US3822677A - Electric fuel pump control circuit for intermittent injection electronic fuel control systems - Google Patents

Electric fuel pump control circuit for intermittent injection electronic fuel control systems Download PDF

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Publication number
US3822677A
US3822677A US00158351A US15835171A US3822677A US 3822677 A US3822677 A US 3822677A US 00158351 A US00158351 A US 00158351A US 15835171 A US15835171 A US 15835171A US 3822677 A US3822677 A US 3822677A
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United States
Prior art keywords
fuel
output
operative
pulses
energy
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US00158351A
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English (en)
Inventor
J Reddy
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Bendix Corp
Siemens Automotive LP
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Bendix Corp
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Application filed by Bendix Corp filed Critical Bendix Corp
Priority to US00158351A priority Critical patent/US3822677A/en
Priority to CA141,413A priority patent/CA941488A/en
Priority to GB2529572A priority patent/GB1330811A/en
Priority to DE2227541A priority patent/DE2227541C3/de
Priority to AU43339/72A priority patent/AU461616B2/en
Priority to JP6486072A priority patent/JPS5435256B1/ja
Priority to IT26328/72A priority patent/IT959982B/it
Priority to FR7223760A priority patent/FR2144407A5/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3822677A publication Critical patent/US3822677A/en
Assigned to SIEMENS-BENDIX AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS L.P., A LIMITED PARTNERSHIP OF DE reassignment SIEMENS-BENDIX AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS L.P., A LIMITED PARTNERSHIP OF DE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: ALLIED-SIGNAL INC.
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/30—Controlling fuel injection
    • F02D41/32—Controlling fuel injection of the low pressure type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/30—Controlling fuel injection
    • F02D41/38—Controlling fuel injection of the high pressure type

