US3816992A - Crimped polyester filament yarn and process for making same - Google Patents

Crimped polyester filament yarn and process for making same Download PDF

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Publication number
US3816992A
US3816992A US00353808A US35380873A US3816992A US 3816992 A US3816992 A US 3816992A US 00353808 A US00353808 A US 00353808A US 35380873 A US35380873 A US 35380873A US 3816992 A US3816992 A US 3816992A
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Prior art keywords
filament
percent
yarn
filaments
pin
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US00353808A
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English (en)
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Hans Rudolf Edward Frankfort
Peter Francis Lyons
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EIDP Inc
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EI Du Pont de Nemours and Co
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Priority to US281972A priority Critical patent/US3861133A/en
Application filed by EI Du Pont de Nemours and Co filed Critical EI Du Pont de Nemours and Co
Priority to US00353808A priority patent/US3816992A/en
Priority to CH670574D priority patent/CH670574A4/de
Priority to CH670574A priority patent/CH591580B5/xx
Priority claimed from GB2315474A external-priority patent/GB1452354A/en
Priority to GB2315574A priority patent/GB1452355A/en
Priority to DE19742425619 priority patent/DE2425619A1/de
Priority to NL7407087A priority patent/NL7407087A/xx
Priority to LU70162A priority patent/LU70162A1/xx
Priority to FR7418232A priority patent/FR2273098B1/fr
Priority to BE144758A priority patent/BE815549A/xx
Priority to NL747407085A priority patent/NL154280B/xx
Priority to OA55209A priority patent/OA04709A/xx
Priority to DE19742425632 priority patent/DE2425632A1/de
Priority claimed from OA55209A external-priority patent/OA04709A/xx
Priority claimed from JP49058909A external-priority patent/JPS50155717A/ja
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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D02—YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
    • D02G—CRIMPING OR CURLING FIBRES, FILAMENTS, THREADS, OR YARNS; YARNS OR THREADS
    • D02G1/00—Producing crimped or curled fibres, filaments, yarns, or threads, giving them latent characteristics
    • D02G1/004—Producing crimped or curled fibres, filaments, yarns, or threads, giving them latent characteristics by heating fibres, filaments, yarns or threads so as to create a temperature gradient across their diameter, thereby imparting them latent asymmetrical shrinkage properties
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
    • Y10T428/2922—Nonlinear [e.g., crimped, coiled, etc.]

Definitions

  • FIG-3A PKTENTEBJuu 1 a 1974 SHEET 2 [IF 4 Fl G- 4A FIG. 4B
  • FIG-5 PA'TENTEDJunIaM sum 3 nr 4 FIG- FIG.
  • the present invention is concerned with asymmetric polyester filaments and the crimped products obtained by heat-relaxing them.
  • Filaments which crimp due to asymmetric shrinkage when relaxed have been prepared by a variety of methods.
  • Kilian U.S. Pat. No. 3,050,82l discloses polyester filaments which have been asymmetrically quenched during melt spinning, by blowing cooling air against one side of the filaments as they emerge from the spinneret. When drawn and then relaxed, the filaments will shrink to a greater extent on one side of the filament, but a relatively low crimp frequency is obtained in this manner.
  • Crirnpability has been imparted by passing filaments over a sharp edge. This weakens the filament and improvements in the crimp obtained are desirable.
  • the edge-treated side is on the inside of crimp bends.
  • Terumichi Ono et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,600,271 discloses that a better crimped product is obtained when previously undrawn 6-nylon is drawn over a cylindrical pin heated to about 600C.
  • Yukio Mitsuishi et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,538,566 teaches that milder conditions must be used for polyester filaments. Lower pin temperatures are used and the filaments are wet when drawn over the pin in the process of thispatent. The results obtained at various pin temperatures and filament speeds of 200 to 600 meters per minute indicate that undesirably low crimp frequencies are obtained.
  • 6-nylon carpet yarn of increased voluminosity can be prepared by introducing two crimps separately into a yarn, a latent crimp by asymmetric treatment with a heated pin and a direct crimp by subjecting the yarn to direct crimping treatment by a gear-crimping, a stufferbox crimping, or an air-crimping treatment.
  • the present invention provides polyester filaments and yarns which, in the heat-relaxed form, have an especially desirable crimp frequency distribution. Additionaladvantages of the invention will become apparent from the specification and drawings.
