US3820548A - Method of making a tobacco substitute material - Google Patents

Method of making a tobacco substitute material Download PDF

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Publication number
US3820548A
US3820548A US00194654A US19465471A US3820548A US 3820548 A US3820548 A US 3820548A US 00194654 A US00194654 A US 00194654A US 19465471 A US19465471 A US 19465471A US 3820548 A US3820548 A US 3820548A
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United States
Prior art keywords
slurry
botanicals
particle size
tobacco
microns
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00194654A
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English (en)
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M Beringer
P Buchmann
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Tamag Basel AG
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Tamag Basel AG
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
    • A24B3/00—Preparing tobacco in the factory
    • A24B3/14—Forming reconstituted tobacco products, e.g. wrapper materials, sheets, imitation leaves, rods, cakes; Forms of such products
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
    • A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
    • A24B15/10—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
    • A24B15/16—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes of tobacco substitutes

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT A tobacco substitute is prepared by dry-grinding pieces of nonwoody or low-wood plants to a particle size below. 150 microns, thereafter wet-milling the powder to produce a slurry with a particle size of the powder below 50 microns, adding a binder such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose to the mixture together 1 Claim, 1 Drawing Figure PATEuTl-jmuuze m4 HARMFUL SUBSTANCES ADDITIVES PLANTS CUT GRIND DRY -3 GRIND DRY A GRIND WET WITHDRAW SPREAD A0 DRY 7 v MOISTENKW.
  • Our present invention relates to tobacoo substitutes and,-more particularly, to a tobacco-substitute foil and to a method of making same.
  • Another feature of the invention resides in the provision of a tobacco-substitute foil, and method of making same, which is of low cost, which can be easily processed and handled by existing tobacco-processing machinery and personnel, and which has an aroma and taste closely approximating those of natural tobacco SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION I
  • a tobacco'like product obtained whichclosely approximates natural tobacco but has a controllable concentration or proportion of biologically active materials, when plant parts are comminuted at least in part by wet-milling to a particle size below l50 microns and preferably under 50 microns in a solids-to-water ratio of lzl to 1:10, thereby forming a slurry which is combined with a binder and plasticizer in predetermined critical concentrations, and then cast into a film or foil whose moisture content is established between I and 15 percent.
  • comminution of the botanicals which are to be used in accordance with the present invention is effected to a particle size below microns.
  • particles with a particle size of 150 microns or less are to be found in the slurry according to the present invention.
  • the slurry is subjected to wet-milling, a step which is also critical to the present invention, whereupon a criti' cal proportion of 0.5 to 3% by weight, of the dry botanicals, of a film-forming binder is admixed.
  • the binder according to the invention, is the sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), this compound being represented by the formula NaCMC.
  • the slurry is added I to 10% (by weight of the dry botanicals) of a' plasticizer which renders the composition hygroscopic, 0 to 4% (by weight of the dry botanicals) of mineral fibers to improve the structural integrity of the foil, 0 to 1% (by weight of the dry botanicals) of formate salts which have the effect of maintaining a uniform burning during smoking at a rate closely resembling that of natural tobacco, and O to 5% (by weight of the dry botanicals) of biologically active adclitives.
  • a' plasticizer which renders the composition hygroscopic, 0 to 4% (by weight of the dry botanicals) of mineral fibers to improve the structural integrity of the foil, 0 to 1% (by weight of the dry botanicals) of formate salts which have the effect of maintaining a uniform burning during smoking at a rate closely resembling that of natural tobacco, and O to 5% (by weight of the dry botanicals) of biologically active adclitives.
  • biologically active additives is used herein to describe components which are not naturally present in the composition but have an aromatic effect or a pharmacological effect and are supplied in order to improve taste, flavor or appearance, or are added as a treatment agent to reduce appetite, etc.
  • Typical pharmacologically and biologically active substances which may be used in accordance with the present invention are described below.
  • the term fbotanical to describe the plant parts which may be employed in a system of the present invention.
  • the term is intended to refer to low-wood or nonwoody plant parts which may be from trees, shrubs, grasses and stalk plants and may be drawn from any part of the plant which is low in woody character.
