US3839694A - Thermally sensitive electrical switch - Google Patents

Thermally sensitive electrical switch Download PDF

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Publication number
US3839694A
US3839694A US00339000A US33900073A US3839694A US 3839694 A US3839694 A US 3839694A US 00339000 A US00339000 A US 00339000A US 33900073 A US33900073 A US 33900073A US 3839694 A US3839694 A US 3839694A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
chamber
conductive
switch according
switching means
response
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US00339000A
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English (en)
Inventor
Rocher G Du
Clure G Mc
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Lear Corp EEDS and Interiors
Original Assignee
Essex International Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Essex International Inc filed Critical Essex International Inc
Priority to US00339000A priority Critical patent/US3839694A/en
Priority to CA191,856A priority patent/CA1016979A/en
Priority to GB750874A priority patent/GB1433433A/en
Priority to FR7407692A priority patent/FR2220862B1/fr
Priority to IT49072/74A priority patent/IT1008376B/it
Priority to BR1693/74A priority patent/BR7401693D0/pt
Priority to JP49025823A priority patent/JPS49120176A/ja
Priority to DE2411022A priority patent/DE2411022C3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3839694A publication Critical patent/US3839694A/en
Assigned to UNITED TECHNOLOGIES AUTOMOTIVES, INC., A CORP. OF DE reassignment UNITED TECHNOLOGIES AUTOMOTIVES, INC., A CORP. OF DE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: ESSEX GROUP, INC.
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01K5/00—Measuring temperature based on the expansion or contraction of a material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H1/00—Contacts
    • H01H1/02—Contacts characterised by the material thereof
    • H01H1/021—Composite material
    • H01H1/029—Composite material comprising conducting material dispersed in an elastic support or binding material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H37/00—Thermally-actuated switches
    • H01H37/02—Details
    • H01H37/32—Thermally-sensitive members
    • H01H37/36—Thermally-sensitive members actuated due to expansion or contraction of a fluid with or without vaporisation

