US3817241A - Disposable central venous catheter and method of use - Google Patents

Disposable central venous catheter and method of use Download PDF

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Publication number
US3817241A
US3817241A US00226835A US22683572A US3817241A US 3817241 A US3817241 A US 3817241A US 00226835 A US00226835 A US 00226835A US 22683572 A US22683572 A US 22683572A US 3817241 A US3817241 A US 3817241A
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United States
Prior art keywords
catheter
distal end
opening
bore
central venous
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00226835A
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English (en)
Inventor
H Grausz
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MICHAEL AND BRADLY GRAUSZ
MICHAEL AND BRADLY GRAUSZ US
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Individual
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Priority to US00226835A priority Critical patent/US3817241A/en
Priority to DE2306519A priority patent/DE2306519C2/de
Priority to CA163,552A priority patent/CA1004302A/en
Priority to GB760173A priority patent/GB1424262A/en
Priority to JP1797673A priority patent/JPS57813B2/ja
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Publication of US3817241A publication Critical patent/US3817241A/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/02—Detecting, measuring or recording for evaluating the cardiovascular system, e.g. pulse, heart rate, blood pressure or blood flow
    • A61B5/021—Measuring pressure in heart or blood vessels
    • A61B5/0215—Measuring pressure in heart or blood vessels by means inserted into the body
    • A61B5/02152—Measuring pressure in heart or blood vessels by means inserted into the body specially adapted for venous pressure
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
    • A61B5/25—Bioelectric electrodes therefor
    • A61B5/279—Bioelectric electrodes therefor specially adapted for particular uses
    • A61B5/28—Bioelectric electrodes therefor specially adapted for particular uses for electrocardiography [ECG]
    • A61B5/283—Invasive
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
    • A61M25/0021—Catheters; Hollow probes characterised by the form of the tubing
    • A61M25/0023—Catheters; Hollow probes characterised by the form of the tubing by the form of the lumen, e.g. cross-section, variable diameter
    • A61M25/0026—Multi-lumen catheters with stationary elements
    • A61M2025/004—Multi-lumen catheters with stationary elements characterized by lumina being arranged circumferentially