  • A'product of this invention is a textile filament having asymmetric properties and an abraded surface extending along one side of the filament, and consisting of a single synthetic linear polyester composition having a modified minor portion, distinguishable by a difference in refractive index, which extends substantially continuously along the abraded side of the filament.
  • the continuity of this minor portion is such that less than 5 percent (usually less than 3 percent) of the filament length is occupied by discontinuities longer than 2 millimeters and the average length of all discontinuities is less than 2 millimeters (usually 0.6 to 1.5 mm.).
  • the number of discontinuities longer than 2 mm. is usually less than 30 percent of the total number of all discontinuities and is preferably less than percent.
  • this minor portion occupies from 3 percent to percent usually 4 percent to 15 percent) of representative cross-sectional areas along the filament and is l to 3 microns in thickness (usually 1.4 to 2.6 a), measured from the abraded surface.
  • the abraded surface of the filament is generally on the outside of crimp bends and is clearly marked by closely spaced, parallel ripples which extend transversely with respect to the filament length, when viewed at high magnification, after a heatrelaxing treatment for 5 minutes in 180C. air.
  • a heat-relaxed product of the invention is as defined above and further characterized by crimp frequency values, measured after a heat-relaxing treatment for 5 minutes in 180C. air and normalized for 2.5 denier per filament, which average at least 25 (preferably 30 to 60) crimps per filament inch with a percent coefficient of variation of less than 30 (preferably less than 20).
  • crimp frequency values measured after a heat-relaxing treatment for 5 minutes in 180C. air and normalized for 2.5 denier per filament, which average at least 25 (preferably 30 to 60) crimps per filament inch with a percent coefficient of variation of less than 30 (preferably less than 20).
  • at least percent of the filament length has greater than 15 crimps per filament inch and the crimp frequency distribution for the middle 90 percent is numerically equal to or less than said average (usually from 0.4 to 0.9 times the average crimp frequency value).
  • at least 90 percent of the filament length has greater than 20 crimps per inch.
  • the invention includes multifilament yarns of the above filaments, either before or after crimp has been developed by heat-relaxation.
  • the filament crimp is random from filament to filament. This crimp provides a highly desirable appearance when the yarns are viewed without magnification.
  • FIGS. 1A to 4A are photomicrographs of representative portions of filaments which have been melt-spun, drawn and pin-textured, as described subsequently in examples having the samenumbers, and prior to any additional treatment.
  • FIGS. 15 to 4B are corresponding photomicrographs of filaments produced as described in these examples and then heat-relaxed for five minutes in C. air. The filaments are viewed from the side at over 1000X magnification, the actual magnification being indicated by scales accompanying the figures( l millimeter 1000 a).
  • FIG. 5 is a greatly enlarged cross-sectional view of one of these filaments, the modified portion being indicated by cross hatching.
  • FIG. 7 is a graph of the crimp frequency distribution DETAILED DESCRIPTION
  • the products of this invention may consist of any of the single synthetic linear polyester compositions conventionally used in textile filaments and yarns.
  • the polyester consists essentially of poly( ethylene terephthalate), which may be coopolymerized with minor amounts of other components to improve textile properties; such copolyesters include poly( ethylene terephthalate/isophthalate), poly(ethylene terephthaIate/adipate) and poly( ethylene terephthalate/S- (sodium sulfo)-isophthalate).
  • polyesters include poly( tetramethylene terephthalate) and poly( 1,4- cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate).
  • the single composition may comprise intimate mixtures of the polyesters and/or copolyesters and may contain minor amounts of other additives e.g., delusterants, antistatic agents, or other monomeric or polymeric additives).
  • Filaments having substantially round cross sections are preferred, but other cross-sectional configurations may be used, e.g., trilobal or octalobal.
  • the multifilament yarn products may be of any conventional denier/filament count, preferably about 35 to 250 denier and 10 to 200, preferably 17 to 50 filaments, the yarns of 70/34 to 190/34 count being of particular interest.
  • the crimp can be developed by conventional heat-relaxing treatments, several of which are disclosed in the patents discussed previously. In general, these treatments involve allowing the yarn to shrink freely while exposed to hot water, steam or dry heat. In the method used herein for comparing crimp frequencies of filaments, the filaments are suspended in semicircular form in a 180C. hot air oven for minutes and then allowed to cool while free from tension. Filaments which have been relaxed by other methods are also retreated by this test method to standardize crimp measurements.
  • Crimp frequencies are expressed herein as crimps per filament inch, rather than crimps per straight line inch of crimped length.