Definitions

  • a thermally sensitive electrical switch comprises a body having a chamber therein occupied at one end by a thermally expansible and contractile material and at the other end by a resilient, deformable, elastomeric switching pad operable in response to the app1ication of compressive force thereto to establish an electrically conductive path between electrical conduct ors.
  • a deformable force transmitting member preferably is interposed between the thermally expansible material and the switching pad to compress the latter and to assist in decompressing the pad upon contraction of the expansible material.
  • the invention disclosed herein relates to a thermally sensitive switch operable in response to a predetermined rise in temperature to actuate an electrical signal.
  • a switch of the kind with which the invention is concerned has many applications one of which is that of sensing the temperature of an automotive engine coolant or transmission fluid and actuating a warning signal in the event of overheating.
  • Switches of the kind to which the invention relates have been proposed heretofore, but not all of them have been altogether satisfactory for a number of reasons.
  • some of the known switches have incorporated one or more bimetallic parts which are responsive to changes intemperature to energize and deenergize a signaling device.
  • Such bimetallic members are expensive to manufacture and require careful calibration if they are to function reliably. The calibration procedure is time consuming, requires considerable skill, and therefore is expensive.
  • switches Although others of the known switches have overcome the diffculties referred to above by providing switch contacts carried by spring arms located within the probe and utilizing a thermally expansible and contractile substance to effect movements of the springmounted contacts, such switches also require calibration. in addition, such contacts are subject to pitting and corrosion due to arcing, thereby adversely affecting the reliability and longevity of such switches.
  • An object of this invention is to provide a thermally sensitive switch which overcomes the disadvantages of switches used heretofore for similar purposes.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a thermally sensitive switchwhich requires little or no calibration and which overcomes the disadvantages normally associated with arcing between contacts.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide a switch of the character described which is economical to manufacture and install.
  • FIG. 1 is an elevational view of a switch constructed in accordance with one embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a vertical sectional view taken on the line 2-2 of FIG. 1 and illustrating the switch in its open or non-conductive condition;
  • FIG. 3 is a view similar to FIG. 2, but illustrating the switch in its closed or conductive condition
  • FIG. 4 is a vertical sectional view of another embodiment of the invention and illustrating the switch in its open or non-conductive condition
  • HO. 5 is a view similar toFIG. 4, but illustrating the switch in its conductive condition.
  • a switch constructed in accordance with the embodiment of the invention-shown in FIGS. 1 3 comprises a body 1 formed of electrically conductive metal and having a cylindrical casing 2.
  • One end 3 of the casing tapers and is externally threaded as at 4 so as to be threaded into an opening formed in the block (not shown) of a conventional internal combustion engine, for example.
  • the opposite end of the casing 2 has a flange 5 provided with flats 6 to facilitate the fitting of the body 2 to the cylinder head.
  • the body 1 defines a multiple part chamber 7 which extends axially of the casing 2. Extending inwardly from the free end of the casing 2 the chamber has a first portion 8 of greatest cross-sectional area which communicates with an intermediate, tapering throat portion 9 which, in turn, communicates with a cylindrical portion 10 of considerably less cross-sectional area than that of the chamber portion 8.
  • the chamber portion 10 communicates with a cylindrical chamber portion 11 which extends to the opposite end of the body 1.
  • An upstanding flange 12 surrounds the chamber portion 11 at the mouth thereof.
  • a rigid insulator block 13 Fitted into the chamber portion 11 is a rigid insulator block 13 through which extends an electrical conductor or electrode 14 that is connected by wiring via a signal lamp L to a battery B or other electrical energy source.
  • the electrode 14 has a reduced neck 15 between its ends to prevent relative axial movement of the electrode and the insulator 13, and the latter is prevented from axial movement relative to the body 1 by a shoulder 16 at the juncture of the chamber portions 10 and 11 and byrpeening the flange 12 over the insulator 13 as is'shown clearly in H68. .2 and 3.
  • the construction and arrangement of the parts thus far described are such that the inner end of the electrode 14 communicates with the chamber portion 10.
  • the body 1 includes a cup-shaped member 17 formed of a heat conductive metal having a preferably flat bottom wall 18 and an upstanding side wall 19.
