US3837931A - Composite iron-base metal product - Google Patents

Composite iron-base metal product Download PDF

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US3837931A
US3837931A US00128738A US12873871A US3837931A US 3837931 A US3837931 A US 3837931A US 00128738 A US00128738 A US 00128738A US 12873871 A US12873871 A US 12873871A US 3837931 A US3837931 A US 3837931A
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carbon
metal
elements
base
plate
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US00128738A
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T Nemoto
K Kuniya
T Tamamura
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Hitachi Ltd
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Hitachi Ltd
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C47/00—Making alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments
    • C22C47/02—Pretreatment of the fibres or filaments
    • C22C47/06—Pretreatment of the fibres or filaments by forming the fibres or filaments into a preformed structure, e.g. using a temporary binder to form a mat-like element
    • C22C47/062—Pretreatment of the fibres or filaments by forming the fibres or filaments into a preformed structure, e.g. using a temporary binder to form a mat-like element from wires or filaments only
    • C22C47/068—Aligning wires
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
    • B23K20/22—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating taking account of the properties of the materials to be welded
    • B23K20/227—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating taking account of the properties of the materials to be welded with ferrous layer
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C47/00—Making alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments
    • C22C47/20—Making alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments by subjecting to pressure and heat an assembly comprising at least one metal layer or sheet and one layer of fibres or filaments
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12444—Embodying fibers interengaged or between layers [e.g., paper, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12486—Laterally noncoextensive components [e.g., embedded, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12951—Fe-base component
    • Y10T428/12958—Next to Fe-base component
    • Y10T428/12965—Both containing 0.01-1.7% carbon [i.e., steel]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12951—Fe-base component
    • Y10T428/12972—Containing 0.01-1.7% carbon [i.e., steel]

Definitions

  • COMPOSITE IRON-BASE METAL PRODUCT Inventors: Tadashi Nemoto, Tokyo; Keiichi Kuniya; Takeo Tamamura, both of Hitachi, all of Japan Assignee: Hitachi, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan Filed: Mar. 29, 1971 Appl. No.: 128,738
  • a composite iron-base metal product comprising an iron-base metal in which a martensitic structure having a high mechanical strength is formed in a particular portion of the base metal whereby the tensile strength and rupture strength in the direction of orientation of the martensitic structure are improved.
  • the fiberreinforced composite metal material thus produced has advantages over fiber-reinforced plastics in that the poor strength and poor elasticity of the base metal are sufficiently covered up and overcome by the fibers and a far higher heat resistance than that of fiber-reinforced plastic material is obtained.
  • the present invention is intended to meet all of these factors, and, therefore, the primary object of this invention is to provide a novel composite iron-base metal product in which the properties of the elements included in the base metal are varied.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a method for producing such composite metal products.
  • the composite iron-base metal products of the present invention can be obtained by giving a certain directionality to the grains produced by the reaction between the base metal and the elements reactable therewith.
  • the method of producing such composite metal products according to the present invention comprises, essentially, the steps of incorporating in an iron-base metal the elements reactable therewith in such a manner that they are kept safe from the influence of oxygen,- and reacting them by a heat treatment at a temperature lower than the melting point of the base metal.
  • the application of the present invention to iron-type composite metal products is characterized by employing the concept of a transformation of the structure. It is a typical embodiment of the present invention to form a martensite structure with a certain directionality in an iron base having high strength, thereby maintaining the strength of the product with the presence of martensite and to compensate for the brittleness of martensite with the tenacious nature of base iron.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph showing the relationship between the tensile strength and carbon content of ordinary martensitic alloyed steel
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing the effect of carbon content on 0.6 percent proof stress of an iron-nickelcarbon alloyed steel
  • FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between tensile strength and elongation percentage and carbon content of martensitic carbon steel, and;
  • FIGS. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 are perspective views illustrating various embodiments of the composite metal products of the invention.
  • FIG. 1 shows the tensile strength, in comparison with carbon content, of the martensite structure of alloyed steel for general use when it is tempered at 200C. Since these alloyed steel materials were produced by ignoring their elasticity, they have an extremely small elongation percentage. For the sake of comparison, similar data are also given for carbon steel, but these data are the presumed values which are considered to be intrinsically possessed by carbon steel. It will be understood from this figure that the tensile strength of martensite is improved proportionally to an increase of the carbon content.
  • FIG. 2 shows the results of experiments conducted with the iron-nickel-carbon alloyed steel as an example to show the proof stress of martensite steel.