  • the measurement is accomplished by extending the filament under a load sufficient to straighten the crimps without stretching the filament, marking l-inch distances along the filament, then removing the load to allow recrimping, and counting the crimps between l-inch marks.
  • the measured crimp frequency values are multiplied by V d/2.5, where d is the denier per filament after 180C. treatment, to obtain normalized crimp frequency values. If the present shrinkage (S) in the 180C. oven-relaxing treatment is known, the value of d can be determined by multiplying the unrelaxed denier per filament by l S/lOO).
  • the characteristic abraded surface which extends substantially continuously along one side of the filaments of this invention, provides a qualitative distinction from prior art filaments that have been modified in different ways to impart crimp.
  • Abraded surfaces of filaments produced as described'in Examples 14 are shown in FIGS. lA-4B, wherein A is a photomicrograph of a portion of a pin/textured filament before additional treatment, and B is after heat relaxation. The location of modified filament portions is indicated in the latter by the closely spaced, parallel ripples crossing the filaments.
  • FIG. 5 shows a typical cross-sectional view of these products wherein the modified filament portion, designated by cross-hatching, occupies about 5 to 10 percent of the cross section and is approximately 2 microns in thickness.
  • the crimp frequency of the filaments is most easily determined with a shadowgraph projection of the filament, using about 20X magnification.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates such a projection, and the arrows indicate crimps counted. Care is taken to'count crimps which may appear quite small when viewed from a single direction; these may be significant when viewed in a different direction.
  • FIG. 7 shows the frequency distributions of products produced as described in the examples and then heat-relaxed for 5 minutes in 180C. air.
  • the normalized crimp frequency in crimps per filament inch is indicated on the abscissa, and the percent of the filament length having greater crimp frequencies is indicated on the ordinate.
  • the distribution curves are numbered to correspond to the examples.
  • This graph can be used to ascertain the percent of the filament length which has a crimp frequency greater than any given value.
  • the average crimp frequency is the value where the 50 percent ordinate value intersects the curve.
  • the crimp frequency distribution for the middle percent is the minimum crimp frequency for 5 percent minus the minimum crimp frequency for percent, which will be abbreviated R R Woven and knit fabrics containing relaxed yarns of this invention have desirable bulk, aesthetics, performance and uniformity.
  • yarns of the type described in Example 3 when relaxed in a hot air jet and then woven, yield fabrics having a high degree of suppleness and liveliness; warp-knits from similarly relaxed yarns have a soft hand, high bulk, and excellent dyeuniformity.
  • Double-knit fabrics prepared from the relaxed yarns of Example 2, have a high, firm bulk and excellent wash-wear performance, wrinkle-resistance, and dye-uniformity.
  • Suitable filaments for such yarns are between 1 and 7 denier per filament.
  • the yarns of the present invention can also be cut into staple lengths and converted to yarns or used as filling for, e.g., pillows, after developing the crimp.
  • FIG. 8 The products can be produced as illustrated in FIG. 8.
  • Filaments 10 are melt-spun from spinneret 11, allowed to cool, pass in contact with a conventional first finish-applying roll (not shown) after converging, pass around feed rolls 12, through steam draw jet 13, over a second finish-applying roll 14 and then around draw rolls 15 which have a considerably higher surface speed than the feed rolls to draw the yarn.
  • a traversing mechanism 16 is provided for guiding the filaments onto the draw rolls; when activated, it varies the path of the drawn filaments on the rolls and over pin 17.
  • the drawn filaments pass over texturing pin 17 with a change of direction 0, and pass around pulling rolls 18 which provide tension over the texturing pin.
  • the filaments can be guided to the texturing pin by an adjustable idler roll (not shown) to facilitate changing the wrap angle 0 at the texturing pin in order to increase or decrease the length of pin-filament contact.
  • the filaments pass from the pulling rolls over a postdraw finish roll 19 to wind-up 20, which cross-winds the product under a tension that is best measured shortly after the postdraw finish roll.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates such a separate operation wherein untwisted, drawn and packaged yarn is fed over-end to the pin-texturing treatment.
  • the yarn passes from package 21 through tension gate 22 and over roller 23 to a pair of feed rolls 24.
  • the yarn makes several wraps about the pair of feed rolls, proceeds to a pair of stretch rolls 25, makes several wraps about the pair of stretch rolls, passes over texturing pin 26 at a wrap angle 0, and proceeds over roller 27 to wind-up 28.