  • the effective parts of the plants include the leaves, blossoms, stalks, roots and stems.
  • botanicals will be understood to exclude the tobacco plant and parts thereof.
  • the particle size of the plant parts which are used in accordance with the present invention as being of 150 microns and less or at most 150 microns.
  • particle size it should be understood that all of the particles within the described range pass through a sieve of the indicated particle size.
  • the particles are of the particle size of 150 microns and lower or at most 150 microns.”
  • all of the particles will pass through a sieve of the 150 micron size.
  • particles at most 50 microns and 50 microns and less are those which pass through a 50 micron sieve.
  • the sieves of course, have openings with diameters of 150 microns and 50 microns respectively. Similar definitions apply to all particle measurements given below.
  • the botanicals which are used may be selected in order to provide desired agents in the tobacco smoke, intended to affect the patient, e.g., to reduce appetite, to modify circulation.
  • the botanicals contain toxic, poisonous or detrimental organic materials, these are removed by any conventional extraction process operating upon the slurry. Subsequent to such removal, we may add aromatic or flavoring substances or even pharmacologically active substances intended to affect the smoker.
  • aromatic or flavoring substances should be of the type which remain intact in the smoking process and are carried by the smoke to the mucuous membranes of the smoker for entry into the biological process. The substances must be resistant to the heat generated during smoking. Additives may be provided to insure regularity of burning so that a smooth taste is assured and harsh gases do not regularly enter the buccal cavity.
  • the milling process is carried out in a number of stages, the first stage being a blade-type coating or shredding in which the plant parts are comminuted to a maximum particle size of 2 cm.
  • This shredding operation uses mechanically displaced blades and primarily a shearing action.
  • the pieces generated by the first stage are dry-milled in an impact or hammer mill to a particle size of at most 150 microns.
  • This coarse milling stage is followed by a drymilling stage of the jet pulverizer type in which the particles are entrained in a turbulent air stream and are therein comminuted to a particle size of at most 50 microns.
  • the fine particle product is then slurried in water as noted earlier.
  • the wet-milling operation preferably takes place with moving milling surfaces and may employ milling disks, milling drums, milling rollers or balls.
  • the milling is carried out in a ball mill as described in the Austrian Patent No. 280,870 with a mobile packing of, for example, glass balls.
  • the wet-milling stage is carried out to a maximum particle size of 5 microns and results in a substantially colloidal dispersion of the particles.
  • the slurry be heated autogeneously by friction during the wet-milling stage.
  • the mill balls should have a starting diameter of 2 mm and may be of the type described in Austrian Pat. No. 280,870.
  • the invention is applicable to plants and plant parts of a wide variety of types as long as the botanical is free from woody parts or contains little wood. Suitable plants and plant parts are grasses, barks and greens, roots, seeds and greens, leaves, needles of fir trees, weeds, blossoms, vegetables, stems stalks and root branches, tips and the like. Preferably sprouts of plants, blossoms, leaves and the tender tips of roots are employed.
  • the botanical may be fermented or nonfermented, dry or undry (green), should not contain any toxic or poisonous substances which cannot be subsequently removed. However we prefer to dry the botanical prior to comminution.
  • the botanical mixture contains at least one of the following plant parts: lettuce leaves, lettuce ribs and stalks, tea leaves, tea stems, fir needles, fir stems, rose blossom petals.
  • Poisonous and other detrimental components of the botanicals are preferably removed from the botanicals by treatingthe slurry at an optimum pH by steam distillation or by solvent extraction. Atropine, morphine, heroin and like toxic substances can thus be removed.
  • steroids and other pharmacologically active substances are present in nondetrimental quantities, they may be permitted to remain for promoting circulation, limiting appetite etc. More commonly, all such toxic substances are removed and, where pharmacologically substances are required, they are added in a subsequent stage. The addition stage may involve introduction of flavoring and aromatizing substances.
  • menthol examples, nicotine and caffein.
  • tobacco and tobacco products and which are heatresistant and volatile are preferred in the smoke.
