US3830997A - Method of and device for the thermal working and processing of high-melting-point materials - Google Patents

Method of and device for the thermal working and processing of high-melting-point materials Download PDF

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Publication number
US3830997A
US3830997A US00288921A US28892172A US3830997A US 3830997 A US3830997 A US 3830997A US 00288921 A US00288921 A US 00288921A US 28892172 A US28892172 A US 28892172A US 3830997 A US3830997 A US 3830997A
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aperture
electrode
chamber
arc
electrodes
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US00288921A
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English (en)
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W Essers
G Jelmorini
G Tichelaar
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US Philips Corp
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US Philips Corp
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
    • B05B7/16—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed
    • B05B7/22—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed electrically, magnetically or electromagnetically, e.g. by arc
    • B05B7/222—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed electrically, magnetically or electromagnetically, e.g. by arc using an arc
    • B05B7/226—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed electrically, magnetically or electromagnetically, e.g. by arc using an arc the material being originally a particulate material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
    • B05B7/16—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed
    • B05B7/22—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed electrically, magnetically or electromagnetically, e.g. by arc
    • B05B7/222—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed electrically, magnetically or electromagnetically, e.g. by arc using an arc
    • B05B7/224—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed electrically, magnetically or electromagnetically, e.g. by arc using an arc the material having originally the shape of a wire, rod or the like
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/42—Plasma torches using an arc with provisions for introducing materials into the plasma, e.g. powder or liquid
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • H05H1/3421—Transferred arc or pilot arc mode
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • H05H1/3452—Supplementary electrodes between cathode and anode, e.g. cascade

