separate from the first and second stages and a'portion of the char produced in the third stage is cooled and recycled to the third stage.
- FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic illustration of apparatus adapted for use in the process of this invention wherein the third stage is separate fromthe first and second stages and wherein char separated from the second stage gas is moved into the third stage and is fluidized in the third stage by hydrogen-rich gas passed upwardly through the third stage to form a fluidized bed.
- coal means any carbonaceous material including all ranks of coal, lignite, and the like.
- gasification means the heating of coal in the presence of reacting agents whereby all or part of the volatile portion of the coal is liberated and at least part of the carbon in the residual char is reacted with those reacting agents or with other reactants present in the gasification process.
- product gas means a methane containing gas such as the gas produced in the third stage of the three stage gasification process described herein.
- a gasification vessel indicated generally by reference numeral 10, includes a first stage portion 12, a second stage portion 14 and a third stage portion 16.
- Recycled partially gasified char is conducted through a conduit 18 to first stage portion 12 of gasification vessel 10.
- Oxygen and steam are conducted through a conduit 20 into the first stage portion 12 and are reacted therein with the partially gasified char while flowing downwardly through the first stage portion 12. That reaction yields a first stage synthesis gas containing hydrogen and oxides of carbon and other products including molten slag formed from char ash.
- first stage portion 12 of gasification vessel 10 the reaction is conducted at a pressure of at least 50 atmospheres and preferably at a pressure greater than 70 atmospheres.
- the temperature and residence time of reactants in first stage portion 12 are controlled to assure rapid gasification of the char at a temperature above the char ash melting point.
- a temperature of at least 2,500F. is preferred, and a residence time of less than 2 seconds is preferred in the first stage of the process.
- the molten slag and first stage synthesis gas flow downwardly through a mixing portion, or throat, 22 in gasification vessel 10 wherein the velocity of the first stage synthesis gas and slag flowing into the upper por-v tion of the second stage portion 14 is increased.
- Coal and steam are introduced through nozzles 24 into an upper area 26 of second stage portion 14 near the location at which mixing portion 22 opens into second stage portion 14.
- coal and steam nozzles 24 can open into mixing portion 22 above second stage portion 14.
- Feeding of coal and steam through nozzles 24 and feeding of first stage synthesis gas and molten slag through mixing portion 22 assure the rapid and intimate mixing of those reactants upon their entry into the upper area 26 of second stage portion 14, thereby assuring rapid reaction of the coal with the first stage synthesis gas and steam and rapid transfer of a substantial quantity of sensible heat from the molten slag to the reacting coal.
- the molten slag cools and solidifies rapidly before any appreciable accumulation of molten slag on the walls of the gasification vessel 10 in second stage portion 14.
- the rapid transfer of heat from the slag to the coal also provides more complete and efficient utilization of the carbon.
- the coal reacts with the steam and first stage synthesis gas to yield a second stage product iiiEIIiEirTg partiEIE gasifEZT char entrained in a second stage product gas containing methane, hydrogen and oxides of carbon.
- the second stage reaction is conducted at a pressure of at least 50 atmospheres, and preferably greater than 70 atmospheres,
- the partially gasified char entrained in-the second stage product gas passes through a deflection portion 28 of gasification vessel 10, which changes the direction of flow of the second stage products and diverts them into the third stage portion 16 which extends upwardly around and partially encloses the second stage portion 14.
- the slag solidifies to form granules and larger particles which gravitate down through the entrained char and second stage product gas and collect, by reason of their greater density and larger size, in a slag collection portion 30 of gasification vessel 10 within third stage portion 16 below a deflection portion 28.
- the slag collected in portion 30 passes downwardly through a conduit 32 into an elutriation portion 34 of gasification vessel 10 where the slag is elutriated with steam, to separate the lighter particles of partially gasified char which are trapped in slag collection portion 30 from the slag.
- the elutriated char passes with a portion of the elutriation steam upwardly into third stage portion 16.
- Baffles or other deflecting means in the deflection portion 28 prevent the entry of the elutriated char into the second stage portion 14.