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT 3 extending lengthwise of the tubing and providing an electrode at the distal end positioned for sensing intra- I thoracic EKG activity unaffected by material discharged from the distal end and additionally providing such intrathoracic EKG activity simultaneously with the monitoring of intravenous pressure.
  • EKG activity is normally obtained by electrodes placed on the chest of the patient which presents several disadvantages, notably the interfering with the making of physical examination of the chest area and the generally poor definition of EKG activity inherent in external skin body placement of the electrodes, par ticularly in the showing of the critically important P waves.
  • a clear showing of the P waves has distinct advantages in acute arrhythmia in distinguishing supraventricular tachycardia from ventricular tachycardia.
  • the best and most dependable sensing and definition of P waves is obtained either inthe esophagus or in the superior vena cava. Placement of electrodes in the esophagus is both dangerous and impractical, and is likely in itself to affect undesirable cardiac response.
  • a feature and object of the present invention to provide an electrode at the distal end of the central venous catheter which is so positioned as to accurately and dependably sense EKG activity with good resolution of P waves while at the same time not being affected by the infusion of fluid or'medication from the distal end of the catheter'or by the monitoring of central venous pressure.
  • the catheter will be inserted into an anticubital vein and threaded up into the superior vena cava for intrathoracic placement and optir'num sensing of EKG activity.
  • the catheter may, of course, also be inserted through a femoral vein or subclavian vein and, in each instance, the doctor is able to monitor EKG rhythms during insertion to obtain accurate intrathoracic location with the distal end of the catheter approaching but being kept spaced from the heart. Engagement of the distal end of the catheter with the heart is easily and immediately seen in the EKG display.
  • the electrode placement in addition to providing superior EKG display with the entire chest area of the patient free for physical examination, also provides an improved and constant electrical contact with the blood adjacent to the heart and thereby avoids completely the heretofore common occurrence of falsely set off alarms.
  • the electrode placement makes the location of the distal end of the catheter always apparent which, in turn, increases the reliability of central venous pressure records.
  • a critical and dramatic use of the catheter of the present invention is in the emergency and urgency oc .casioned by a cardiac arrest where restoration of life,
  • the time required to hook up the four leads of theEKG apparatus becomes critical.
  • the catheter of the present invention the obtaining of the EKG display and access to the central circulation of the patient is effected with one maneuver, viz., the insertion of the catheterwhich may be done in a matter of seconds. Changes in size and direction of the P waves provide an immediate indication of the desired entrance of the catheter into the thorax.
  • Instruments have been designed and used for the sensing of EKG activity within the superior vena cava and within the chambers of the heart itself.
  • the prior art suggests the use of electrodes on specially designed catheters for use by cardiologists in performing heart catheterization wherethe distal end of the catheter is manipulated into and through the chambers and connecting valve of the heart for removal of blood, insertingof dye, measuring EKG activity, and shocking or pacing the heart. See US. Pat. Nos. 3,533,403 and 3,568,660. These catheters are in the nature of special surgical instruments which are inserted into the body for the relatively short period of time required to accomplish the specific objective noted.
  • Such catheter instruments have not been designed or'constructed for theplacement and use of the present catheter, that is, one which may be left in the body over a protracted period of several days; to provide'simultaneous central venous fluid administration and sensing of intrathoracic EKG activity; and simultaneous monitoring of central venous pressure and intrathoracic EKG activity.
  • FIG. 1 is a pictorial view of the apparatus of the pres ent invention
  • FIG. 2 is a fragmentary, cross-sectional view of a catheter constructed in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken substantially on the plane of line 3-3 of FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken substantially on the plane of line 44 of FIG. 2;
  • the catheter of the present invention is of the disposable central venous type and is composed of flexible tubing having a length adapted to extend into the superior vena cava and composed of nonreactive material permitting the catheter to remain in place for a protracted period of several days during the course of observation and treatment; an electrical conductor 12 carried by the tubing and extending lengthwise thereof and being electrically insulated from the interior and exterior walls 13 and 14 of the tubing; an electrode 16 connected to conductor 12 and mounted at the exterior surface of the tubing adjacent to but spaced from the distal end 17 thereof; and a terminal 18 for conductor 12 adjacent the proximal end 19 of the tubing for connection by lead 21 to an electrocardiograph 22'.