Definitions

  • Gerardus Jelmorini Gerrit Willem Tichelaar, all of Emmasngel, Eindhoven, Netherlands U.S. Philips Corporation, New York, N.Y.
  • ABSTRACT A method and device for the thermal working and processing of high-melting-point materials, in which an electric arc is maintained in a gas stream between a primary electrode and an annular secondary electrode, and the arc plasma is constricted first by a flow aperture between the two electrodes and then by an outflow aperture of the secondary electrode, and the material is supplied to the arc plasma upstream of the flow aperture.
  • the invention relates to a method of and a device for thermally working and processing high-melting-point materials.
  • An electric arc is maintained in a gas stream between a primary electrode and a complementary annular electrode, with the arc plasma constricted rst by a flow aperture between the two electrodes and then by an outflow aperture of the complementary electrode and in which the material is fed into the arc plasma and heated.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a method of the type mentioned in the preamble which does not have these drawbacks and in which the energy of the arc plasma is used in an optimum manner for heating the material.
  • This object is achieved mainly in that the material is supplied to the arcplasma upstream of the flow aperture.
  • the supplied material can be exposed to the energy of the arc plasma substantially throughout the length of the arc. Due to the improved heat transmission as compared with the known method, the supplied material can be heated at higher temperatures and/or be melted at a higher rate.
  • the material to be heated can be supplied both in the form of a powder or grains and in the form of a rod or wire.
  • a device which comprises a housing having a chamber which communicates with a gas inlet and in which the primary electrode is placed, a complementary annular electrode is provided with an outflow aperture and is located on the downstream end of the housing, and a diaphragm is placed between the two electrodes and provided with a flow aperture device furthermore comprises means for the connection of the electrodes to the terminals of a supply source and at least one supply duct for supplying the material to be heated.
  • this device is characterized in that the terminal part of the supply duct is situated upstream of the diaphragm. Due to the characterized location of the terminal part of the supply duct it is possible to bring the material to be supplied to in the immediate proximity of the primary electrode and to introduce it into the arc plasma on the part of the arc between the primary electrode and the diaphragm.
  • the supply duct is constituted by the axial bore of a tubular element which is arranged in the elongation of the common center line of the diaphragm and the complementary electrode.
  • a further preferred embodiment of the invention is characterized in that the primary electrode is in the form of a rod and arranged eccentrically relative to the diaphragm and the complementary electrode. This measure enables an optimum design of the primary electrode for simple assembly and dismantling, while the tubular element may be manufactured from a material best suitable for the supply of both electrically conductive and electrically non-conductive materials.
  • the primary electrode may be arranged both parallel to and at an angle relative to the tubular element.
  • the tubular element also constitutes the primary electrode.
  • the combined function of the tubular element as a primary electrode and as a supply duct enable a very compact construction of the device.
  • the axial bore of the tubular element is provided with an electrically insulating linmg.
  • FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the device for carrying out the method according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 shows another embodiment of the device according to the invention.
  • FIG. l comprises a torch 1 composed of several components and having a cylindrical housing 3 with a chamber 5 the upper end of which is closed by a cap 7 of an electrically insulating material.
  • a diaphragm 9 having a flow aperture ll is provided on the lower end of the housing 3.
  • a rod-shaped nonconsumable primary electrode 13 is secured in the cap 7 and arranged eccentrically relative to the flow aperture 1l in the chamber 5.
  • the inner wall of the chamber 5 is provided with an electrically insulating lining l5.
  • a cylindrical nozzle 19 having a complementary annular electrode 2l which is provided with an outflow aperture 23 is secured to the housing 3 by means of an annular nut 17.
  • the housing 3 and the nozzle 19 are electrically insulated relative to each other by means of an annular insulation element 25.
  • a tubular element 27 which is secured in the cap 7 and of which the axial bore 29 constitutes a supply duct for material to be supplied, is arranged centrally in the chamber 5.
  • the chamber 5, the diaphragm 9, the complementary electrode 21 and the tubular element 27 have a common centre line 31.
  • the housing 3 has a double-walled construction and comprises a cooling jacket 33 with connections 35, 37 for the inlet and outlet of cooling water.
  • the nozzle 19 is provided with a cooling jacket 39 with cooling water connections 41 and 43.
  • the primary electrode 13 is preferably composed of two parts, namely the punctiform end 45 which is to be loaded by the electric arc and which constitutes the electrode proper and which is constructed from a high-meltingpoint metal, for example tungsten, and the part 47 which serves as an electrode holder and which is constructed from a thermally readily conductive metal, for example copper.
  • the electrode holder 47 preferably comprises cooling ducts (not shown) and connections 49 and 51 for the inlet and outlet of water.
  • the diaphragm 9 and the complementary electrode 2l are also constructed from copper.
  • the diaphragm 9 is secured to the housing by means of a screw connection 53.
  • the complementary electrode 21 is connected to the nozzle 19 in asimilar manner by means of a screw connection 55.
  • the cap 7 furthermore comprises at least one inlet for first duct means tube 57 for the supply of a plasma gas.
  • the nozzle 19 may moreover be provided with one or more connections 59 for the supply of a protective gas.
  • Connection contacts 61 and 63 serve for the connection of the electrodes 13 and 21 to the terminals 65 and 67 of a supply source 69 via a high-frequency generator 71.
  • the embodiment of the torch according to the invention shown in FIG. 1 is particularly suitable for working rod-shaped or wire-shaped materials, both electrically conductive and electrically non-conductive materials.
  • the electrodes 13 and 2l are connected to the terminals 65 and 67 of the direct current supply source 69, the primary electrode 13 being usually connected to the negative terminal.