  • the yarn passing over the texturing pin may be an inner wrap, i.e., the yarn passes from the pin back to the stretch rolls. Alternatively, the yarn may pass from the pin to separate pulling rollswithout returning to the stretch rolls.
  • the texturing pin preferably has a non-metallic composition which may be characterized as a durable, wear-resistant material having frictional properties similar to ceramic guides and draw-pins of types commonly used in producing uncrimped textile yarns.
  • Al- SiMag pins (American Lava Corp.) are used in the examples. Suitable coefficients of friction are from 0.4 to 1.1 (determined as described in Example 7).
  • the pin diameter and wrap angle 6 should provide a filament-pin contact length of 0.5 to mm., preferably l to 10 mm. Filament speeds on the texturing pin may be 1,000 to 4,500 yards per minute or higher.
  • the temperature of the yarn just prior to the pin should be from 25 to 100C., although temperatures up to 150C. may be used.
  • a EVALUATION PROCEDURES Photomicrographs of Filament Surfaces A scanning electron microscope SEM) is used to study the nature of the abraded surface of the filaments.
  • a short sample (about three-fourths inch long) of yarn is mounted on a standard Stereoscan stub inch diameter aluminum stub).
  • Two strips Va inch X A inch) of double-faced adhesive tape are fixed 1/2 inch apart and parallel to each other on the stub surface.
  • the sample of yarn is lightly teased to separate the filaments, and each yarn end is fixed to one strip of the adhesive. When mounting crimped yarn, no tension is applied so that the yarn is mounted with its crimp undisturbed.
  • Silver circuit paint is dabbed on both ends of all filaments and on the adhesive tape to insure electrical continuity to the specimen stub.
  • the final step of specimen preparation involves the vacuum evaporation of a /40 Au/Pd coating onto the surface of the sample and stub which insures electrical continuity over the entire stub.
  • the thickness of this coating is estimated to be of the order of 300-400 A. which is below the level of resolution of the SEM used; thus, the coating is not seen when viewing filaments by this technique.
  • the stub is placed in the specimen holder and after evacuation of the specimen chamber, the specimen is viewed in the SEM.
  • Typical viewing conditions are 20 KV electrons with a beam current of 200 pamps, and a specimen tilt of 30 relative to the impinging electron beam.
  • micrographs are recorded at, e.g., 200, 500, 1,000 and 2,000X magnifications. This series of magnifications includes a sufficiently low magnifica tion to illustrate the position of the modified surface relative to the crimp and a sufficiently high magnification to reveal details of the modified surface.
  • unrelaxed filaments of the present invention exhibit a frictionally modified surface running along the filament length; in the relaxed filaments, this surface can be seen to be present alongthe outside of the crimp bend and can'also be seen to-have a plurality of ripples which are visible on the abraded surface and run transversely with respect to the filament length.
  • the modified surface also runs generally on the outside of crimp bends, but may occasionally be seen on the inside where secondary folds have been imposed on sections of the filament by jet-screen impact.
  • Continuity of the Modified Portion Interference microscopy is used to determine the continuity 'of the modified portion along filament length L, where L is taken as 40 mm. times the number of filaments in the yarn for any yarn having 34 filaments. For other yarn counts, a total of 1,360 mm, distributed uniformly across the yarn, is viewed.
  • a 60 mm. length is cut from the yarn.
  • the individual filaments are separated.
  • Each 60-mm. long filament is taped on a glass slide so that it lies straight and the slide is im mersed in Refractive Index Fluid of an index of refrac tion (n) which matches the index of I refraction (n perpendicular) of the unmodified portion of the filament for light vibrating perpendicular to the fiber axis e.g., a fluid of n 1.540 is used for poly( ethylene tere phthalate).
  • the assembly is then covered with a second glass slide and the assembly is placed on the stage of the interference microscope. Using a suitable device, the assembly is advanced across the viewing area so that a continuous 40 mm. length is viewed at 200x.
  • a modified portion is detected by interference contrast i.e., the modified portion will be of different color than the remainder of the filament) or by fringe field (i.e., a fringe shift indicates a change in index of refraction going from modified to unmodified areas of the filament). Only those sections where a color difference or a fringe shift can be positively identified are considered as modified.
  • a modified portion Once a modified portion is detected, its path is followed along the filament length and the number and length of all discontinuities in its path are recorded. For convenience, a calibrated eyepiece, such that at 200K each division on the eyepiece equals is used and the length of the discontinuities is reported in divisions and later converted to mm. by the formula:
  • V sum of the lengths of discontinuities greater than 2 mm., expressed in mm.