Definitions

  • a fuel pump control circuit is disclosed herein to provide optimum fuel delivery at constant operating pressure to the fuel injector valve means of an electronically controlled fuel supply system, By energizing the pump in response to the engine operating parameters which determine the engine fuel requirement, a minimum of fuel in excess of the fuel requirement is recirculated from the area of the engine back to the fuel reservoir.
  • the pump is provided with a maximum voltage during the time period of the injection pulse with the energizing voltage decreasing thereafter so that a minimum of fuel is circulated through the fuel supply system during the noninjection phase. This provides a variable level of average fuel pump energization.
  • the present invention relates to the field of electronic fuel control systems for internal combustion engines. More particularly, the present invention relates to that portion of the above noted field which is con cerned with a control of the fuel supply pumping means.
  • Such systems usually provide elaborate mechanisms within the fuel tanks to separate the heated fuel from the fuel residing in the reservoir at ambient air temperature so as to prevent percolation loss of vapor and general increase in the fuel temperature within the fuel tank.
  • One difficulty with an elevated temperature in the fuel reservoir is that hydrocarbon emissions are generated to pollute the atmosphere.
  • An additional problem, of course, is the fact that lost fuel vapors decrease vehicle efficiency and mileage.
  • a further problem with the recycling of heated fuel back to the fuel reservoir is the fact that vapor lock situations can occur when heated fuel is drawn into the pump intake and this fuel subsequently vaporizes.
  • an object of the present invention to provide a control circuit for the fuel pump of such electronic fuel control systems as will permit that pump to operate at an average energization to provide the desired fuel flow and pressure rates when necessary for the injection of fuel but which will otherwise permit the pump to operate at reduced fuel flow rates to decrease the heat contamination of the fuel in the fuel reservoir.
  • the present invention contemplates a circuit adapted to receive the fuel injection command pulses and, in response thereto, to produce an output voltage having a maximized value.
  • an electrical energy storage means is discharged in a constant discharge pattern so as to reduce the output voltage towards a minimal value.
  • This circuit is adapted at its output to power the fuel pumping means situated within the fuel supply system of an internal combustion engine.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an internal combustion engine fuel control system that incorporates the fuel pump control means of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a preferred embodiment of the fuel pump control means of FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a voltage output curve with respect to time for the circuit of FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 1 an electronic fuel control system incorporating the fuel pump control of the pres ent invention is illustrated in schematic form.
  • the system is comprised of a computing means 10, a manifold pressure sensor 12, a temperature sensor 14, an input timing means 16, and various other parameter sensors denoted as 18.
  • the manifold pressure sensor 12 and the associated other sensors 18 are mounted on throttle body 20.
  • the output of the computing means 10 is coupled to an electromagnetic injector valve member 22 mounted in intake manifold 24 and arranged to provide fuel from fuel tank 26 via pumping means 28 and suitable fuel conduits 30 to a combustion chamber 32 of an internal combustion engine not otherwise shown.
  • computing means 10 may control an injector valve means comprised of one or more injector valve members 22 arranged to be actuated singly or in groups of varying numbers and in a sequential fashion as well as simultaneously.
  • the computing means 10 is shown here as energized by battery 36 which could be a vehicle battery and/or vehicle battery charging system or a separate auxiliary battery.
  • Fuel pumping means 28 is shown in FIG. 1 as being controlled by fuel pump control 38 which receives an input signal from the electronic computing unit 10.
  • the signal received by fuel pump control 38 may be, for instance, the same signal as provided to injector valve means 22.
  • the fuel pump control 38 may receive as input each computing means output signal either from a common location within the computing means if such is available, or by suitably adapted input coupling from each of the injector valve means 22 which are sequentially energized.
  • the circuit comprises input transistor 40, electrical energy storage means 42 in the form of a capacitor, output means 44, electrical energy discharge control transistor 46, and dissipating resistor 47.
  • the base of transistor 46 is connected to ground via constant voltage drop means 48 in the form of a plurality of diodes and is also connected to the B+ source of electrical supply by way of resistor 50.
  • Resistor 50 and voltage drop means 48 are cooperative to provide, at the base of transistor 46, a fixed voltage potential. This fixed voltage will maintain transistor 46 in a state of conduction so as to pass a fixed current through resistor 47. This will draw energy off of the energy storage means 42 at a fixed rate whenever transistor 40 is nonconductive.
  • Output transistor means 44 are comprised of a first transistor 52 which operates as a signal amplification device and a second transistor 54 which operates as a power transistor. In the event that a suitable power transistor having the necessary signal amplification capabilities is available for the particular application intended, output transistor means 44 may comprise only one transistor.
  • the emitter of power transistor 54 pro vides the output signal through output terminal V The voltage appearing at this output terminal corresponds to the voltage across energy storage means 42 less the emitter base voltage drops of transistors 52 and 54.
  • the base of transistor 40 is coupled through input resistance 56, input diode 58 and input terminal 60 to a suitable source of triggering pulses within the electronic control unit 10.
  • this input may be for instance at one of the injector valve means or, in systems where the injector valves are energized in a sequential fashion, input terminal 60 may be connected to the portion of the electronic control unit wherein the injection pulse width is computed.
  • an alternative arrangement would place a plurality of diodes in parallel, with the cathode of each connected to a suitable injector valve means 22 and the anode of each connected to input resistance 56.
  • Load resistance 62 is coupled between the emitter of transistor 40 and the source ofelectrical energy B+.
  • the output terminal V may be connected to any suitable fluid pumping means whose flow capacity is proportional to the amount of energizing signal.