  • the diameter of the side wall 19 is enlarged between its ends to form a shoulder 20, the enlarged diameter of the side wall being such as to enable the member 17 to fit snugly within the chamber portion 8.
  • the member 17 is maintained in the chamber portion 8 by a shoulder 21 adjacent the inner end of the chamber 8 and by a peened over flange 22 on the casing 2.
  • the member 17 contains a quantity of thermally expansible and contractile material which expands volumetrically in response to a rise in its temperature.
  • the material 23 is one whose expansion is relatively insignificant until a predetermined, critical temperature is reached, whereupon the material expands quite rapidly.
  • One known thermally expansible and contractile material having the desired characteristics is a microcrystaline wax (either with or without metallic particles) manufactured by Vernay Laboratories, Inc. The temperature at which such wax material liquifies and expands rapidly varies in accordance with the specific formulation of the wax and such waxes having greatly different expansion temperatures may be obtained by specifying the expansion temperature desired.
  • a wax material adapted for use in a device to sense engine coolant temperature may have a critical or expansion temperature of about 200 F. for non-pressurized coolant systems or of about 220 F. for pressurized systems. Waxes currently available have critical temperatures as high as 270 F.
  • the member 24 comprises a body 25 of generally frustoconical configuration having a peripheral flange 26 provided with an annular groove in its lower surface.
  • the free end of the cup wall 19 has an endless rib 27 which fits into the groove and forms a peripheral seal around the open end of the cup member 17.
  • the taper of the body 25 corresponds to the taper of the chamber throat 9 and the body 25 terminates in a short, cylindrical foot portion 28 which extends a short distance into the chamber portion 10.
  • a molded switching member 29 comprising a resilient, deformable pad of elastomeric, non-conductive material such as silicone rubber throughout which is dispersed a plurality of electrically conductive particles.
  • the particles preferably comprise copper or other base metal spheres coated with a noble metal, such as silver, which has a low electrical resistance and which, if it oxidizes, produces an electrically conductive oxide.
  • the cross-sectional area of the switching member 29, when it is not subjected to compressive force preferably is less than the cross-sectional area of the chamber portion so as to provide a space 30 between the member 29 and the wall of the chamber 10 into which the member 29 may expand when it is subjected to compressive force.
  • the compresive force to which the member 29 must be subjected to convert it from non-conductive condition to conductive condition depends upon several factors, such as the thickness and durometer hardness of the elastomer, the quantity and diameter of the metal particles, and the pressure under which the member 29 originally was molded. These factors are described in detail in co-pending application Ser. No. 857,941, filed Sept. 15, 1969, and to which reference may be had for a more thorough discussion. Briefly, however, the compressive force required to convert the member 29 from non-conductive to conductive condition is directly proportional to the thickness and hardness of the pad and is inversely proportional to the size and quantity of the particles contained in the pad. Thus, a given switching member may be rendered conductive in response to light or heavy compressive forces, depending upon the operating characteristics desired.
  • the switching member 29 normally is not conductive, but is rendered electrically conductive when it is subjected to an axially compressive force sufficient to deform it radially outwardly into engagement with the wall of the chamber portion 10.
  • a sufficient number of the electrically conductive particles contained in the pad will be moved into engagement with one another to form one or more trains of engaged particles bridging the space between the electrode and the wall of the casing 2, thereby establishing an electrically conductive path between the electrode 14 and that portion of the casing 2 adjacent the switch member 29.
  • the resistance of the current path corresponds to the resistance of the particles.
  • the body 1 may be threaded into an opening formed in the block of an engine so as to locate the cup member 17 in a position to sense the temperature of the engine coolant, for example.
  • the casing 2 is electrically grounded.
  • the switch member 29 remains relatively uncompressed and no current path exists through the member 29.
  • the temperature rises to the critical temperature of the material 23 however, it liquifies and suddenly expands in volume and applies a force on the member 24 displacing the foot 28 toward the member 29 and compressing the latter so as to render it electrically conductive and expand it radially into engagement with the wall of the casing 2.
  • the wall of the chamber portion 10 guides the foot 28 during movement of the latter.