  • the method according to the invention may also be carried out with the primary electrode connected to the positive terminal or to an alternating current supply source.
  • An arc is ignited by means of a high-frequency discharge between the two electrodes, which arc is maintained by the supply source 69.
  • the arc can also be ignited by an auxiliary discharge between the primary electrode 13 and the diaphragm 9.
  • a plasma gas is supplied through the inlet tube 57.
  • a plasma gas are used in practice inert gases, argon, helium, hydrogen and nitrogen, as well as mixtures thereof, while it is also possible to use oxidizing gases when special electrodes are used.
  • the arc plasma 73 thus obtained is twice constricted, first by the flow aperture 1l of the diaphragm 9 and then by the outflow aperture 23 of the complementary electrode 21.
  • a wire or rod 75 is fed axially into the arc plasma 73 through the axial bore ⁇ 29 of theA tubular element or second duct means 27 in the direction of the flow aperture 11 and the outflow aperture 23.
  • the material contacts the arc plasma 73 already upstream ofthe diaphragm 9 prior to entering the flow aperture 1l and traverses substantially the full length of the arc.
  • the end 81 of the tubular element 27 is located in the immediate proximity of the primary electrode 13 and of the arc plasma 73.
  • the material is melted in the arc plasma 73 and deposited in the form of droplets on a substratum.
  • Feeding of the wire or rod may be carried out by means of driving rollers 77 which are driven by a motor 79 at a controllable speed, the rate of feeding being dependent on the desirable melting rate of the material.
  • a protective gas which may differ in composition from the plasma gas, can be supplied in the usual manner so as to obtain a sufficient protection of the melted material against oxidation. If desirable, the substratum may be further protected by an extra stream of protective gas.
  • protective gases in addition to the rare gases, are other gases, for example, carbonic acid gas, gas mixtures of argon- /oxygen, argon/helium, argon/oxygen/carbonic acid, as well as hydrogen and nitrogen.
  • FIG. 2 shows another embodiment of the device according to the invention which differs from that shown in FIG. 1 only by a deviating shape of the primary electrode and which is particularlysuitable for the supply of material in the form of a powder or grains.
  • the torch 85 of this embodiment also comprises a tubular element 87 which has an axial bore 89 constituting a feeding duct for the material and which also serves as a primary electrode.
  • the end portion 91 to be loaded by the electric arc and forming the electrode proper is made from a high-melting-point metal, for example tungsten.
  • the remaining part 93 is made from a thermally readily conductive material, for example copper.
  • the end 95 of the element is situated in the immediate proximity of the diaphragm 9a.
  • Material 97 in powder form is fed, for example, by means of a carrier gas through the axial bore 89 centrally into the arc plasma 99. As soon as the material emerges from the bore 89 it is contacted with the arc plasma. The powder is melted in the arc plasma and deposited in the form of droplets on a substratum. lf the material to be fed is electrically conductive, the tubular element 87 is provided with an electrically insulating lining 101. This lining is of a material which can readily withstand temperature variations, for example quartz and alundum. Materials in the form of a rod or wire can also be melted by means of the torch according to this embodiment.
  • zirconium oxide rods were melted at a current of A and an arc voltage of 30 V.
  • the plasma gas used was argon which was supplied in a quantity of 4 litres per minute.
  • the zirconium oxide 'rods melted at a rate of 10 grams per minute.
  • aluminium oxide rods having a diameter of 2.4 mrn were deposited at a rate of lO grams per minute.
  • the method and the device according to the invention are suitable for melting, depositing, spraying and welding, as well as for the evaporation and vapour deposition of materials having a very high melting point, both electrically conductive and electrically nonconductive materials, for example, for providing wearresistant, corrosion-resistant and heat-resistant layers on a workpiece.
  • the materials may be fed both in powder form and in the form of a wire or rod.
  • aluminium oxide and zirconium oxide, tungsten, molybdenum, quartz glass, borate glass and other types of glass may be worked and processed.
  • the annealing of materials in the form of a wire or rod is possible if the material is fed at a comparatively high speed.
  • Apparatus for plasma arc welding operable with a source of plasma gas, an electric power source, and a supply of material to be heated, and comprising: a housing defining therein a chamber having a top part and axially spaced therefrom an open downstream end, the chamber including tirst duct means for introducing said plasma gas from the source into said chamber, a primary electrode having a tip end within said chamber and axially spaced inward from said downstream end, a complementary annular electrode at said downstream end, this annular electrode including an outflow aperture therethrough, a diaphragm with a flow aperture therethrough positioned axially intermediate said two electrodes, means for connecting said electrodes to said electric power source, second duct means through which said material to be heated is moved into said chamber, this second duct means having a terminal part in said chamber up stream of said diaphragm.
  • Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said second duct means comprises a tube generally coaxial with said diaphragm aperture and the complementary electrode aperture axes.
  • Apparatus according to claim 4 wherein said second duct means tube defines a bore surface, the apparatus further comprises an electrically insulating lining onsaid surface.
  • a method of plasma arc welding for thermally working and processing high melting point material comprising the steps of establishing in a chamber a stream of plasma gas flowing past a primary electrode and past and through the aperture of a complementary annular electrode axially spaced from said primary electrode, establishing and maintaing a plasma arc in said stream between said electrodes, constricting said arc with at least one aperture through which said stream flows between said electrodes, further constricting said arc by an aperture of said complementary electrode through which said stream flows, feeding said material into said arc upstream of said flow aperture between said electrodes.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Plasma Technology (AREA)
  • Discharge Heating (AREA)
  • Arc Welding In General (AREA)
US00288921A 1971-09-17 1972-09-14 Method of and device for the thermal working and processing of high-melting-point materials Expired - Lifetime US3830997A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL7112767A NL7112767A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1971-09-17 1971-09-17