  • L total filament length viewed From these values, the following are calculated: Average length of all discontinuities U/M Percent of long 2 mm.) discontinuities N/M X 100 Percent of filament length occupied by long 2 mm.) discontinuities V/L X lOO
  • the products of the present invention have a low average length for all discontinuities, and the long discontinuities, if present, occupy only a very minor portion of the total length of the filament. It is believed that these factors contribute significantly to the desirable crimp of the products, since the presence of the modified portion correlates well with the development of crimp in the filaments.
  • a cross-section of the yarn sample is suitably prepared for microtome sectioning, e.g., a yarn bundle is mounted in a Beem capsule and embedded with epoxy (Maraset" from Marblette Corp.). After trimming the cured stub, approximately 6 micron thick sections are obtained using a rotary microtome (Spencer Model 860) with a steel blade. The sections are placed onto the two halves of a cut microscope slide (insures constant thickness for a two beam Leitz Transmission Interference Microscope). The two"- specimen slides are completed by immersing the sections in refractive index oil (Cargille Index of Refraction Fluid N 1.530) and covering with microscope cover slips.
  • refractive index oil Cargille Index of Refraction Fluid N 1.530
  • One specimen slide is placed onto the reference beam stage and the other slide is placed onto the sample beam stage of the two beam Leitz Transmission Interference Microscope.
  • the specimen section is viewed at SOOX magnification. Following the alignment procedures, the fringe field is obtained in the field of view in white light. The fringes are then fluffed out" to obtain Cross-Sectional interference contrast, i.e., the fringes are taken to their maximum separation.
  • the specimen section is brought into sharp focus and the index variation across given textured filaments cross-section is recorded on color film as the retardation or color difference across the filament section.
  • the procedure can be carried out in monochromatic illumination and recorded on black and white film.
  • the procedure described above is performed without the analyzer in the optical system and is used as a qualitative detection technique for presence of the modified portion of different refractive index.
  • Thickness of the modified portion is determined from 1,000X micrographs of cross-sections by measuring the thickness of the ribbon on three corss-sections at three points each, and averaging the nine values. Referring to FIG. 5, the 3 points measured are (l) the thickness at the center of the modified, i.e., cross-hatched portion and (2) and (3) the thickness near each of the extremes of the modified portion, measured at a distance of about 1 mm. from each extreme. A small plastic ruler is most conveniently used, and 1 mm. 1 ,u..
  • the width of the modified portion at its widest point and the diameter of the filament are measured on 1,000X micrographs of cross-sections using a suitable ruler. Four or five cross-sections per sample are analyzed; and the average of the 4 or 5 determinations is recorded. The width as percent of filament diameter is calculated by dividing the average width by the average filament diameter and multiplying by 100.
  • the percent area of the modified portion is determined by making a lOOOX photomicrograph, cutting out 8-l2 cross-sections from it, and weighing the filament cross-sections before W and after (W cutting the modified portion therefrom.
  • Area (W,, W (IOO/W when W and W,, are total weights in grams, before and after cutting.
  • Crimp Frequency Distribution For a yarn having at least 17 filaments, a SO-cm. length of yarn is cut from the yarn to be tested, and I7 filaments, taken at random, are carefully separated from the cut length, taking care not to stretch the filaments.
  • One filament at a time is relaxed as follows: The filament is suspended by attaching both ends to a glass rod at a sufficient distance apart to permit the filament to shrink and crimp fully without becoming taut; this is done, e.g., by attaching masking tape or a suitable clip to each end of the filament and clipping each end to the rod.
  • the rod may be permanently mounted in the oven or placed in the oven, with the filamentalready attached to it. In either case, care is taken to have the mounted filament in a 180C.
  • each relaxed filament is taped to one end of the clear plastic straight-edge which has been marked off at l-inch intervals.
  • a weight, sufficient to straighten the crimps without stretching the filament, is taped to the free end of the filament; e.g., a 0.6 g.
  • weight is normally satisfactory for about 2 to 6 dpf filaments, i.e., 0.15 gpd for 4 denier and 0.3 gpd for 2 denier filaments.
  • the straight-edge is lifted to a vertical position, allowing the filament to hang freely under the tensioning weight.
  • the filament is then taped to the straight-edge near the weighted end, while under tension.