  • the chamber throat 9 is formed to have an included angle approaching 90, as a result of which a portion of the body 25 is partially extruded into the chamber portion 10 and is simultaneously compressed by the wall of the throat. Significant spring energy thus is stored in the member 24 when it effects compression of the member 29.
  • the material 23 solidifies and contracts thereby relieving the force applied on the member 24.
  • the spring energy stored in the member 24 then effects sufficient withdrawal of the foot 28 from the chamber 10 to enable the switch member 29 to be decompressed and reassume its non-conductive condition.
  • the size and number of the discrete conductive particles contained within the switching member 29 will vary in accordance with the value of the current which must be accommodated by the particles.
  • Spherical particles ranging in size from 0.003 inch to 0.008 inch in diameter and constituting between about 93 weight percent of the pad have been found to be satisfactory to accommodate current values encountered in automotive vehicles. Larger size particles may be employed in switches adapted for use in circuits having current values greater than those encountered in vehicles.
  • the pad contains so many particles that particles other than those which may be damaged by arcing will form a conductive train through the pad.
  • the useful life of the switching member 29 greatly exceeds that of conventional contacts which engage and disengage each other repetitively.
  • the quantity of wax material 23 contained in the cup 17 and the extent of compression required to convert the switching member from its non-conductive condition to its conductive condition are such that the switch is rendered conductive in response to a rise in temperature of the material 23 within only a few degrees of the critical temperature of the wax.
  • calibration of the apparatus normally is not required inasmuch as it is the critical temperature of the wax which triggers operation of the switch. If it is desired to assure operation of the switch at the critical wax temperature, however, this may be accomplished by indenting the base 18 of the cup 17, as shown in dotted lines in FIG. 3, so as to lightly preload the diaphragm 24.
  • the embodiment of the invention disclosed in FIGS. 4 and 5 is similar in many respects to the previously described embodiment and differs from the latter primarily in that the body itself forms no part of the electrical current path.
  • the modified embodiment has a body 33 comprising a tapered, externally threaded metal casing shank 34 terminating at one end in a heat conductive probe 35 adapted to sense changes in temperature.
  • the other end of the casing shank 34 terminates in an enlarged sleeve 36 having wrench accommodating flats (not shown) on its outer surface.
  • the sleeve 36 defines a cavity 37 which communicates with a chamber 38 formed in the shank 34. Between the cavity 37 and the chamber 38 is a shoulder having an annular groove 39 therein.
  • an insulating block 40 forming part of the body 33 and being retained in the cavity 37 by a peened over flange 41 carried by the sleeve 36.
  • a chamber 42 Adjacent the inner end of the block 40 is a chamber 42 which communicates with the chamber 38 via a tapered throat 43 similar to the throat 9.
  • Extending into the block 40 and communicating with the chamber 42 is a pair of spaced apart, electrically conductive electrodes 44, 45, the inner ends of the electrodes preferably being cut away on arcs corresponding to the curvature of the chamber 42 so that the electrodes constitute portions of the wall of the chamber.
  • Occupying the chamber 42 is a switching member 46 similar in all respects to the switching member 29 and having a cross-sectional area less than that of the chamber 42.
  • the switching member is straddled by the electrodes 44 and 45.
  • a thermally expansible and contractile wax material 47 occupies the chamber 38.
  • a force transmitting member or diaphragm 48 similar to the member 24 and having a body 49 provided with a peripheral, annularly grooved flange 50 which interfits with the groove 39 to seal the chamber 38.
  • the body 49 tapers complementally to the taper of the throat 43 and terminates in a foot 51 which projects a short distance into the chamber 42 to fonn a seat for the switching member 46.
  • a disc 52 of insulating material positioned at the base of the cavity 42 forms a bearing surface opposite the foot 51. The switching member thus is sandwiched between two insulating members. The disc 52 avoids engagement between the switching member and the electrodes until such time as the switching member has been deformed radially an amount sufficient to bridge the space between the electrodes.
  • the body 33 is threaded into an opening formed in the engine block or other device whose temperature is to be sensed.
  • the electrode 44 is connected by wiring 53 to a battery B or other source of electrical energy, and the electrode 45 is connected by wiring 54 to a grounded lamp L or other signal.
  • the expansiblematerial 47 is so formulated as to have a normal, non-expanded volume until a predetermined, critical temperature is sensed. In the non-expanded condition of the material 47, the switching member 46 is non-compressed and is electrically non-conductive.