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US3830997A true US3830997A (en) 1974-08-20

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US (1) US3830997A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS4837735A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AU (1) AU4655272A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE788919A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2241972A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2153080A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IT (1) IT967443B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL7112767A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3940653A (en) * 1973-09-19 1976-02-24 Lonza Ltd. Arc discharge device, in particular a plasma burner
US4013415A (en) * 1974-06-07 1977-03-22 Igor Sergeevich Burov Plasma-chemical reactor for treatment of disperse materials
US4016397A (en) * 1973-10-31 1977-04-05 U.S. Philips Corporation Method of and apparatus for arc welding
US4039800A (en) * 1974-03-27 1977-08-02 U.S. Philips Corporation Method of and device for arc welding
US4122328A (en) * 1976-03-31 1978-10-24 U.S. Philips Corporation Device and welding torch for plasma-mig-welding
US4174477A (en) * 1973-04-09 1979-11-13 U.S. Philips Corporation Method of and device for arc welding
US4220844A (en) * 1973-05-23 1980-09-02 U.S. Philips Corporation Method of and device for plasma MIG welding
US4233489A (en) * 1974-03-25 1980-11-11 U.S. Philips Corporation Method of and device for plasma MIG-welding
FR2514223A1 (fr) * 1981-10-01 1983-04-08 Anvar Dispositif pour produire un plasma, notamment pour la fusion des ceramiques et pour la metallurgie extractive
US4992337A (en) * 1990-01-30 1991-02-12 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Electric arc spraying of reactive metals
US5109150A (en) * 1987-03-24 1992-04-28 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Open-arc plasma wire spray method and apparatus
CN102705082A (zh) * 2012-05-29 2012-10-03 哈尔滨工程大学 迎风压差式等离子点火喷嘴
CN102937051A (zh) * 2012-05-29 2013-02-20 哈尔滨工程大学 旋流式等离子点火嘴

Families Citing this family (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL7404658A (nl) * 1974-04-05 1975-10-07 Philips Nv Werkwijze en inrichting voor het plasma-mig lassen.
FR2336184A1 (fr) * 1975-12-23 1977-07-22 Baudou Louis Chalumeau a plasma pour revetement par projection de materiaux en fusion
JPS5546266A (en) * 1978-09-28 1980-03-31 Daido Steel Co Ltd Plasma torch
JPS58193731A (ja) * 1982-05-06 1983-11-11 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd 吸着剤成形体の製造方法
FR2545007B1 (fr) * 1983-04-29 1986-12-26 Commissariat Energie Atomique Procede et dispositif pour le revetement d'une piece par projection de plasma
FR2555392B1 (fr) * 1983-11-17 1986-08-22 Air Liquide Procede de traitement thermique, notamment de coupage, par un jet de plasma
JPS6221739A (ja) * 1985-07-18 1987-01-30 佐藤　達弥 モルタル．コンクリ−トの混和剤ゼオライトの製造法
JPS6236054A (ja) * 1985-08-06 1987-02-17 佐藤　一男 コンクリ−ト及びモルタルの白華防止用の焼成凝灰岩の製造法