  • the additives should be present in such low concentrations that they have no detrimental effect on the smoker.
  • the plasticizers which may be used, according to the present invention include diethylene glycol, glycerine and sorbitol, the latter in a percent solution.
  • the presence of natural binders such as pectins may reduce the proportion of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose which may be added.
  • various chemicals in amounts up to 5% by weight of the dry botanical, to promote binding or filmforming. The chemicals which may thus be added are ammonia, ammonium formate, potassium hydroxide. potassium carbonate, polyphosphates, citric acid and tartaric acid.
  • step 1 bark, roots, seeds, grains, leaves, needles (fir tree), vegetable matter such as skin or vegetable pulp, weeds, blossoms, stalks and stems, root branches, tips nodules, 5 sprouts and parts thereof, as long as the plant or plant part is basically nonwoody.
  • the plants or plant parts may be fermented or nonfermented and may contain undesirable proportions of .toxic or biologically active components for later removal, as will be apparent here- 10 inafter. Excellent results havebeen obtained with lettuce leaves, lettuce stacks and ribs, tea leaves, tea stems, fir needles, fir-tree stems, rose-blossom petals and mixtures thereof.
  • the dried botanicals are cut in step 2 into pieces with a maximum size of 2 cm by a conventional shredding apparatus, e.g., a rotary-blade cutter as described in pages 8 56 ff. of PERRYS CHEMICAL ENGI- NEERS HANDBOOK, McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, 1963.
  • the comminuted botanicals are then fed into a dry-grinding stage 3 in which they are further comminuted to a particle size below 150 p. or less in stage 4.
  • the particles are slurried with water in step 5, the water being supplied as'represented in block 13.
  • the slurry is subjected to wet milling, in a ball mill as described in Austrian Pat. No. 280,870 to a particle size upto 5 microns.
  • the slurry is then treated at 7 to eliminate harmful substances which may be collected at 14 in the withdraw stage 7.
  • the slurry may be treated with steam to steam-distill the harmful-substances, or may be subjected to solvent extraction.
  • Steam-distillation may be carried out as described at page 13 20 of PERRYS CHEMICAL ENGINEERS HANDBOOK, while the solvent-extraction treatment may be carried out in accordance with the principles set forth at pages 14 to 14 69 of PERRYS CHEMICAL ENGINEERSS HANDBOOK.
  • the product introduced into the stage 8 is thus a slurry free from or containing only a controlled amount of biologically active principles.
  • the substances which can be removed in this manner from the slurry can be atropins, morphine-type compounds, heroin, tannin and like steroids or toxins.
  • the removal process can be carried out in such manner as to leave a controlled proportion of any desired biologically effective substance.
  • the additives may be flavoring or aromatizing substances, e.g., essential oils or pharmacologically effective compounds such as menthol, nicotine, or caffein.
  • the slurry After blending the slurry with such additives to establish the desired concentration of biologically active materials and other additives of the type mentioned above, namely, combustion controllers, foil or film stabilizers, plasticizers and the like, the slurry is spred upon a sheet-steel surface at SI, dried at 10 to a moisture content of about 2 percent, rehumidified to a moisture content of about 10 percent in stage 11 and stripped from the filmforming sheet at 12.
  • small quantities of the botanicals ground to a particle size of- ,u. and less, can be admixed with the slurry at 16 in a maximum ratio of this additive to the dry weight of the botanicals in the slurry of 1:1.
  • This increases the concentration of biologically active substances from the'naturally occurring botanicals.
  • portions of the dry-ground botanicals from stage 4 can be diverted to stage 8 as represented by line 17, or a portion of the slurry from stage 5 can be shunted past the extraction stage 6 into the final slurry 8 as represented by line 18.
  • EXAMPLE I 1 kg of starting material, consisting of 70% by weight tea leaves, 5 percent by weight potato skins, 12 percent by weight rose petals, and 13 percent by weight of tips of the anise root, is shredded to a particle size up to 2 cm, is dry-milled in an impact mill to a particle size of 150 t and less and is then further comminuted in a jet pulverizer to a particle size of 50 p. and less.