  • the proximal end 19 of the catheter is provided with an adapter 20 which is, in turn, connected by a length of tubing 25 to the standard three-way manual cock valve 23 which has conduit connections to the base of a manometer tube 24 and to the feed conduit 26 of an I.V. bottle 27. Accordingly, valve 23 may be manually turned between an off position, a second position connecting the manometer 24 to the catheter for reading of central venous pressure, and a third position connecting the catheter to I.V. bottle 27 for infusing fluid through the catheter into the blood stream. Medicine may be injected into the catheter by means of a needle inserted directly into the tubing.
  • the catheter of the present invention is constructed of nonreactive material.
  • Nonreactive material is defined as one which the body does not reject or react to.
  • the preferred material is polyethylene. Two other materials, Teflon and Silastic, may also be used. It is essential that the present catheter be made of a substance which the body will tolerate for extended periods of time, several days, without causing an inflamatory reaction.
  • Electrode 16 Another critical feature of the present catheter is the location of electrode 16. It is essential that this electrode be located on the exterior side 14 of the catheter out of contact with the material discharged from the distal end 17 so as to be electrically unaffected thereby. For the same reason, electrode 16 needs be spaced slightly from tip 17 so that a droplet of saline or other material will flow away from the tip without touching electrode 16 and producing an attendant blip on the electrocardiogram.
  • the essential feature of the present invention is that a continuous and accurate EKG display is obtained simultaneously with the infusion into the blood stream of fluid from the distal end of the catheter. Thus, an instantaneous observation may be made of drug administration and EKG activity which is of critical importance in certain instances, as in the treatment of cardiac arrest. Similarly, immediate observation of EKG activity is provided with the introduction of all types of I.V. materiaLElectrode 16 should be spaced from tip 17 by a distance of about one-eighth inch.
  • Conductor 12 is here embedded in the wall of tubing 11 and is turned to the outside surface 14 adjacent dis tal end 17 to provide electrode 16. Alternatively, the outer wall portion may be removed to expose the conductor. In a similar manner, the opposite end of conductor 12 is turned out and electrically connected to the base of terminal 18 secured to the proximal end of the catheter. Terminal 18 is here formed with a circular socket 31 dimensioned for receipt of the conventional pin end on EKG conductor 21 and with a set screw 32 for securing the conductor pin in place. Only a fine wire size is required for conducting the EKG potential. Embedding of conductor 12 in the catheter wall provides the required electrical insulation. The requirement of a minimum wire size enables the use of the invention with standard size central venous pressure catheters, e.g., 22 gauge and 18 gauge, and in usual catheter lengths.
  • a central venous catheter composed of nonreactive material having a wall defining a longitudinally extending bore and an opening at the distal end of said catheter and bore for fluid flow longitudinally through said bore toward said distal end and for discharge through said opening;
  • an electrical conductor carried by and extending lengthwise of said wall and being electrically insulated from the exterior surface of said wall and said bore;
  • a terminal connected to said conductor adjacent said proximal end of said catheter and being connected to said electrocardiograph.
  • said catheter having a length dimensioned for intrathoracic placement of said distal end.
  • valve means connectingsaid manometer and source to said proximal end of said catheter for selectively providing central venous fluid administration or central venous pressure determination each while simultaneously displaying EKG activity.
  • a central venous catheter for use with medical apparatus including an intravenous feeding supply adapted for connection to the proximal end of said catheter and an electrocardiograph, comprising:
  • catheter means for insertion through a vein and into the thoracic cavity of a patient but short of the heart and composed of nonreactive material having a wall defining a longitudinally extending bore and an opening at the distal end of said catheter and bore for fluid flow longitudinally of said bore toward said distal end and for discharge of fluid through said opening, said catheter having a length for disposing said distal end in the patients thorax;
  • an electrical conductor carried by and extending lengthwise of said wall and being electrically insulated from the exterior surface of said wall and said bore;
  • an EKG electrode connected to said conductor and mounted at said exterior surface adjacent to but spaced proximally from said opening; and a terminal connected to said conductor adjacent said proximal end of said catheter and being adapted for connection to said electrocardiograph.
  • said non-reactive material being polyethylene.
  • a method comprising: inserting into a patients vein the distal end of a central venous catheter having a longitudinally extend ing bore and an opening at said distal end for fluid flow longitudinally through said bore toward said distal end and for discharge through said opening,