  • the material 47 When the temperature sensed by the material 47 falls below its critical temperature, the material contracts, thereby enabling the spring energy stored in the stressed force applying member 48 to return the latter to its original condition.
  • the inherent resilience of the switching member 46 decompresses it so as to break the circuit to the signal L.
  • the critical temperature at which a device constructed according to the invention operates can be varied in other ways.
  • the stiffer or harder the diaphragm 25 or 51 the greater the resistance exerted thereby to the expansion of the expansible material.
  • a higher temperature will be required to enable the expansible material to deform the diaphragm and render the switching member conductive.
  • the stiffness or hardness of the diaphragm may be varied by conventional molding techniques, including the introduction of non-conductive powders to silicone resin during the molding of the diaphragm to increase its durometer hardness.
  • a thermally sensitive switch comprising a heat conductive body having first and second chambers therein and a tapered throat establishing communication between said chambers; normally unconnected, electrically conductive means in one of said chambers; resilient, compressively deformable switching means occupying said one of said chambers and responsive to the application of compressive force thereto to electrically connect said conductive means; thermally expansible and contractile means occupying the other of said chambers and operable in response to a rise in its temperature to expand in a direction toward said one of said chambers; and resilient, deformable force transmitting means occupying said tapered throat and operable in response to expansion of said expansible and contractile means to engage and transmit compressive force to said switching means, the taper of said throat effecting compression of said force transmitting means and storage therein of spring energy sufficient to effect withdrawal of said force transmitting means from compressive engagement with said switching means in response to contraction of said expansible and contractile means.
  • a switch according to claim 1 wherein said switching means is normally non-conductive and is rendered conductive in response to the application of compressive force thereto.
  • a switch according to claim'l wherein said electrically conductive means comprises a portion of said body communicating with said chamber and a conductor insulated from said body and communicating with said chamber.
  • a switch according to claim 1 wherein said electrically conductive means comprises a pair of conductors insulated from each other and from said body and communicating with said chamber.
  • a switch according to claim 1 wherein said switching means comprises a pad of non-conductive, elastomeric material containing a plurality of discrete, electrically conductive particles.
  • a thermally sensitive switch comprising a heat conductive body defining a chamber having a lesser cross-sectional area at one end than at its other end, and a throat establishing communication between the different cross-sectional areas of said chamber and tapering in the direction of said one end of said chamber; spaced apart electrically conductive means communicating with said chamber at said one end thereof; resilient, compressively deformable switching means located at said one end of said chamber and being of less cross-sectional area than that of said one end of said chamber, said switching means beinf deformable in response to the application of compressive force thereto to correspond substantially in cross-sectional area to the cross-sectional area of said one end of said chamber and bridge said conductive means; thermally expansible and contractile means occupying the other end of said chamber and operable in response to a rise in temperat ure to expand in a direction toward said switching means; and resilient, deformable force transmitting means interposed between said switching means and said thermally expansible and contractile means and occupying said tapered throat, said force transmitting means
  • a switch according to claim 9 wherein said conductive means comprises a conductor in engagement with said switching means, and a portion of said body adjacent said one end of said chamber.
  • a switch according to claim 9 wherein said conductive means comprises a pair of conductors extending into said chamber at said one end thereof and straddling said switching means.
  • a switch according to claim 9 wherein said switching means is normally non-conductive and is rendered conductive in response to the application of compressive force thereto.
  • a switch according to claim 9 wherein said switching means comprises a pad of non-conductive, elastomeric material containing a plurality of discrete, electrically conductive particles.
  • a switch according to claim 9 wherein said force transmitting means is composed of a resilient material having a normal hardness and containing a substance in an amount sufficient to vary said normal hardness.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Thermally Actuated Switches (AREA)
  • Push-Button Switches (AREA)
US00339000A 1973-03-07 1973-03-07 Thermally sensitive electrical switch Expired - Lifetime US3839694A (en)