  • transistor 40 Upon receipt of a triggering signal at input terminal 60, which signal should, in this embodiment, be the appearance of a ground or common low potential at terminal 60, transistor 40 will begin to conduct and energy will flow into energy storage means 42 at a relatively rapid fashion charging capacitor 42 up to substantially the 8+ value. Transistor 46 will be biased on and will be conducting current therethrough. Upon termination of the trigger signal at terminal 60, transistor 40 will be switched off and the voltage across capacitor 42 will begin to decrease due to the conduction of energy away from energy storage means 42 by transistor 46. The voltage appearing across capacitor 42 will be communicated via the emitter-base junction of transistor 52 and the emitter-base junction of transistor 54 to the output terminal V Referring now to FIG. 3, a graph of output voltage with respect to time is illustrated.
  • the voltage graphed is that appearing at output terminal V of FIG. 2. Also illustrated in the FIG. 3 graph is a curve representative of the triggering frequency.
  • the time period denoted as 1 trigger duration corresponds to the time required for one complete engine cycle divided by the total number of discrete injections which must occur during that time period.
  • Also denoted on the vertical axis of the graph is the value which would represent the 8+ voltage and a second value denoted as V During the time interval from T equal to O to I an injection pulse has been generated by the electronic control unit 10 and the suitable pulse has been received at terminal 60.
  • capacitor 42 has been charged up to a value which is close to the B+ value and this value remains constant during the time interval of receipt of the injection command at terminal 60.
  • the injection command terminates, and the energy appearing across energy storage means 42 begins to deteriorate due to the current draw action of transistor 46.
  • This value is a function of the rate at which transistor 46 draws energy from energy storage means 42 and also the time interval from t, to Time t then corresponds to the next triggering cycle of the vehicle engine.
  • the average voltage appearing at output terminal V and therefore the average energization available to drive the fuel pumping means 28 will increase with increasing pulse width (pulse width from time T O to time t,) and also with increasing engine rpm which could correspond to a decrease in the time interval from O to
  • the fuel pumping means 28 will be receiving electrical energy in excess of that normally received and will therefore be pumping at a greater average capacity to satisfy the needs of the associated engine.
  • a fuel pump control circuit for an internal combustion engine fuel control system having pulse generating means for producing pulses having durations indicative of the fuel requirement, injector valve means responsive to said pulses for supplying fuel to the engine, and energizable fuel pump means having an average flow capacity proportional to average energization, said fuel pump control circuit comprising:
  • control means responsive to the pulse generating means operative to energize the output means to a maximum value during receipt of a pulse and to gradually reduce the energization during the entire interval between successive pulses whereby the average energization is proportional to the output pulse duration and inversely proportional to the interval between successive output pulses.
  • a fuel pump control circuit for an internal combustion engine fuel control system having pulse generating means for producing pulses having durations indicative of the fuel requirement, injector valve means responsive to said pulses for supplying fuel to the engine, and energizable fuel pump means having an average flow capacity proportional to average energization, said fuel pump control circuit comprising:
  • control means responsive to the pulse generating means operative to energize the output means to a maximum value during receipt of a pulse and to gradually reduce the energization during the interval between successive pulses whereby the average energization is proportional to the output pulse duration and inversely proportional to the interval between successive output pulses, wherein said control means comprise:
  • first switching control means for providing a maximum energizing signal to said output means during receipt of a pulse
  • electrical energy storage means for accumulating energy during receipt of a pulse
  • a fuel supply system for internal combustion engines comprising:
  • computing means operative to generate an output pulse signal having a duration representative of the engine fuel requirement; injector valve means responsive to said computing means signal to be actuated for a period of time determined by said signal pulse duration;
  • energizable fuel pumping means associated with said fuel supply means operative to provide fuel under pressure to said injector valve means whereby said pressurized fuel will be provided to the engine during the period of actuation of said injector valve means;
  • said fuel pumping means having a flow capacity substantially proportional to the energization thereof;
  • fuel pump control means responsive to the computing means output signal duration and further responsive to the interval between successive output pulses operative to energize said fuel pump to a maximum value during a pulse and to gradually reduce fuel pump energization during the entire in- 5 terval between successive pulses.
  • a fuel supply system for internal combustion engines comprising:
  • computing means operative to generate an output pulse signal having a duration representative of the engine fuel requirements; injector valve means responsive to said computing means signal to be actuated for a period of time determined by said signal pulse duration;
  • energizable fuel pumping means associated with said fuel supply means operative to provide fuel under pressure to said injector valve means whereby said pressurized fuel will be provided to the engine during the period of actuation of said injector valve means;
  • said fuel pumping means having a flow capacity substantially proportional to the energization thereof;
  • fuel pump control means responsive to the computing means output signal duration and further responsive to the interval between successive output pulses operative to energize said fuel pump to a maximum value during a pulse and to gradually reduce fuel pump energization during an interval between successiveisve pulses, wherein said fuel pump control means comprises:
  • electrical energy storage means responsive input means to store electrical energy
  • said input means adapted to receive the computing means output pulses and operative to cause said storage means to accumulate a maximum stored value during receipt of the computing means output pulses;
  • electrical energy storage means responsive to said input means to store electrical energy; said input means adapted to receive the computing means output pulses and operative to cause said storage means to accumulate a maximum stored value during the receipt of the computing means output pulses;
  • said input means adapted to receive the computing 5 ns and Sade r drainin means 0 erative to means output pulses and operative to cause said mea gy g P storage means to accumulate a maximum stored Communicate the instantaneous energy level P value during receipt of the computing means outp g at Said g6 e ns to t e pump. put pulses;