  • the 0.6 percent proof stress [the quotient obtained by dividing the load (kg), at which a permanent elongation of 0.6 percent takes place, by the original sectional area (mm of the parallel part in a tensile test or compression test] is given on the ordinate, and the carbon and nickel contents are shown on the abscissae.
  • curve (I) shows the compression proof stress observed in a compression test after an aging treatment for three hours at C.
  • curve (2) shows the tensile proof stress observed in a tensile test with no age treatment being conducted. It is to be noted from FIG. 2 that the tensile strength is steadily increased. until the carbon content reaches the 0.6 percent level. It has thus been found that the strength characteristic of martensite is improved proportionally to an increase in the carbon content until the latter reaches the 0.5 to 0.6 percent level, but above that level, no such improvement is observed.
  • FIG. 3 wherein the tensile strength and elongation percentage of the three carbon steel martensite test pieces having different carbon contents from each other are shown in relation to tempering temperature.
  • curves (3) and (3a) represent steel containing 0.34 percent of carbon and being oil-quenched starting from 850C
  • curves (4) and (4a) represent steel containing 0.65 percent of carbon and being oil-quenched starting from 850C
  • curves (5) and (50) represent steel containing 0.99 percent of carbon and being waterquenched from 750C.
  • Curves (3), (4) and (5) show tensile strength
  • curves (3a), (4a) and (5a) show elongation percentage.
  • the present invention also overthrows the conventional conception of fiber-reinforced composite metal materials, which dictates that it is necessary to previously prepare the martensite fibers, which are very difficult to produce, since it is contemplated to utilize for reinforcement the particles of martensite produced by reaction between the iron base and carbon introduced therein. Hence, the technical difficulties in this respect are removed. Furthermore, the utilization of the reaction between the iron base and carbon brings about the advantage that the element incorporated may be, in itself, weak fibers or may be in the form of a powder or foil. It should, however, be kept in mind that, in the case of using a powder or foil, the martensite grains must be arranged with directionality.
  • one of the important features of the present invention is that the element incorporated in the metal base becomes a component of the base through reaction therewith and, as a result, a metal product presenting the same structure as that of an alloy product is obtained.
  • the average tensile strength 8 of this material when a tensile force is acting in the fiber direction, is expressed by the following formula:
  • martensite grains having a 1 percent carbon content are produced in a ferrite base such that the amount of martensite takes 70 percent (in one embodiment) and 50 percent (in another embodiment) of the entire composite metal material.
  • the carbon content in carbon steel martensite reaches a 1 percent level, a premature rupture phenomenon is caused and, therefore, a true tensile strength is not exhibited.
  • the tensile strength of martensite of low carbon content 0.1 to 0.6 percent
  • it may be considered that the tensile strength of martensite containing 1 percent carbon must be about 320 kg/mm when it is tempered at 200C.
  • the tensile strength of ferrite is estimated to be about 31 kglmm
  • the stress 6', of the base metal, that is, ferrite in this case, in rupture strain of the composite metal material may be estimated to be about 14 to 17 kg/mm
  • grooves 2 are formed in a metal base 1 and that elements 3 reactable with the base metal are disposed in said grooves in a manner as shown in FIG. 5.
  • Formation of grooves 2 in the metal base 1 may be accomplished by using any suitable conventional mechanical method, such as, for example, marking-off. It is also possible to employ photo-etching, which is popularly used in semiconductor devices. It is preferable not to make the depth of the grooves 2 too large. This is because if the groove depth is too large, the grooves will not vanish and will remain as voids even if subjected to rolling after or during the manufacture of the composite metal products. The presence of such voids causes a decline of strength.
  • the grooves are provided in sufficient number to satisfy the required volume ratio of the elements disposed therein. It is to be noted that if these grooves are pro vided in regular order in one direction alone, a variation of characteristic by reaction between the metal base and the elements appears conspicuously only in that direction, with substantially no effect appearing in the direction which crosses the above-said direction, so that, if necessary, similar grooves can be provided in the crossing direction also.
  • the elements 3 reactable with the base metal are then placed in the grooves. It should be noted that if the elements thus placed in position are directly subjected to heating in an oxygen atmosphere, they will be oxidized to produce an oxide, such as, for example, CO or CD so that the desired results will not be obtained. It is therefore necessary to conduct a heating treatment after sealing the grooves 2 so as to keep them free from the influence of oxygen.
  • One of the convenient measures for carrying out this treatment is to place a new metal base 1A in close contact with the surface of the metal base 1 where the grooves 2 are formed, as shown in FIG. 4.
  • holes 4 are provided in the metal base 11 and the element 3 reactable with the base metal are placed in said holes.