  • With a black felt-tipped marking pen twelve consecutive l-inch sections are marked off on the filament.
  • the filament is then removed and taped at its ends, relaxed, on a second, clear straight-edge.
  • the markings on the filament areduplicated on the second straightedge along side of the filament with a black felt pen. This allows direct measurement of the crimps per filament inch.
  • the number of crimps between the markings are counted at about 20X magnification using a shadowgraph (e.g., Nippon Kogaku K.K., Japan, Model 6). Crimps per each filament inch cpi) for a total of 204 one-inch filament sections per sample are recorded 17 filaments X 12 one-inch sections).
  • the yarn contains less than 17 filaments total, a sufficient length of yarn is used, so that the number of filaments times the length equals 204 inches.
  • the number of one-inch sections in each of a series of crimp ranges (-5 cpi, 6-10 cpi, 11-15 cpi, etc., in increments of cpi/range) is counted and the percent of filament length within a given crimp range is calculated by:
  • Number of l-inch sections in given crimp range X 100/204 sections Data are reported in terms of filament length present, having a crimp frequency greater than a given level, using as levels the upper limit of each crimp frequency range, i.e., 5 cpi, cpi, cpi, etc.
  • the respective observed crimp frequency vaules are multiplied by V d/2.5 to obtain normalized crimp frequency values, where d is the denier per filament after the heatrelaxing treatment in 180C. air for 5 minutes. Any accurate method can be used for determining d.
  • the method used herein is to multiply the denier per filament before the heat-relaxing treatment by (1 S/l00), where S is the percent shrinkage calculated from yarn lengths before and after the heat-relaxing treatment when measured under sufficient tension to just straighten any crimps without stretching the yarn (a tension of 20 grams is suitable for 34-filament yarns in the Examplesunless otherwise specified).
  • Crimp Level Crimp Level (d dpf) (Normalized for 2.5dpf) 100% Filament length with crimp frequency 5 cpi 7.5 cpi 100% l0cpi 15 cpi 100% 15 cpi 22.5 cpi 100% 20 cpi 30 cpi 10 99% 25 cpi 37.5 cpi 92% 30 cpi 45 cpi 65% 35 cpi 52.5 cpi 29% t 40 cpi 60 cpi 5% 45 cpi 67.5 cpi 0% 50 cpi cpi where normalization is obtained by multiplying the crimp frequency at d dpf by V dl2.5 and d is obtained from the following formula:
  • the percent coefficient of variation is defined as the standard deviation of the individual determinations of crimp frequency (F), times 100 and divided by the av erage crimp frequency in crimps per inch.
  • the standard deviation is calculated by the formula:
  • a percent coefficient of variation which is less than 30 indicates a narrow crimp frequency distribution and a value less than 20 indicates a highly uniform crimp.
  • finish A is a 3.9 percent aqueous mixture containing 49 parts of isocetyl stearate, 24.5 parts of sodium di-( 2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate, 24.5 parts of the condensation product of 1 mol of stearyl alcohol with 3 mols of ethylene oxide, 1 part of triethanolamine and 1 part of oleic acid. It is applied at a total level (i.e., after the second finish roll) of approximately 0.3 $0.] weight percent finish on yarn after drying, based on the weight of yarn.
  • the yarn is treated with another conventional finish (noted hereinafter as'finish B) which is an aqueous mixture containing 20.5 parts of sulfated peanut oil, 1.8 partsof diethylene glycol, 1.8 parts of KOH, 62.6 parts of the ester formed from l-butanol and a 45-55 mixture of stearic and palmitic acids, 8.2 parts of oleic acid, 3.4 parts of triethanolamine, and 1.7 parts of ortho phenylphenol.
  • This second finish is applied to give a total of 'A plus B of about 0.5 i 0.15 percent finish on the yarn after drying.
  • EXAMPLE I This example illustrates production of the products by a continuous process for melt-spinning, drawing and pin-texturing yarn as shown in FIG. 8. Specific process conditions are given in Table 1. The draw rolls are located in a draw box maintained at the indicated temperature. Properties of the product are given in Table 4. Crimp frequency distribution is shown in FIG. 7.
  • EXAMPLE 2 A yarn is melt-spun, drawn and pin-textured as in Example l, but using the specific conditions given in Table l. The yarn is then fed at about 3,000 ypm to a hot air jet device which deposits the yarn on a screen drum as illustrated in Clendening US. Pat. No. 3,217,386.