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Electrical Control Of Air Or Fuel Supplied To Internal-Combustion Engine (AREA)
  • Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
US00158351A 1971-06-30 1971-06-30 Electric fuel pump control circuit for intermittent injection electronic fuel control systems Expired - Lifetime US3822677A (en)

Priority Applications (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00158351A US3822677A (en) 1971-06-30 1971-06-30 Electric fuel pump control circuit for intermittent injection electronic fuel control systems
CA141,413A CA941488A (en) 1971-06-30 1972-05-05 Electric fuel pump control circuit for intermittent injection electronic fuel control systems
GB2529572A GB1330811A (en) 1971-06-30 1972-05-30 Electronic fuel control system for inernal combustion engines
DE2227541A DE2227541C3 (de) 1971-06-30 1972-06-07 Elektronisches Brennstoffsteuersystem für eine Brennkraftmaschine
AU43339/72A AU461616B2 (en) 1971-06-30 1972-06-13 Electronic fuel control system for internal combustion engines
JP6486072A JPS5435256B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1971-06-30 1972-06-27
IT26328/72A IT959982B (it) 1971-06-30 1972-06-28 Impianto elettronico di regolazio ne del combustibile per un motore a combustione interna
FR7223760A FR2144407A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1971-06-30 1972-06-30

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00158351A US3822677A (en) 1971-06-30 1971-06-30 Electric fuel pump control circuit for intermittent injection electronic fuel control systems

Publications (1)

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US3822677A true US3822677A (en) 1974-07-09

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US00158351A Expired - Lifetime US3822677A (en) 1971-06-30 1971-06-30 Electric fuel pump control circuit for intermittent injection electronic fuel control systems

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US (1) US3822677A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS5435256B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AU (1) AU461616B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA941488A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2227541C3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2144407A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1330811A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IT (1) IT959982B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4096830A (en) * 1975-11-06 1978-06-27 Allied Chemical Corporation Control system for electrically energized engine fuel
US4430980A (en) * 1983-05-16 1984-02-14 Chrysler Corporation Fuel pump cut-off circuit
US4497300A (en) * 1978-12-13 1985-02-05 Nissan Motor Company, Limited Fuel supply system for an internal combustion engine
US4508077A (en) * 1982-06-14 1985-04-02 Nissan Motor Company, Limited Fuel pump control apparatus
US4577604A (en) * 1984-09-28 1986-03-25 Nissan Motor Company, Limited Control system for fuel pump for internal combustion engine
US4712528A (en) * 1979-02-24 1987-12-15 Institut fur Motorenbau Professor Huber e.V. Fuel injection system
US4920942A (en) * 1987-04-24 1990-05-01 Diesel Kiki Co., Ltd. Method and apparatus for supplying fuel to internal combustion engines
US4940034A (en) * 1988-01-07 1990-07-10 Robert Bosch Gmbh Control circuit and method for controlling the speed of an electric fuel pump for an internal combustion engine equipped with fuel injection
US5150684A (en) * 1989-12-25 1992-09-29 Yamaha Hatsudoki Kabushiki Kaisha High pressure fuel injection unit for engine
US5237975A (en) * 1992-10-27 1993-08-24 Ford Motor Company Returnless fuel delivery system
US5284119A (en) * 1991-07-08 1994-02-08 Walter Potoroka, Sr. Internal combustion engine fuel injection apparatus and system
US5337718A (en) * 1992-06-02 1994-08-16 Walbro Corporation Electronic fuel injection system with heat-pressure response
US5411002A (en) * 1991-02-28 1995-05-02 Walter Potoroka, Sr. Internal combustion engine fuel injection apparatus and system
US5483940A (en) * 1992-11-09 1996-01-16 Unisia Jecs Corporation Apparatus and a method for controlling fuel supply to engine
US5740783A (en) * 1994-12-30 1998-04-21 Walbro Corporation Engine demand fuel delivery system
US6925990B1 (en) 2003-07-31 2005-08-09 Brunswick Corporation Method for controlling fuel pressure for a fuel injected engine
US9546628B2 (en) 2014-12-02 2017-01-17 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Identifying fuel system degradation
US9726105B2 (en) 2014-12-02 2017-08-08 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Systems and methods for sensing fuel vapor pressure
US9771909B2 (en) 2014-12-02 2017-09-26 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Method for lift pump control
US10094319B2 (en) 2014-12-02 2018-10-09 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Optimizing intermittent fuel pump control

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1567041A (en) * 1975-11-06 1980-05-08 Allied Chem Fuel injection system
DE2808731A1 (de) * 1978-03-01 1979-09-06 Bosch Gmbh Robert Verfahren zum betrieb einer kraftstoffeinspritzanlage und kraftstoffeinspritzanlage
JPS57108427A (en) * 1980-12-26 1982-07-06 Nissan Motor Co Ltd Controller of delivery fuel from motor-driven fuel pump

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2981246A (en) * 1959-07-14 1961-04-25 Bendix Corp Fuel supply system
US3036564A (en) * 1958-11-18 1962-05-29 R E T E M Rech S Et Etudes Ele Low-pressure fuel injection device
US3236221A (en) * 1963-11-12 1966-02-22 Lear Jet Corp Fuel supply control system
US3319613A (en) * 1965-06-03 1967-05-16 Electronic Specialty Co Fuel injection system
US3429302A (en) * 1966-08-24 1969-02-25 Bosch Gmbh Robert Arrangement for controlling the injection of fuel in engines
US3470854A (en) * 1966-11-05 1969-10-07 Bosch Gmbh Robert Fuel injection system for internal combustion engines
US3587545A (en) * 1969-08-04 1971-06-28 Gen Motors Corp Fuel pump safety circuitry
US3643635A (en) * 1970-04-24 1972-02-22 William T Milam Electronic fuel injection system
US3669081A (en) * 1969-05-23 1972-06-13 Sopromi Soc Proc Modern Inject Electronically controlled injecting arrangements feeding fuel under constant pressure into internal combustion engines