  • These holes may be formed easily by the use of a drill or other like means. Since it is difficult to form small holes from the beginning, it is recommended to first form comparatively large holes and then to stretch the metal base 11 by rolling to thereby make the holes smaller. It is also practical to arrange, with a certain directionality, the elements 3 reactable with the base metal directly on the surface of a flat plate-shaped metal base 1, as shown in FIG. 7, and to let them react under this state.
  • a prevention against oxidation of the elements 3 may be achieved by using new metal bases 1A, 1B and 11C in the same manner as in the case where the grooves 2 are provided in the metal bases are to be combined together integrally, they are first suitably bundled together as shown in the figure, with the contacting faces being welded together, and are then subjected to a rolling operation to remove the grooves into the form of a plate.
  • the reactable elements in the metal base, it is also possible to include other kinds of elements along with the mentioned reactable elements.
  • FIG. 10 An example of such a situation is illustrated in FIG. 10, where the elements 3 and 3A are disposed in the grooves 2 formed in the metal base 1.
  • Both elements 3 and 3A may be elements which react with the base metal or with each other.
  • the element 3A may be an element which does not react either with the base metal or with the element 3. in this case, high strength fine fibers are preferred.
  • the elements 3A are capable of reacting with base metal 1 or with the elements 3, it is possible to control excess diffusion of the elements 3 into the metal base.
  • an iron-carbon alloy base is previously prepared and pure iron is distrumped therein with a certain directionality, the structure then being subjected to heat treatment.
  • the amount of included pure iron, which is reacted with carbon in the base, is extremely small, so that it is reduced into ferrite while the base metal is turned into martensite.
  • the proper range of heat treatment temperature and heating time may vary according to the thickness and composition of the metal base and the amount of elements included in the base, but, basically, the purpose can be obtained if such temperature is above the lower threshold temperature at which the base metal and the elements are reacted.
  • the heat treatment is preferably conducted within the temperature range of from 770 to 850C.
  • a rise of the heat treatment temperature promotes diffusion of the elements into the base, so that when it is desired to further raise the heat treatment temperature, the heating time can be shortened correspondingly.
  • EXAMPLE 1 Grooves about 0.1 mm. in depth and width were formed at intervals of about 2 mm., by marking-off, on the surface of a pure iron plate having a thickness of mm., a width of 100 mm. and a length of 200 mm. Carbon fibers were then distributed therein. The carbon fibers used were not high strength fine fibers, but weak fibers in and of themselves, and they were arranged continuously with no breaks throughout. The amount of the carbon fibers was selected such that martensite containing 1 percent carbon will be present in an amount of 50 percent by volume ratio.
  • a metal plate having the same size as said pure iron plate was placed on the surface of the latter where the grooves were formed, and after sealing the periphery by tungsten inert gas welding (referred to herein as TlG welding), the assembly was subjected to hot rolling.
  • the hot rolling procedure flattened the plate assembly to a thickness of about 5 mm.
  • the assembly was heated at 800C. to cause reaction between the pure iron base and the carbon fibers and was maintained at that temperature for 30 minutes and thereafter immersed in water to effect cooling.
  • the assembly was further subjected to a tempering treatment at 200C. to improve the toughness of the pure iron plate and the generated martensite.
  • specimens for a tensile strength test were collected from the obtained composite metal product and were subjected to tests to determine their tensile strength and elongation percentage.
  • the specimens were collected in such a way as to allow a determination of the strength in the direction where the martensite grains are arranged continuously.
  • the tensile strength was 150 kg/mm and the elongation percentage was l5 percent.
  • EXAMPLE 2 Holes having a diameter of 2 mm. were formed by a drill centrally (of the thicknesswise direction) in a pure iron plate having a thickness of 10 mm., a width of 100 mm. and a length of 200 mm. Twenty of such holes were formed equidistantly along the longitudinal length of the plate.
  • Example 2 the same carbon fibers as used in Example 1 were inserted into these holes, and the plate was then subjected to cold rolling in an argon atmosphere to flatten the plate to a thickness of about 7 mm.
  • the amount of carbon fibers was adjusted such that martensite containing 1 percent carbon will be present in an amount of percent by volume ratio.
  • three pieces of similar composite metal plates produced in the same manner were placed thereon in layers, and after sealing the periphery by TlG welding, the entire assembly was subjected to hot rolling in an argon atmosphere to reduce the total thickness to 5 mm.
  • the resultant composite metal product was heated at 800C. for 30 minutes and then cooled in water in the same manner as in Example 1. Thereafter, the product was further sub jected to a tempering treatment at 200C.