  • the milled product thus recovered is slurried in 4 liters of water and the slurry is then forced through a constantly agitated glass-ball packing for ball milling in a slurry state.
  • the friction heat during the wet-milling operation is dissipated by cooling of the ball mill so that the temperature of the slurry does not exceed 43C.
  • the particle size of the botanicals in the resulting dispersion is at most 5 p. and most of the particles are of colloidal dimensions, i.e., less than l ,u..
  • Into this dispersion we mix 20 g of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (binder) and 30 g of glycerine (plasticizer).
  • the slurry is then cast onto a horizontal steel sheet, dired to a moisture content of 2% by weight.
  • the dry foil is sprayed with water steam to a moisture content of by weight and the foil removed by a blade from the plate.
  • the moisture content in all of the foregoing text is given in terms of the dry weight of the botanicals used.
  • the elastic and coherent foil, which is optionally mixed with natural tobacco is then shredded in the manner of natural tobacco leaves and formed into cigarette, cigar and pipe tobacco.
  • a method of making a tobacco substitute which comprises the steps of comminuting a mixture of different low-wood parts of at least two different botanicals selected from the group which consists of lettuce, tea, fir, rose, tomato, thyme, sour cherry, melitot, stinging nettle, ebony, woodruff, maple, corn, fleabane, and to a particle size of at most 150a to form a heterogeneous mix; slurrying the botanical particles of said heterogeneous mix in water in a weight ratio of the botanicals to the water of lzl to 1:10; wet-milling the particles in the resulting slurry; mixing with said slurry 0.5 to 3% by weight of the dry botanicals of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, 1 to 10% by weight of the dry botanicals of a plasticizer selected from the group which consists of sorbitol, glycerine and diethyleneglycol, 0 to 1% by weight of the dry botanicals of a formate salt, and O
  • the slurry containing the particles from said third stage being milled by passing it through a milling-grains packing whereon the milling-grains roll against one another, any toxic substance contained in said botanicals being removed by steam distillation or solvent extraction prior to spreading of said filmforming composition.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Tobacco Products (AREA)
US00194654A 1970-11-03 1971-11-01 Method of making a tobacco substitute material Expired - Lifetime US3820548A (en)

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US (1) US3820548A (de)
JP (1) JPS5314640B2 (de)
CA (1) CA949839A (de)
CH (1) CH529520A (de)
DE (1) DE2151445A1 (de)
GB (1) GB1315086A (de)

Cited By (36)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4002176A (en) * 1972-03-02 1977-01-11 Imperial Chemical Industries Limited Tobacco based smoking material
US4020850A (en) * 1973-12-12 1977-05-03 Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation Thermoplastic cigarette wrapper
US4083371A (en) * 1975-07-29 1978-04-11 Fabriques De Tabac Reunies S.A. Process for production of artificial tobacco
US4165752A (en) * 1975-10-07 1979-08-28 Bustamante Carlos R Tobacco substitute made from coffee cherries and a process for making such
US4306578A (en) * 1978-03-17 1981-12-22 Amf Incorporated Tobacco sheet reinforced with hardwood pulp
WO1984002636A1 (en) * 1982-12-30 1984-07-19 Philip Morris Inc Foamed, extruded, tobacco-containing smoking article and method of making same