- The'he'avier slag particles pass with a portion of the elutriation steam downwardly through a conduit 36 into a slag quenching portion 38 where the slag is quenched with water and ultimately removed from the process through conduit 40 as cool slag.
- the dimensions of the third stage portion 16 are selected and maintained such that the char and second stage product gas form a fluidized bed in third stage portion 16 which partially encloses the second stage portion 14.
- the linear gas velocities in third stage portion 16 are controlled and maintained to assure the formation of the desired fluidized bed.
- Linear gas velocities in third stage portion 16 are suitable in the range from about 05m about 20.0 feet per second and linear gas velocities in the range of from about 1.0 to about 10.0 feet per second are preferred.
- the reaction in the third stage of the process is conducted near the pressure of the second stage.
- The. temperature maintained in the third stage is lower than the temperature in the second stage and the residence time for char in the third stage is substantially longer than the residence time in thefirst and second stages of the process.
- a third stage temperature in the range of from about l,500to about 1,650F. is suitable.
- the residence time of the char should be at least five times, and preferably 20 or more times, the residence time of the second stage product gas and other gases therein.
- a char residence time in the third'stage of 20 minutes or more is preferred, especially when high rank coals are used.
- partially gasified char entrained in a third stage product gas containing methane, hydrogen and oxides of 5 carbon
- a separator 44 such as a cyclone separator
- the char is conducted through conduit 46 to a steam ejector 48 where the char is mixed with steam at a pressure at least slightly greater than the pressure in first gasification stage.
- the char and steam are conducted through conduit 18 for recycling to the first stage portion 12 for further reaction in the process.
- Separated third stage product gas is withdrawn through conduit 50 and conveyed to purification apparatus 52 wherein third stage product gas is purified by conversion and the removal therefrom of carbon oxides, hydrogen sulfide and other impurities.
- the purified third stage product gas passes through conduit 54 to methanation apparatus 56 wherein the purified third stage product gas is catalytically methanated and removed through conduit 58 to yield a fuel gas containing at least approximately 70 percent methane by volume, and preferably at least 90 percent methane by volume.
- the process illustrated in FIG. 2 does not include passage of the first stage synthesis gas and other first stage reaction products through -a mixing portion or throat as was employed in the process illustrated in FIG. 1.
- the synthesis gas and other reaction products from the first stage pass directly into the upper portion 68 of a second gasification stage portion 70, where rapid and substantial mixing between and among the synthesis gas and other reaction products from first stage are effected by the introduction into the upper portion 68 of coal and superheated steam through nozzles 72 controlled to provide 'the necessary reactant velocities and direction to achieve the desired mixing and rapid heat transfer reaction.
- the first stage and second stage reaction temperatures, pressures and residence times are substantially the same as for those described in the process illustrated in FIG. I.
- a third gasification stage portion 74 is provided and maintained separate from the first stage portion 62 and second stage portion 70.
- Partially gasified char from the second stage, entrained in second stage product gas containing methane, hydrogen and oxides of carbon, is conducted through a conduit 76 to a lower portion 78 of third stage portion 74, where the second stage char is maintained in a fluidized bed by the hydrogen-rich second stage product gas.
- Third stage temperature, pressure and residence times are substantially the same as those described for the third stage of the process illustrated in FIG. 1.
- residence times can be longer and methane yield and carbon utilization can be higher while oxygen consumption is lower because separation of the third stage portion 74 from contact with the second stage portion avoids the transfer of heat from second stage portion 70 to the fluidized char bed in the third stage portion 74, which heat transfer might raise the temperature, especially in the upper portion of the fluidized char bed in the third stage portion 74, thereby tending to reduce the yield of methane from the reaction of carbon with hydrogen.
- slag is transported by the second stage product gas and entrained char through conduit 76 for collection in the lower portion 78 of third stage portion 74.
- the elutriation, quenching and removal of slag from th'irdstage portion 74 is conducted as previously described for the process illustrated in FIG. 1.