  • the tensile strength and elongation percentage in the longitudinal direction of the product were 205 kg/mm and 14 percent, respectively.
  • the resultant composite metal product has a tensile strength of 208 kg/mm and an elongation percentage of 15 percent.
  • EXAMPLE 4 A cloth of carbon fibers woven in lattice shape (with a spacing of 5 mm.) was placed on the surface of a pure iron base having a thickness of 3 mm., a width of 100 mm. and a length of 200 mm., to thereby form a unitary structure, and the resulting structures were placed one on the other in layers. Finally, the topmost surface was covered with a pure iron plate, and the entire assembly was subjected to hot rolling in an argon atmosphere to make a total thickness of 8 mm.
  • the tensile test results showed that the obtained product had a tensile strength of 120 kg/mm and an elongation percentage of 14 percent.
  • EXAMPLE 5 Japanese paper was placed on the surface of a pure iron plate having a thickness of 3 mm., a width of 100 mm. and a length of 200 mm., and 5 groups of this combination were laminated in layers, with the topmost surface being covered with a pure iron plate. Then, the entire assembly was subjected to pressure welding under heating in an argon atmosphere to reduce the total thickness therof to 7 mm. Considering that about 50 percent of the paper contributes as carbon, the amount of paper was adjusted such that martensite containing 1 percent carbon will exist in an amount of 50 percent by volume ratio. After heating at 800C. for 30 minutes, the assembly was subjected to water quenching and tempering treatments.
  • the obtained product had a tensile strength of 125 kg/mm and an elongation percentage of 14 percent.
  • the composite metal product thus obtained had a tensile strength of l5l kg/mm and an elongation percentage of 14.4 percent.
  • EXAMPLE 7 Grooves having a depth and width of about 0.1 mm. were formed, by marking-off, at intervals of about 2 mm. along the longitudinal length of a base plate formed from an iron alloy containing 5.4 percent of nickel-having a thickness of 5 mm., a width of 100 mm. and a length of 200 mm. Then, carbon fibers were placed in the grooves. The amount of carbon fibers was such that martensite including 1 percent carbon would be obtained in an amount of 70 percent by volume ratio. Then, a plate of the same composition and same dimension as the base plate was disposed on the surface of the latter where the grooves were formed, and after performing TIG welding around the periphery, the assembly was subjected to hot rolling. The plate thickness was lessened to 5 mm. by rolling. Thereafter, the structure was heated at 850C, maintained at that temperature for 30 minutes, immersed in water to effect cooling, and then further subjected to a tempering treatment at 200C.
  • the resulting composite metal product had a tensile strength of about 215 kg/mm and an elongation percentage of l 1.6 percent.
  • the composite metal material prepared by distributing carbon in an iron base and reacting the same by heat treatment such that martensite grains exist therein with a certain directionality has a higher tensile strength and toughness than ordinary carbon steel or alloyed steel, since the strength characteristic is provided by martensite, while toughness is provided by the iron base.
  • a composite metal product comprising a metal base and the elements reactable therewith, said elements being present in continuation in a given direction and reacted with the base metal adjacent thereto by heat treatment at a temperature lower than the melting point thereof to thereby form the grains.
  • a composite metal product comprising a metal base and a plurality of different kinds of elements, at least one of which is reactable with the base metal, said elements being present in continuation in a given direction and being reacted with the base metal adjacent thereto by heat treatment at a temperature lower than the melting point thereof to thereby form more than one grain cluster.
  • a composite metal product comprising a metal base and elements reactable therewith, said elements being enclosed in the grooves are in said metal base condition free from the influence of oxygen to thereby form a cluster of grains.
  • a composite metal product comprising a metal base and the elements reactable therewith, said elements being enclosed in holes provided in said metal base with a certain directionality and being reacted with the base metal adjacent thereto by heat treatment under a condition free from the influence of oxygen to thereby form a cluster of grains 5.
  • a composite metal product comprising a lamination of plural metal bases and elements reactable therewith, said elements being laminated alternately with said metal bases in layers and being reacted with the base metal adjacent thereto by heat treatment under a condition free from the influence of oxygen to thereby form a cluster of grains.
  • a method of producing a composite metal product comprising the steps of placing in a metal base the elements reactable therewith in a continuous arrangement in a certain given direction and, after sealing said elements so as to remain free from the influence of oxygen, reacting said base metal and elements by heat treatment at a temperature lower than the melting point thereof.