US4625737A (en) * 1982-12-30 1986-12-02 Philip Morris Incorporated Foamed, extruded, tobacco-containing smoking article and method of making the same
US4632131A (en) * 1984-07-03 1986-12-30 Philip Morris Incorporated Foamed, extruded, coherent multistrand smoking articles
CN1041490C (zh) * 1994-11-24 1999-01-06 中国科学院安徽光学精密机械研究所 一种高效自动化辊压法烟草薄片生产设备
US20020090441A1 (en) * 2000-12-12 2002-07-11 Rothlin Ursula Mariah Phytopharmaceutical food products or integrators
US6776169B1 (en) * 1997-10-17 2004-08-17 Yong Zou Ginkgo biloba L. leaves cigarette
US20080017208A1 (en) * 2006-07-20 2008-01-24 Elberto Berdut Teruel Novel tobacco substitute
CN102423106A (zh) * 2011-09-29 2012-04-25 张晓军 烟草制丝生产过程中的烟叶预处理方法
US8231764B2 (en) 2009-05-15 2012-07-31 Imerys Minerals, Limited Paper filler method
CN103494320A (zh) * 2013-09-09 2014-01-08 湖南中烟工业有限责任公司 一种含梅子风味的口含型无烟烟草制品
CN104382217A (zh) * 2014-09-22 2015-03-04 华南理工大学 一种制备烟草薄片用物料的处理方法及其烟草薄片
CN104382218A (zh) * 2014-09-22 2015-03-04 华南理工大学 一种造纸法烟草薄片的制备方法及其烟草薄片
CN105357986A (zh) * 2013-05-02 2016-02-24 Jt国际公司 可汽化材料和胶囊
US10053817B2 (en) 2010-04-27 2018-08-21 Fiberlean Technologies Limited Process for the manufacture of structured materials using nano-fibrillar cellulose gels
CN108477663A (zh) * 2018-04-16 2018-09-04 南京林业大学 替代烟草薄片的生产方法
CN108685141A (zh) * 2018-04-25 2018-10-23 湖北中烟工业有限责任公司 一种提升中下等烟叶品质的加工方法
EP3200627B1 (de) 2014-09-30 2018-11-07 Philip Morris Products S.A. Verfahren zur herstellung von homogenisiertem tabakmaterial
US10214859B2 (en) 2016-04-05 2019-02-26 Fiberlean Technologies Limited Paper and paperboard products
FR3070237A1 (fr) * 2017-08-30 2019-03-01 Swm Luxembourg Sarl Plante reconstituee a l'extrait de plante pour les dispositifs chauffant le tabac sans le bruler
US10253457B2 (en) 2010-11-15 2019-04-09 Fiberlean Technologies Limited Compositions
US10294371B2 (en) 2009-03-30 2019-05-21 Fiberlean Technologies Limited Process for the production of nano-fibrillar cellulose gels
US10301774B2 (en) 2009-03-30 2019-05-28 Fiberlean Technologies Limited Process for the production of nano-fibrillar cellulose suspensions
CN110432530A (zh) * 2019-08-13 2019-11-12 湖北中烟工业有限责任公司 一种适用于低温卷烟的薄片制备方法
US10577469B2 (en) 2015-10-14 2020-03-03 Fiberlean Technologies Limited 3D-formable sheet material
US10794006B2 (en) 2016-04-22 2020-10-06 Fiberlean Technologies Limited Compositions comprising microfibrilated cellulose and polymers and methods of manufacturing fibres and nonwoven materials therefrom
CN111772219A (zh) * 2020-08-13 2020-10-16 湖北中烟工业有限责任公司 一种具有红茶风格的低温卷烟及其制备方法
US11155697B2 (en) 2010-04-27 2021-10-26 Fiberlean Technologies Limited Process for the production of gel-based composite materials
US20220030929A1 (en) * 2016-12-30 2022-02-03 Altria Client Services Llc Smokeless products containing non-tobacco plant materials
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US11998040B2 (en) 2020-04-07 2024-06-04 SWM Holdings US, LLC Non-combustible wrapper for use in heat but not burn applications
US12274311B2 (en) 2019-05-21 2025-04-15 Future Technology Co., Ltd. Heated aroma-producing body, aroma cartridge, and manufacturing method and manufacturing device for heated aroma-producing body

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US4821749A (en) * 1988-01-22 1989-04-18 R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Extruded tobacco materials
GB8815607D0 (en) * 1988-06-30 1988-08-03 Gbe International Plc Aromatic sheet