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Cardiology (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Surgery (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Vascular Medicine (AREA)
  • Physiology (AREA)
  • Measurement And Recording Of Electrical Phenomena And Electrical Characteristics Of The Living Body (AREA)
  • Media Introduction/Drainage Providing Device (AREA)
  • Measuring And Recording Apparatus For Diagnosis (AREA)
  • Infusion, Injection, And Reservoir Apparatuses (AREA)
US00226835A 1972-02-16 1972-02-16 Disposable central venous catheter and method of use Expired - Lifetime US3817241A (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00226835A US3817241A (en) 1972-02-16 1972-02-16 Disposable central venous catheter and method of use
DE2306519A DE2306519C2 (de) 1972-02-16 1973-02-09 Zentralvenen-Katheter zur Infusion von medikamentösen Flüssigkeiten
CA163,552A CA1004302A (en) 1972-02-16 1973-02-12 Disposable central venous catheter
GB760173A GB1424262A (en) 1972-02-16 1973-02-15 Disposable central venous catheter
JP1797673A JPS57813B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-02-16 1973-02-15

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

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US00226835A US3817241A (en) 1972-02-16 1972-02-16 Disposable central venous catheter and method of use

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US3817241A true US3817241A (en) 1974-06-18

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US (1) US3817241A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS57813B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA1004302A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2306519C2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1424262A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (65)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3903896A (en) * 1974-04-01 1975-09-09 Dietrich Harmjanz Catheter for the electrical stimulation of the heart
US5009636A (en) * 1989-12-06 1991-04-23 The Kendall Company Dual-lumen catheter apparatus and method
US5429130A (en) * 1992-05-06 1995-07-04 Goldman; Daniel S. Percutaneous vascular unipolar electrically conductive sheath
US5438985A (en) * 1993-01-25 1995-08-08 Synectics Medical, Incorporated Ambulatory recording of the presence and activity of substances in gastro-intestinal compartments
US5476497A (en) * 1991-01-09 1995-12-19 Ann Mirowski Oval electrode lead body
US5477860A (en) * 1992-11-05 1995-12-26 Synectics Medical, Inc. Catheter for measuring respiration and respiratory effort
US5477854A (en) * 1993-09-16 1995-12-26 Synectics Medical, Inc. System and method to monitor gastrointestinal Helicobacter pylori infection
US5479935A (en) * 1993-10-21 1996-01-02 Synectics Medical, Inc. Ambulatory reflux monitoring system
US5507289A (en) * 1993-09-16 1996-04-16 Synectics Medical, Inc. System and method to diagnose bacterial growth
US5551425A (en) * 1993-05-13 1996-09-03 Synectics Medical, Inc. Potential difference and perfusion pressure catheter
US5657759A (en) * 1993-05-13 1997-08-19 Synectics Medical, Incorporated Measurement of gastric emptying and gastrointestinal output
US5810741A (en) * 1992-11-05 1998-09-22 Synectics Medical Ab Method of measuring respiration and respiratory effort using plural catheters
US5833625A (en) * 1993-10-21 1998-11-10 Synectics Medical Ab Ambulatory reflux monitoring system
US20040006280A1 (en) * 2002-07-03 2004-01-08 Bioanalytical Systems, Inc., An Indiana Corporation Device and method for electrocardiography on freely moving animals
US7031774B1 (en) 2000-10-11 2006-04-18 Pacesetter, Inc. Switch for electrode selections in Single-pass Atrial/Ventricular leads
US20070049846A1 (en) * 2005-08-24 2007-03-01 C.R.Bard, Inc. Stylet Apparatuses and Methods of Manufacture
US20100094116A1 (en) * 2008-10-07 2010-04-15 Lucent Medical Systems, Inc. Percutaneous magnetic gastrostomy
US20100204569A1 (en) * 2007-11-26 2010-08-12 C. R. Bard, Inc. System for placement of a catheter including a signal-generating stylet
US7794407B2 (en) * 2006-10-23 2010-09-14 Bard Access Systems, Inc. Method of locating the tip of a central venous catheter
US20100317981A1 (en) * 2009-06-12 2010-12-16 Romedex International Srl Catheter Tip Positioning Method
US20100318026A1 (en) * 2009-06-12 2010-12-16 Romedex International Srl Devices and Methods for Endovascular Electrography
US20110015533A1 (en) * 2007-11-26 2011-01-20 C.R. Bard, Inc. Stylets for use with apparatus for intravascular placement of a catheter
US20110196248A1 (en) * 2009-06-12 2011-08-11 Bard Access Systems, Inc. Apparatus and method for catheter navigation and tip location
US8388546B2 (en) 2006-10-23 2013-03-05 Bard Access Systems, Inc. Method of locating the tip of a central venous catheter