Priority Applications (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00339000A US3839694A (en) 1973-03-07 1973-03-07 Thermally sensitive electrical switch
CA191,856A CA1016979A (en) 1973-03-07 1974-02-04 Thermally sensitive electrical switch
GB750874A GB1433433A (en) 1973-03-07 1974-02-19 Thermally sensitive electrical switch
FR7407692A FR2220862B1 (de) 1973-03-07 1974-03-06
IT49072/74A IT1008376B (it) 1973-03-07 1974-03-07 Interruttore elettrico termosensi bile
BR1693/74A BR7401693D0 (pt) 1973-03-07 1974-03-07 Interruptor termicamente sensivel
JP49025823A JPS49120176A (de) 1973-03-07 1974-03-07
DE2411022A DE2411022C3 (de) 1973-03-07 1974-03-07 Elektrischer Wärmeschalter

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00339000A US3839694A (en) 1973-03-07 1973-03-07 Thermally sensitive electrical switch

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3839694A true US3839694A (en) 1974-10-01

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US00339000A Expired - Lifetime US3839694A (en) 1973-03-07 1973-03-07 Thermally sensitive electrical switch

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US3839694A (de)
JP (1) JPS49120176A (de)
BR (1) BR7401693D0 (de)
CA (1) CA1016979A (de)
DE (1) DE2411022C3 (de)
FR (1) FR2220862B1 (de)
GB (1) GB1433433A (de)
IT (1) IT1008376B (de)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3918020A (en) * 1974-10-24 1975-11-04 Essex International Inc Multi-stage switching apparatus
US3979570A (en) * 1973-05-16 1976-09-07 Kabushiki Kaisha Tokai Rika Denki Seisakusho Switching apparatus
DE2749615A1 (de) * 1977-11-05 1979-05-10 Behr Thomson Dehnstoffregler Temperaturabhaengiges schaltgeraet
US4155062A (en) * 1977-09-22 1979-05-15 Essex Group, Inc. Thermally sensitive electrical switch
US20030189966A1 (en) * 2002-04-08 2003-10-09 Woodlane Environmental Technology, Inc. Thermostat assembly

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2625561B2 (de) * 1976-06-05 1980-02-21 Behr-Thomson Dehnstoffregler Gmbh, 7014 Kornwestheim Regelkreis zur Durchflußregelung eines flüssigen oder gasförmigen Mediums
US4225841A (en) * 1977-07-21 1980-09-30 Behr-Thomson Dehnstoffregler Gmbh Temperature-dependent switch
JPS58154545U (ja) * 1982-04-12 1983-10-15 株式会社日立製作所 ス−パ−ヒ−トスイツチ

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2744981A (en) * 1953-06-16 1956-05-08 Morton F Spears Means for controlling current flow in electric circuits
US3212337A (en) * 1960-11-03 1965-10-19 Texas Instruments Inc Thermally responsive actuators
US3509296A (en) * 1967-10-23 1970-04-28 Ncr Co Resilient variable-conductivity circuit controlling means

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1025676B (de) * 1952-11-07 1958-03-06 Gen Motors Corp Kraftelement fuer auf Waermeschwankungen ansprechende Regeleinrichtungen
US3648002A (en) * 1970-05-04 1972-03-07 Essex International Inc Current control apparatus and methods of manufacture

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2744981A (en) * 1953-06-16 1956-05-08 Morton F Spears Means for controlling current flow in electric circuits
US3212337A (en) * 1960-11-03 1965-10-19 Texas Instruments Inc Thermally responsive actuators
US3509296A (en) * 1967-10-23 1970-04-28 Ncr Co Resilient variable-conductivity circuit controlling means

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3979570A (en) * 1973-05-16 1976-09-07 Kabushiki Kaisha Tokai Rika Denki Seisakusho Switching apparatus
US3918020A (en) * 1974-10-24 1975-11-04 Essex International Inc Multi-stage switching apparatus
US4155062A (en) * 1977-09-22 1979-05-15 Essex Group, Inc. Thermally sensitive electrical switch
DE2749615A1 (de) * 1977-11-05 1979-05-10 Behr Thomson Dehnstoffregler Temperaturabhaengiges schaltgeraet
US20030189966A1 (en) * 2002-04-08 2003-10-09 Woodlane Environmental Technology, Inc. Thermostat assembly
US6879239B2 (en) * 2002-04-08 2005-04-12 Woodlane Environmental Technology, Inc. Thermostat assembly

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BR7401693D0 (pt) 1974-11-05
IT1008376B (it) 1976-11-10
DE2411022A1 (de) 1974-09-19
FR2220862A1 (de) 1974-10-04
DE2411022C3 (de) 1983-11-24
JPS49120176A (de) 1974-11-16
GB1433433A (en) 1976-04-28
DE2411022B2 (de) 1978-01-19
FR2220862B1 (de) 1978-10-27
CA1016979A (en) 1977-09-06

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AS Assignment

Owner name: UNITED TECHNOLOGIES AUTOMOTIVES, INC., A CORP. OF

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:ESSEX GROUP, INC.;REEL/FRAME:004933/0578

Effective date: 19880223