CN112334023B (zh) * 2018-07-12 2024-08-23 未来科技株式会社 适用于芳香烟弹的受热芳香发生基材、受热芳香发生体、具备受热芳香发生体的芳香烟弹、受热芳香发生体的制造方法和制造装置
JP6676805B2 (ja) * 2018-07-12 2020-04-08 株式会社 東亜産業 芳香カートリッジ用充填物、それを有する芳香カートリッジ用エアロゾル形成基材およびそれを有する芳香カートリッジ
WO2020012761A1 (ja) * 2018-07-12 2020-01-16 株式会社 東亜産業 芳香カートリッジ用充填物、それを有する芳香カートリッジ用エアロゾル形成基材およびそれを有する芳香カートリッジ
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Cited By (73)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4002176A (en) * 1972-03-02 1977-01-11 Imperial Chemical Industries Limited Tobacco based smoking material
US4020850A (en) * 1973-12-12 1977-05-03 Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation Thermoplastic cigarette wrapper
US4083371A (en) * 1975-07-29 1978-04-11 Fabriques De Tabac Reunies S.A. Process for production of artificial tobacco
US4165752A (en) * 1975-10-07 1979-08-28 Bustamante Carlos R Tobacco substitute made from coffee cherries and a process for making such
US4306578A (en) * 1978-03-17 1981-12-22 Amf Incorporated Tobacco sheet reinforced with hardwood pulp
WO1984002636A1 (en) * 1982-12-30 1984-07-19 Philip Morris Inc Foamed, extruded, tobacco-containing smoking article and method of making same
US4510950A (en) * 1982-12-30 1985-04-16 Philip Morris Incorporated Foamed, extruded, tobacco-containing smoking article and method of making same
US4625737A (en) * 1982-12-30 1986-12-02 Philip Morris Incorporated Foamed, extruded, tobacco-containing smoking article and method of making the same
US4632131A (en) * 1984-07-03 1986-12-30 Philip Morris Incorporated Foamed, extruded, coherent multistrand smoking articles
CN1041490C (zh) * 1994-11-24 1999-01-06 中国科学院安徽光学精密机械研究所 一种高效自动化辊压法烟草薄片生产设备
US6776169B1 (en) * 1997-10-17 2004-08-17 Yong Zou Ginkgo biloba L. leaves cigarette
US20020090441A1 (en) * 2000-12-12 2002-07-11 Rothlin Ursula Mariah Phytopharmaceutical food products or integrators
EP1256283A3 (de) * 2000-12-12 2003-01-02 Ursula Mariah Rothlin Phytopharmazeutische Nahrungsmittel
US6797284B2 (en) 2000-12-12 2004-09-28 Ursula Mariah Rothlin Phytopharmaceutical food products or integrators
US20080017208A1 (en) * 2006-07-20 2008-01-24 Elberto Berdut Teruel Novel tobacco substitute
WO2008010863A3 (en) * 2006-07-20 2008-11-13 Teruel Elberto Berdut Novel tobacco substitute
US10982387B2 (en) 2009-03-30 2021-04-20 Fiberlean Technologies Limited Process for the production of nano-fibrillar cellulose suspensions
US10294371B2 (en) 2009-03-30 2019-05-21 Fiberlean Technologies Limited Process for the production of nano-fibrillar cellulose gels
US10301774B2 (en) 2009-03-30 2019-05-28 Fiberlean Technologies Limited Process for the production of nano-fibrillar cellulose suspensions
US10975242B2 (en) 2009-03-30 2021-04-13 Fiberlean Technologies Limited Process for the production of nano-fibrillar cellulose gels
US11970817B2 (en) 2009-05-15 2024-04-30 Fiberlean Technologies Limited Paper filler composition
US10100464B2 (en) 2009-05-15 2018-10-16 Fiberlean Technologies Limited Paper filler composition
US9127405B2 (en) 2009-05-15 2015-09-08 Imerys Minerals, Limited Paper filler composition
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US8231764B2 (en) 2009-05-15 2012-07-31 Imerys Minerals, Limited Paper filler method
US11732411B2 (en) 2009-05-15 2023-08-22 Fiberlean Technologies Limited Paper filler composition
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DE2151445A1 (de) 1972-05-04
CH529520A (de) 1972-10-31
JPS479748A (de) 1972-05-18
JPS5314640B2 (de) 1978-05-18
CA949839A (en) 1974-06-25

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