  • a method of producing a composite metal product comprising the steps of placing in a metal base a plurality of different kinds of elements, at least one of which is reactable with said base metal, in a continuous arrangement in a certain given direction and, after sealing said elements so as to remain free from the influence of oxygen, reacting said base metal and elements by heat treatment at a temperature lower than the melting point therof.
  • a method of producing a composite metal product comprising the steps of placing in grooves provided in a metal base with a certain directionality the elements reactable with said metal base and, after sealing said elements so as to remain free from the influence of oxygen, reacting said base metal and elements by heat treatment at a temperature lower than the melting point thereof.
  • a method of producing a composite metal product comprising the steps of placing in holes provided in a metal base with a certain directionality the elements reactable with saidmetal base and, after sealing said holes so as to keep the elements free from the influence of oxygen, reacting said base metal and elements by heat treatment at a temperature lower than the melting point thereof.
  • a method of producing a composite metal product comprising the steps of placing on the surface of a metal base the elements reactable therewith in a continuous arrangement in a certain given direction, laminating said metal bases and elements alternately in many layers, and after sealing said elements to keep them free from the influence of oxygen, reacting said elements with the base metal by heat treatment at a temperature lower than the melting point thereof.
  • P and S may be used for improving the workability of the iron-base metal.
  • W, Cr, Si, V, Mo, Nb and Ti may be used for improving the mechanical characteristics of the iron-base metal.
  • several pipes made of Fe 5% Ni, wherein the holes are filled with a powder of W, are tightly bundled and are twisted to make the pipes into an assembly, followed by heat treatment under such a condition that the W atoms are diffused into the iron-base metal.
  • fine wires or fibers of W or Mo which are widely used in the field of conventional composite materials, can also be employed.
  • a method for producing a composite metal product comprising the steps of:
  • the metal base is formed of a sheet
  • the step of orienting includes forming a plurality of grooves in said predetermined direction on one surface of said sheet and disposing said plurality of elongated elements into said grooves.
  • step of sealing includes laminating a second metal sheet of material substantially the same as said metal base on said one surface and sealing edges of the laminated sheets by welding.
  • step of orienting includes drilling a plurality of holes in a central thickness direction of said plate and filling said holes with said plurality of elongated elements.
  • step of sealing includes cold rolling said filled plate to compress the thickness of said plate, thereby completely filling said holes by said elongated elements and sealing the ends of said plate having holes formed therein by welding.
  • carbon elements are selected from a material consisting of carbon fibers, elements formed of carbon powder, carbon cloth, carbon foils and carbon paper,

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Alloys Or Alloy Compounds (AREA)
  • Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)
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US4035204A (en) * 1974-10-30 1977-07-12 Robert Bosch G.M.B.H. Method of carburizing the inner surface of a steel valve seat
US4819471A (en) * 1986-10-31 1989-04-11 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Pilger die for tubing production
US5964398A (en) * 1993-03-18 1999-10-12 Hitachi, Ltd. Vane member and method for producing joint
US5972611A (en) * 1987-12-25 1999-10-26 Jsr Corporation Hybridization carrier and a process for preparing the same
US20030062402A1 (en) * 2001-09-21 2003-04-03 Nobuaki Takahashi Method of producing steel pipes, and welded pipes
US20110086726A1 (en) * 2009-10-13 2011-04-14 O-Ta Precision Industry Co., Ltd. Iron-based alloy for a golf club head

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US4819471A (en) * 1986-10-31 1989-04-11 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Pilger die for tubing production
US5972611A (en) * 1987-12-25 1999-10-26 Jsr Corporation Hybridization carrier and a process for preparing the same
US5964398A (en) * 1993-03-18 1999-10-12 Hitachi, Ltd. Vane member and method for producing joint
US20030062402A1 (en) * 2001-09-21 2003-04-03 Nobuaki Takahashi Method of producing steel pipes, and welded pipes
US6948649B2 (en) * 2001-09-21 2005-09-27 Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd. Method of producing steel pipes, and welded pipes
US20110086726A1 (en) * 2009-10-13 2011-04-14 O-Ta Precision Industry Co., Ltd. Iron-based alloy for a golf club head
US8287403B2 (en) * 2009-10-13 2012-10-16 O-Ta Precision Industry Co., Ltd. Iron-based alloy for a golf club head

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE2114852C3 (de) 1975-03-20
DE2114852A1 (de) 1971-11-04
FR2083615B1 (fr) 1974-04-26
JPS5411257B1 (fr) 1979-05-14
DE2114852B2 (de) 1974-07-18
FR2083615A1 (fr) 1971-12-17
GB1326494A (en) 1973-08-15

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