  • the jet device is of the type disclosed in Coon US. Pat. No. 3,525,134 and is supplied with hot air at 335C. and 100 pounds per square inch gauge pressure.
  • the jet device comprises a longitudinal yarn passage terminating in a short length having a width 4', of 0.033-inch and a depth of 0.030-inch; a throat region having a width d, of 0.045-inch; an expanding treatment chamber whose sides diverge at an angle ,8
  • the heated air supplied to the jet device forwards the yarn through the treatment chamber, plasticizes it and propels it against a screen surface on a rotating relaxing drum.
  • the screen drum surface is of -mesh, located mils from the jet exit and revolving at 700 feet per minute.
  • the treated yarn is taken from the screen drum at about 2,200 yards per minute by a pair of rolls and proceeds at 20. grams tension to a wind-up for packag ing. Further process details for the jet-screen-bulking step are given in Table l-A.
  • the properties of the final product are given in Table 4 and the crimp frequency distribution is shown in FIG. 7.
  • EXAMPLE 5 This example illustrates production of the product frompreviously drawn and packaged yarn, i.e., yarn which has been melt-spun and drawn substantially as described previously, but then packaged without a tex-
  • the feed yarn is withdrawn from the package overend and is pin-textured as shown in FIG. 9, using the specific process conditions given in Table 3.
  • EXAMPLE 6 This example illustrates application of the pintexturing process to fibers from polyethylene terephthalate of low relative viscosity.
  • Yarns are melt-spun, drawn and pin-textured as shown in FIG. 8, using the specific process conditions given in Table 5. Properties of the product are given in Table 4.
  • EXAMPLE 7 This example illustrates pin-texturing using a continuous high speed process with another ceramic pin and discusses results obtained with several process variations.
  • the apparatus is arranged as shown in FIG. 8.
  • a series of 34-filament yarns are prepared; all having a yarn elongation of about 25 percent, a boil-off shrinkage of about 1 1 percent, and a denier of about 125.
  • Each yarn is subjected to pin-texturing at several speeds.
  • the yarn is treated with a cream AlSiMag pin (No. I92, smooth finish, non-conductive as sold by American Lava Corporation, Chattanooga 5, Tenn.) at 2,050 ypm.
  • Process data is given in Table 6.
  • Tensions are measured using a Rothchild tensiometer having rolling guides with high speed bearings on the tension head (0 to 1,000 grams tension range).
  • the crimp frequency of yarns of the present invention increases with speed over the pin.
  • the above variables may also be selected toproduce yarns within the scope of the invention at different speeds.
  • a yarn speed over the pin of 2000 to 4,500 is generally used, as illustrated in the examples, but 5,000 yards per minute or higher may be desirable when high speed equipment is available.
  • the yarn must be drawn before the pin-treatment and preferably has a boil-off shrinkage of 5 to 25 percent.
  • the pin-treatment can follow the drawing step, sequentially, in a coupled two-step process. in a preferred embodiment, yarn is spun, drawn and pintreated in a continuous, coupled process.
  • EXAMPLE 8 Polyethylene terephthalate of 19.5 relative viscosity (measured as described at bottom of Table l) and containing about 0.3 percent, by weight, of TiO delusterant is melt-spun at 284C. through a spinneret having 34 round holes, each hole having a diameter of 0.01 l-inch and a length of 0.020-inch. The freshly spun filaments are quenched with 23C. air crossflow against the filaments) and passed through a guide, past a finish roll to a pair of puller rolls, situated 188 inches below the spinneret and revolving at a peripheral speed of 3,398 ypm.
  • the yarn wraps around these rolls and, subsequently, passes around rolls moving at 3,403, 3,409, and 3,413 ypm, respectively, (to maintain tension on the yarn) and passes through an interlace jet, and to a second finish roll and is then wound up at 3,41 1 yards per minute to form a package.
  • the interlace jet is of the type described in Bunting I et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,115,691.
  • the interlace jet produces an interlace pin count, as measuredaccording to Hitt U.S. Pat. No. 3,290,932, of about 20 cm.
  • Finish is applied at first and second finish rolls in an amount of 0.50 percent, based on the weight of the fiher.
  • the finish is of the general type described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,594,200 to Cooley and Finch. Its composition is as followsz28 parts of coconut glycerides, 37 parts (on a wet basis) of sulfated peanut glycerides having a 20 percent water content, 25 parts of Gafac PE- 510, i.e., an acid phosphate of ethoxylated nonylphenol as depicted by the formula at Col. 2, line 5, of U.S. Pat. No. 3,594,200, and 10 parts of Shell 277 (a mixture of paraffinic and alicyclic hydrocarbons). To this mixture is added enough KOH to give a pH of 6.5.