- process elements which are identical with process elements described in previous embodiments and drawings will be identified by identical reference numerals as used in said previous embodiments and drawings.
- third stage char and third stage product gas are the sameas described for the process illustrated in FIG. 1, with the exception that, in the instant process, hydrogen sulfide gas, removed from the third stage product gas in the purification process, is withdrawn through conduit 80 and reacted in a sulfur reclamation reactor, such asa Claus reactor 82, to produce elemental sulfur.
- a sulfur reclamation reactor such as a Claus reactor 82
- Second stage product gas and char introduced into the third stage portion 74 through conduit 76, are reacted in the third stage to produce partially gasified char entrained in a third stage product gas containing methane, hydrogen and oxides of carbon, while slag collection, elutriation and removal from the third stage portion 74 are conducted as previously described.
- third stage char and third stage product gas are removed through a conduit 82 from third stage portion .74 and quenched with water or other suitable fluid, and passed to a primary separator 84.
- Separator 84 separates the third stage product gas, steam and fine char entrained therein from the coarse heavier char particles from the third stage.
- the cooled coarse char is conducted through a conduit 86 to a steam ejector 88.
- the steam and coarse char are introduced through a conduit 90 into the lower portion 78 of third stage portion74 to enable further temperature control of the reactants in that stage and to provide additional carbon and other reactants in the char for the third stage reaction. Recycling of additional quantities of char, at low temperatures, to third stage portion 74 provides further increase in methane yield and' carbon consumption at low oxygen requirements.
- the third stage product gas and entrained fine char separated in primary separator 84 is withdrawn therefrom through a conduit 92 and passed to a secondary SEPARATE THIRD STAGE GASlFlCATlON WITH A COUNTER FLOW FLUIDIZED BED
- recycle char and steam are introduced through a conduit 104 into a first gasification stage portion 106 of a gasification vessel 108.
- Steam and oxygen are introduced through a conduit 110 into first stage portion 106 and flow upwardly therethrough with the recycled char into a second gasification stage portion 112.
- reaction conditions in the first and second stages are similar to those described for the other processes described herein except that flow through the first and second gasification stages is in the upward direction and a mixture of coal and steam is introduced through a conduit 114 into second stage portion 112 above the first stage portion 106 for entrainment in the first stage synthesis gas and other first stage products as the synthesis gas and other products travel upwardly into second stage portion 112.
- Molten slag formed from char ash produced in the first and second stages accumulates on the walls of the first and second stage portions 106 and 112 of gasification vessel 108.
- the accumulated molten slag gravitates to the lower portion 116 of the first stage portion 106 where the molten slag collects and is removed through a conduit 118 for quenching and disposal from the system.
- Second stage product gas with entrained char is removed through a conduit 120 and passed to a primary char separator 122.
- separator 122 the fine second stage char mixed with the second stage product gas is separated and removed from coarse char which is conducted through a conduit 124 to an upper portion 126 of third gasification stage portion 128.
- coarse char moves downwardly through third stage portion 128, a hydrogen-enriched gas is conducted through a conduit 130 to a lower portion 132 of third stage portion 128 and travels upwardly through the third stage portion 128 to form a fluidized bed with the downwardly moving coarse char.
- the instant process enables the use of a smaller size third stage portion 128 of gasification vessel 108 because the use of hydrogen or a hydrogen rich fluidizing gas permits higher methane yields with smaller'volumes of fluidizing gas.
- the hydrogen-rich gas is compressed to a pressure of at least 1,100 psig. before introduction into the third stage and maintains the gravitating coarse char in a fluidized bed.
- the gravitating coarse char passes the location of the point of introduction of the hydrogen-rich gas at lower portion 146, the gravitating char enters an elutriation portion 134 wherein the hydrogen-rich gas is replaced by an elutriating fluid such as steam.
- an char particles are carried upwardly by the elutriating steam from elutriation portion 134 and returned to the reaction in third stage.
- the remaining char particles elutriated in elutriation portion 134 pass downwardly therefrom through a conduit 136 to a steam ejector 138.