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3097292A (en) * 1959-11-14 1963-07-09 Kralovopolska Slrojirna Zd Y C Method and apparatus for the maintenance of the arc column in the core of a liquid vortex
US3280295A (en) * 1962-07-27 1966-10-18 Air Liquide Device for projecting pulverulent materials by means of a plasma torch
US3297899A (en) * 1964-01-24 1967-01-10 Thermal Dynamics Corp Electric arc torches having a variably constricting element in the arc passageway
US3569661A (en) * 1969-06-09 1971-03-09 Air Prod & Chem Method and apparatus for establishing a cathode stabilized (collimated) plasma arc
US3575568A (en) * 1967-06-08 1971-04-20 Rikagaku Kenkyusho Arc torch
US3612807A (en) * 1969-01-03 1971-10-12 Philips Corp Method of and device for plasma arc welding
US3632952A (en) * 1970-07-01 1972-01-04 Metco Inc Electric arc metal spray gun

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3097292A (en) * 1959-11-14 1963-07-09 Kralovopolska Slrojirna Zd Y C Method and apparatus for the maintenance of the arc column in the core of a liquid vortex
US3280295A (en) * 1962-07-27 1966-10-18 Air Liquide Device for projecting pulverulent materials by means of a plasma torch
US3297899A (en) * 1964-01-24 1967-01-10 Thermal Dynamics Corp Electric arc torches having a variably constricting element in the arc passageway
US3575568A (en) * 1967-06-08 1971-04-20 Rikagaku Kenkyusho Arc torch
US3612807A (en) * 1969-01-03 1971-10-12 Philips Corp Method of and device for plasma arc welding
US3569661A (en) * 1969-06-09 1971-03-09 Air Prod & Chem Method and apparatus for establishing a cathode stabilized (collimated) plasma arc
US3632952A (en) * 1970-07-01 1972-01-04 Metco Inc Electric arc metal spray gun

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4174477A (en) * 1973-04-09 1979-11-13 U.S. Philips Corporation Method of and device for arc welding
US4220844A (en) * 1973-05-23 1980-09-02 U.S. Philips Corporation Method of and device for plasma MIG welding
US3940653A (en) * 1973-09-19 1976-02-24 Lonza Ltd. Arc discharge device, in particular a plasma burner
US4016397A (en) * 1973-10-31 1977-04-05 U.S. Philips Corporation Method of and apparatus for arc welding
US4233489A (en) * 1974-03-25 1980-11-11 U.S. Philips Corporation Method of and device for plasma MIG-welding
US4039800A (en) * 1974-03-27 1977-08-02 U.S. Philips Corporation Method of and device for arc welding
US4013415A (en) * 1974-06-07 1977-03-22 Igor Sergeevich Burov Plasma-chemical reactor for treatment of disperse materials
US4122328A (en) * 1976-03-31 1978-10-24 U.S. Philips Corporation Device and welding torch for plasma-mig-welding
FR2514223A1 (fr) * 1981-10-01 1983-04-08 Anvar Dispositif pour produire un plasma, notamment pour la fusion des ceramiques et pour la metallurgie extractive
US5109150A (en) * 1987-03-24 1992-04-28 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Open-arc plasma wire spray method and apparatus
US4992337A (en) * 1990-01-30 1991-02-12 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Electric arc spraying of reactive metals
CN102705082A (zh) * 2012-05-29 2012-10-03 哈尔滨工程大学 迎风压差式等离子点火喷嘴
CN102937051A (zh) * 2012-05-29 2013-02-20 哈尔滨工程大学 旋流式等离子点火嘴
CN102937051B (zh) * 2012-05-29 2016-01-27 哈尔滨工程大学 旋流式等离子点火嘴

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS4837735A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-06-04
AU4655272A (en) 1974-03-21
IT967443B (it) 1974-02-28
NL7112767A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-03-20
FR2153080A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-04-27
DE2241972A1 (de) 1973-03-22
BE788919A (fr) 1973-03-15

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