US8388541B2 (en) 2007-11-26 2013-03-05 C. R. Bard, Inc. Integrated system for intravascular placement of a catheter
US8478382B2 (en) 2008-02-11 2013-07-02 C. R. Bard, Inc. Systems and methods for positioning a catheter
USD699359S1 (en) 2011-08-09 2014-02-11 C. R. Bard, Inc. Ultrasound probe head
US8801693B2 (en) 2010-10-29 2014-08-12 C. R. Bard, Inc. Bioimpedance-assisted placement of a medical device
US8849382B2 (en) 2007-11-26 2014-09-30 C. R. Bard, Inc. Apparatus and display methods relating to intravascular placement of a catheter
USD724745S1 (en) 2011-08-09 2015-03-17 C. R. Bard, Inc. Cap for an ultrasound probe
US9211107B2 (en) 2011-11-07 2015-12-15 C. R. Bard, Inc. Ruggedized ultrasound hydrogel insert
US9456766B2 (en) 2007-11-26 2016-10-04 C. R. Bard, Inc. Apparatus for use with needle insertion guidance system
US9492097B2 (en) 2007-11-26 2016-11-15 C. R. Bard, Inc. Needle length determination and calibration for insertion guidance system
US9521961B2 (en) 2007-11-26 2016-12-20 C. R. Bard, Inc. Systems and methods for guiding a medical instrument
US9532724B2 (en) 2009-06-12 2017-01-03 Bard Access Systems, Inc. Apparatus and method for catheter navigation using endovascular energy mapping
US9554716B2 (en) 2007-11-26 2017-01-31 C. R. Bard, Inc. Insertion guidance system for needles and medical components
US9649048B2 (en) 2007-11-26 2017-05-16 C. R. Bard, Inc. Systems and methods for breaching a sterile field for intravascular placement of a catheter
US9839372B2 (en) 2014-02-06 2017-12-12 C. R. Bard, Inc. Systems and methods for guidance and placement of an intravascular device
US9901714B2 (en) 2008-08-22 2018-02-27 C. R. Bard, Inc. Catheter assembly including ECG sensor and magnetic assemblies
US10039920B1 (en) 2017-08-02 2018-08-07 Lungpacer Medical, Inc. Systems and methods for intravascular catheter positioning and/or nerve stimulation
US10046139B2 (en) 2010-08-20 2018-08-14 C. R. Bard, Inc. Reconfirmation of ECG-assisted catheter tip placement
US10293164B2 (en) 2017-05-26 2019-05-21 Lungpacer Medical Inc. Apparatus and methods for assisted breathing by transvascular nerve stimulation
CN109805926A (zh) * 2019-03-19 2019-05-28 苏州润迈德医疗科技有限公司 用于冠脉内心电图的信号测量装置
US10349890B2 (en) 2015-06-26 2019-07-16 C. R. Bard, Inc. Connector interface for ECG-based catheter positioning system
US10391314B2 (en) 2014-01-21 2019-08-27 Lungpacer Medical Inc. Systems and related methods for optimization of multi-electrode nerve pacing
US10406367B2 (en) 2012-06-21 2019-09-10 Lungpacer Medical Inc. Transvascular diaphragm pacing system and methods of use
US10449330B2 (en) 2007-11-26 2019-10-22 C. R. Bard, Inc. Magnetic element-equipped needle assemblies
US10512772B2 (en) 2012-03-05 2019-12-24 Lungpacer Medical Inc. Transvascular nerve stimulation apparatus and methods
US10524691B2 (en) 2007-11-26 2020-01-07 C. R. Bard, Inc. Needle assembly including an aligned magnetic element
US10561843B2 (en) 2007-01-29 2020-02-18 Lungpacer Medical, Inc. Transvascular nerve stimulation apparatus and methods
US10639008B2 (en) 2009-10-08 2020-05-05 C. R. Bard, Inc. Support and cover structures for an ultrasound probe head
US10751509B2 (en) 2007-11-26 2020-08-25 C. R. Bard, Inc. Iconic representations for guidance of an indwelling medical device
US10820885B2 (en) 2012-06-15 2020-11-03 C. R. Bard, Inc. Apparatus and methods for detection of a removable cap on an ultrasound probe
US10940308B2 (en) 2017-08-04 2021-03-09 Lungpacer Medical Inc. Systems and methods for trans-esophageal sympathetic ganglion recruitment
US10973584B2 (en) 2015-01-19 2021-04-13 Bard Access Systems, Inc. Device and method for vascular access
US10992079B2 (en) 2018-10-16 2021-04-27 Bard Access Systems, Inc. Safety-equipped connection systems and methods thereof for establishing electrical connections
US10987511B2 (en) 2018-11-08 2021-04-27 Lungpacer Medical Inc. Stimulation systems and related user interfaces
US11000207B2 (en) 2016-01-29 2021-05-11 C. R. Bard, Inc. Multiple coil system for tracking a medical device
US11103213B2 (en) 2009-10-08 2021-08-31 C. R. Bard, Inc. Spacers for use with an ultrasound probe
US11357979B2 (en) 2019-05-16 2022-06-14 Lungpacer Medical Inc. Systems and methods for sensing and stimulation
US11707619B2 (en) 2013-11-22 2023-07-25 Lungpacer Medical Inc. Apparatus and methods for assisted breathing by transvascular nerve stimulation
US11771900B2 (en) 2019-06-12 2023-10-03 Lungpacer Medical Inc. Circuitry for medical stimulation systems
US11883658B2 (en) 2017-06-30 2024-01-30 Lungpacer Medical Inc. Devices and methods for prevention, moderation, and/or treatment of cognitive injury
US12029903B2 (en) 2017-12-11 2024-07-09 Lungpacer Medical Inc. Systems and methods for strengthening a respiratory muscle
US12403312B2 (en) 2023-08-23 2025-09-02 Lungpacer Medical Inc. Circuitry for medical stimulation systems