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3036564A (en) * 1958-11-18 1962-05-29 R E T E M Rech S Et Etudes Ele Low-pressure fuel injection device
US2981246A (en) * 1959-07-14 1961-04-25 Bendix Corp Fuel supply system
US3236221A (en) * 1963-11-12 1966-02-22 Lear Jet Corp Fuel supply control system
US3319613A (en) * 1965-06-03 1967-05-16 Electronic Specialty Co Fuel injection system
US3429302A (en) * 1966-08-24 1969-02-25 Bosch Gmbh Robert Arrangement for controlling the injection of fuel in engines
US3470854A (en) * 1966-11-05 1969-10-07 Bosch Gmbh Robert Fuel injection system for internal combustion engines
US3669081A (en) * 1969-05-23 1972-06-13 Sopromi Soc Proc Modern Inject Electronically controlled injecting arrangements feeding fuel under constant pressure into internal combustion engines
US3587545A (en) * 1969-08-04 1971-06-28 Gen Motors Corp Fuel pump safety circuitry
US3643635A (en) * 1970-04-24 1972-02-22 William T Milam Electronic fuel injection system

Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4096830A (en) * 1975-11-06 1978-06-27 Allied Chemical Corporation Control system for electrically energized engine fuel
US4497300A (en) * 1978-12-13 1985-02-05 Nissan Motor Company, Limited Fuel supply system for an internal combustion engine
US4712528A (en) * 1979-02-24 1987-12-15 Institut fur Motorenbau Professor Huber e.V. Fuel injection system
US4508077A (en) * 1982-06-14 1985-04-02 Nissan Motor Company, Limited Fuel pump control apparatus
US4430980A (en) * 1983-05-16 1984-02-14 Chrysler Corporation Fuel pump cut-off circuit
US4577604A (en) * 1984-09-28 1986-03-25 Nissan Motor Company, Limited Control system for fuel pump for internal combustion engine
US4920942A (en) * 1987-04-24 1990-05-01 Diesel Kiki Co., Ltd. Method and apparatus for supplying fuel to internal combustion engines
US4940034A (en) * 1988-01-07 1990-07-10 Robert Bosch Gmbh Control circuit and method for controlling the speed of an electric fuel pump for an internal combustion engine equipped with fuel injection
US5150684A (en) * 1989-12-25 1992-09-29 Yamaha Hatsudoki Kabushiki Kaisha High pressure fuel injection unit for engine
US5411002A (en) * 1991-02-28 1995-05-02 Walter Potoroka, Sr. Internal combustion engine fuel injection apparatus and system
US5284119A (en) * 1991-07-08 1994-02-08 Walter Potoroka, Sr. Internal combustion engine fuel injection apparatus and system
US5337718A (en) * 1992-06-02 1994-08-16 Walbro Corporation Electronic fuel injection system with heat-pressure response
US5237975A (en) * 1992-10-27 1993-08-24 Ford Motor Company Returnless fuel delivery system
US5483940A (en) * 1992-11-09 1996-01-16 Unisia Jecs Corporation Apparatus and a method for controlling fuel supply to engine
US5740783A (en) * 1994-12-30 1998-04-21 Walbro Corporation Engine demand fuel delivery system
US6925990B1 (en) 2003-07-31 2005-08-09 Brunswick Corporation Method for controlling fuel pressure for a fuel injected engine
US9546628B2 (en) 2014-12-02 2017-01-17 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Identifying fuel system degradation
US9726105B2 (en) 2014-12-02 2017-08-08 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Systems and methods for sensing fuel vapor pressure
US9771909B2 (en) 2014-12-02 2017-09-26 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Method for lift pump control
US10094319B2 (en) 2014-12-02 2018-10-09 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Optimizing intermittent fuel pump control

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU461616B2 (en) 1975-05-09
CA941488A (en) 1974-02-05
DE2227541C3 (de) 1980-12-18
DE2227541A1 (de) 1973-01-11
FR2144407A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-02-09
JPS5435256B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1979-11-01
DE2227541B2 (de) 1980-03-13
IT959982B (it) 1973-11-10
GB1330811A (en) 1973-09-19
AU4333972A (en) 1973-12-20

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