- a mixture of steam and char is then recycled through'conduit 104 to the first stage portion 106 as described above.
- the second stage product gas with entrained fine char removed from primary separator 122 is passed through a conduit 138 and mixed with quenching water for introduction into secondary separator 140.
- the third stage product gas with entrained char is conducted through a conduit 142 from the upper portion 126 of third stage portion 128 and mixes in conduit 138 with the quenched char and second stage product gas from primary separator 122 for introduction into secondary separator 140.
- the product gases from the second and third stages are separated from the char from the second and third stages.
- the separated char is conducted through a conduit 144 to an intermediate portion 146 of the elutriation portion 134 to mix with the coarse elutriated char in elutriation portion 134.
- the mixture in elutriation portion 134 of coarse elutriated char. and fine char from separator 140 is introduced through the conduit 136 into steam ejector 138 and pressurized to a pressure in excess of the pressure existing in the first gasification stage.
- a resulting mixture of char and ejector steam is recycled through the conduit 104 to the first stage portion 106 for further reaction in the process.
- the mixture of second and third stage product gases separated in secondary separator 140 is conducted through conduit 148 to purification apparatus 150 wherein the gases are passed through a water-gas shift reactor and the hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide are removed as separate streams.
- the hydrogen sulfide gas is conducted through conduit 152 to a sulfur conversion reactor 154, such as a Claus reactor, for conversion to elemental sulfur.
- Part of the purified product gases may be conducted through conduits 156 and 158 to a compressor 160 and then conducted through a conduit 130 to the third stage portion 128 while the remaining purified product gases are conducted through aconduit 162 to methanation apparatus 164.
- a portion of the purified product gases may be conducted through a conduit 156 to a hydrogen separator 168, which may be a cryogenic separator, wherein hydrogen or a hydrogen-rich gas is separated and withdrawn through a conduit 170 and passed to compressor 160 for delivery and recycling through conduit 130 of the hydrogen-rich gas to the third gasification stage portion 128 at a pressure greater than the pressure of the third stage, and preferably approximately l, l 00 psig.
- the purified product gas leaving the hydrogen separator 168 is conducted through a conduit-172 to the methanation apparatus 164 where the purified product gas is catalytically methanated to yield fuel gas containing at least percent methane by volume and preferably about percen methane by volume.
- Inordinate or undesirable temperature increase in the third stage is prevented by steam entering the third stage portion 128 from the elutriation portion 134 because the vaporized water in the steam entering the third stage reacts endothermically with carbon to produce carbon monoxide plus hydrogen gas.
- the process of this invention can be employed for the production of producer gas from the three stage gasification of coal.
- the combination of oxygen and steam fed into the first gasification stage is replaced by air as the gasification medium.
- the air should be preheated to within a range of about 900F. to about 1,300F. or more.
- the air is introduced into the first gasification stage for reaction with the recycle char therein. Reaction pressures in the three separate stages are maintained between approximately and approximately 60 atmospheres. The rest of the reaction conditions and process steps are as described hereinabove.
- the producer gas obtained by this process using preheated air as the first stage gasification medium is particularly suitable as an industrial fuel or as a fuel for power generation wherein emission of sulfur dioxide is not desirable.