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JPS57129215U (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1981-02-09 1982-08-12
DE3417479C2 (de) * 1984-04-03 1986-04-24 Sterimed Gesellschaft für medizinischen Bedarf mbH, 6600 Saarbrücken Venenkatheter mit elektrisch leitfähigem kunstoffummantelten Metalldraht als Führungsmandrin
JPH026003U (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1988-06-24 1990-01-16
CN107050563A (zh) * 2017-05-26 2017-08-18 常州市第人民医院 一种心电感应引导植入式胸壁港

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US3533403A (en) * 1967-05-10 1970-10-13 Riley D Woodson Combination heart catheter and electrode
US3529592A (en) * 1967-12-07 1970-09-22 Paul E Rockwell Manometer device
US3664347A (en) * 1968-07-27 1972-05-23 Dietrich Harmjanz Electric heart stimulation method and electrode
DE1937137A1 (de) * 1968-08-14 1970-02-19 Liechti Ag Fred Herzkatheter
US3682162A (en) * 1968-12-13 1972-08-08 Wellcome Found Combined electrode and hypodermic syringe needle
US3580983A (en) * 1969-12-03 1971-05-25 Nat Catheter Corp Conductive line tube
US3680544A (en) * 1970-09-09 1972-08-01 James P Shinnick Transthoracic cannula-type device for cardiopulmonary resuscitation

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U.S. Catheter & Instrument Corp., 1957 catalog, page 8 *

Cited By (134)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3903896A (en) * 1974-04-01 1975-09-09 Dietrich Harmjanz Catheter for the electrical stimulation of the heart
US5009636A (en) * 1989-12-06 1991-04-23 The Kendall Company Dual-lumen catheter apparatus and method
US5476497A (en) * 1991-01-09 1995-12-19 Ann Mirowski Oval electrode lead body
US5429130A (en) * 1992-05-06 1995-07-04 Goldman; Daniel S. Percutaneous vascular unipolar electrically conductive sheath
US5477860A (en) * 1992-11-05 1995-12-26 Synectics Medical, Inc. Catheter for measuring respiration and respiratory effort
US5810741A (en) * 1992-11-05 1998-09-22 Synectics Medical Ab Method of measuring respiration and respiratory effort using plural catheters
US5438985A (en) * 1993-01-25 1995-08-08 Synectics Medical, Incorporated Ambulatory recording of the presence and activity of substances in gastro-intestinal compartments
US5657759A (en) * 1993-05-13 1997-08-19 Synectics Medical, Incorporated Measurement of gastric emptying and gastrointestinal output
US6132372A (en) * 1993-05-13 2000-10-17 Synectics Medical, Incorporated Measurement of gastric emptying and gastrointestinal output
US5551425A (en) * 1993-05-13 1996-09-03 Synectics Medical, Inc. Potential difference and perfusion pressure catheter
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GB1424262A (en) 1976-02-11
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DE2306519A1 (de) 1973-09-27
JPS57813B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1982-01-08

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