- a process for gasifying coal comprising,
- a process for gasifying coal as set forth in claim 1 which includes,
- a process for gasifying coal as set forth in claim 1 which includes,
- a process for gasifying coal as set forth in claim 1 which includes,
- a process for gasifying coal as set forth in claim 1 which includes,
- a process for gasifying coal as set forth in claim which includes,
- a process for gasifying coal as set forth in claim 1 which includes,
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- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
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Priority Applications (8)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US00237333A US3840354A (en) | 1972-03-23 | 1972-03-23 | Three-stage gasification of coal |
DE2312600A DE2312600A1 (de) | 1972-03-23 | 1973-03-14 | Dreistufige vergasung von kohle |
ZA731773A ZA731773B (en) | 1972-03-23 | 1973-03-14 | Three stage gasification of coal |
JP48032515A JPS5224042B2 (fi) | 1972-03-23 | 1973-03-20 | |
AU53515/73A AU468919B2 (en) | 1973-03-20 | Three stage gasification of coal | |
GB1329073A GB1393635A (en) | 1972-03-23 | 1973-03-20 | Three stage gasification of coal |
CA166,455A CA991852A (en) | 1972-03-23 | 1973-03-20 | Three stage gasification of coal |
FR7310525A FR2177088A1 (fi) | 1972-03-23 | 1973-03-23 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US00237333A US3840354A (en) | 1972-03-23 | 1972-03-23 | Three-stage gasification of coal |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3840354A true US3840354A (en) | 1974-10-08 |
Family
ID=22893291
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US00237333A Expired - Lifetime US3840354A (en) | 1972-03-23 | 1972-03-23 | Three-stage gasification of coal |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3840354A (fi) |
JP (1) | JPS5224042B2 (fi) |
CA (1) | CA991852A (fi) |
DE (1) | DE2312600A1 (fi) |
FR (1) | FR2177088A1 (fi) |
GB (1) | GB1393635A (fi) |
ZA (1) | ZA731773B (fi) |
Cited By (36)
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US3904387A (en) * | 1974-08-26 | 1975-09-09 | Babcock & Wilcox Co | Fuel gas manufacture |
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DE3020684A1 (de) * | 1979-05-31 | 1980-12-11 | Avco Everett Res Lab Inc | Verbessertes verfahren zum vergasen kohlenstoffhaltiger stoffe |
US4278446A (en) * | 1979-05-31 | 1981-07-14 | Avco Everett Research Laboratory, Inc. | Very-high-velocity entrained-bed gasification of coal |
US4364745A (en) * | 1981-06-26 | 1982-12-21 | Standard Oil Company (Indiana) | Plant hydrocarbon recovery process |
GB2191782A (en) * | 1986-06-17 | 1987-12-23 | Midrex Int Bv | Method and apparatus for producing upgraded synthetic fuel gas from coal |
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JPS551915A (en) * | 1978-06-20 | 1980-01-09 | Kyosei Tekko Kk | Correcting apparatus for roundness of circular material |
DE2947222C2 (de) * | 1979-11-23 | 1987-05-07 | Carbon Gas Technologie GmbH, 4030 Ratingen | Vorrichtung zur Vergasung von festen, staubförmigen bis stückigen kohlenstoffhaltigen Brennstoffen und deren Verwendung |
DE19747324C2 (de) * | 1997-10-28 | 1999-11-04 | Bodo Wolf | Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung von Brenn-, Synthese- und Reduktionsgas aus nachwachsenden und fossilen Brennstoffen, Biomassen, Müll oder Schlämmen |
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CN106147865B (zh) * | 2016-07-19 | 2019-10-01 | 陕西中核交大超洁能源技术有限公司 | 连续式超临界水套管反应器气化有机物的方法和装置 |
-
1972
- 1972-03-23 US US00237333A patent/US3840354A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1973
- 1973-03-14 DE DE2312600A patent/DE2312600A1/de active Pending
- 1973-03-14 ZA ZA731773A patent/ZA731773B/xx unknown
- 1973-03-20 GB GB1329073A patent/GB1393635A/en not_active Expired
- 1973-03-20 JP JP48032515A patent/JPS5224042B2/ja not_active Expired
- 1973-03-20 CA CA166,455A patent/CA991852A/en not_active Expired
- 1973-03-23 FR FR7310525A patent/FR2177088A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU5351573A (en) | 1974-09-26 |
JPS497304A (fi) | 1974-01-23 |
ZA731773B (en) | 1974-10-30 |
DE2312600A1 (de) | 1973-10-18 |
GB1393635A (en) | 1975-05-07 |
CA991852A (en) | 1976-06-29 |
FR2177088A1 (fi) | 1973-11-02 |
JPS5224042B2 (fi) | 1977-06-29 |
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