  • the yarn obtained in this fashion is a 247 denier-34- filament yarn having a tensile strength of 2.47 grams per denier, an elongation of 129.1 percent, and aninitial modulus of 30.94 grams per denier.
  • An X-raypattern of the yarn shows that it is amorphous, having no measurable crystallinity.
  • the orientation angle is 14 and the density of the filaments is 1.342 grams per cc.
  • the cooled yarn then passes to a pair of draw rolls rotating at a peripheral speed of 1,499 yards per minute, making 8-9 wraps about the rolls.
  • the yarn In its passage from the feed rolls to the draw rolls, the yarn is drawn 1.94X.
  • the drawn yarn has an elongation of about 13-14 percent.
  • the yarn then passes from the draw rolls around an unheated AlSiMag 192 cream colored pin, having a smooth surface and a diameter of three-eighths-inch.
  • the AlSiMag pin is stationary and the yarn passes over it in frictionalcontact with it at an angle of 90. From the pin the yarn passes to rolls rotating at a speed of 1,518 yards per minute making 5-6 wraps about the rolls and then to a package.
  • Drawing tension on the yarn as measured with a Schmidt-Waldkraiburg tension measuring device inserted in the running line is 190 grams.
  • Yarn tension measured in the same way before and after the pin is 50-90 grams (before) 200-230 grams (after).
  • the properties determined on the pin-treated yarn are as follows:
  • the jet device used is of the type described in Yngve U.S. Pat. No. 3,638,291. Referring to FIG. 2 of the Yngve patent, the dimensions of the jet are as follows:
  • the jet is supplied with steam at 25 to 28 psig, and 300 to 305C. From the jet the yarn is impacted against a screen mounted on drum moving at a peripheral speed of 7 yards per minute, the drum being a 3- /2 inches wide, 15-inch diameter drum having a 60-mesh screen on itssurface. An accumulated mass of yarn travels for a distance of about 15 inches along the drum circumference. From the drum the yarn passesover guide rolls to a wind-up where it is wound up at about 1,100 yards per minute.
  • the untwisted yarn has the following properties:
  • a sample of the yarn is then knit into a Swiss-pique fabric (l8-cut).
  • the fabric has good bulk and desirable hand, texture and appearance.
  • a textile filament having asymmetric properties 7 Counter 4430 'and an abraded surface extending along one side of the s zzzf gg count 4 filament; consisting of a single synthetic linear p0lyes-' ter composition having a minor portion distinguishable by a difference in refractive index, which extends along the abraded side of the filament with a continuity such that less than 5 percent of the filament length is occupied by discontinuities longer than 2 millimeters, the number of discontinuities longer than 2 millimeters is less than 30 percent of the total number of all discontinuities, and the average length of all discontinuities is,
  • said abraded surface of the filament being marked by closely spaced, parallel ripples which extend transversely with respect to the filament length, when viewed at high magnification after a heatrelaxing treatment for 5 minutes in C. air.
  • a textile filament as defined in claim 1 which has asymmetric shrinkage properties and develops crimp when heat-relaxed.
  • a textile filament as defined in claim 1 having a range of normalized crimp frequency values, measured after a heat-relaxing treatment for 5 minutes in 180C. air, which averages 25 to 60 crimps per filament inch with a percent coefficient of variation of less than 30.
  • a textile filament as defined in claim 4 having a range of normalized crimp frequency values which averages 30 to 60 crimps per filament inch with a percent coefficient of variation of less than 20.
  • a textile filament as defined in claim 1 which has a substantially round cross-section.
  • a textile filament as defined in claim 1 having a range of normalized crimp frequency values, measured after a heat-relaxing treatment for 5 minutes in 180C. air, wherein at least percent of the filament length has greater than l5 crimps per filament inch, at least 90 percent of the filament length as greater than 20 crimps per filament inch, and the crimp frequency distribution for the middle 90 percent is numerically less than the average number of crimps per filament inch.
  • a process for treating multifilament yarn to impart asymmetric shrinkage properties to drawn yarn filaments consisting of a single synthetic linear polyester composition which comprises passing the drawn filaments at high speed in frictional contact with an unheated nonmetallic pin for a contact distance (0) of 0.5 to 15 millimeters under a tension which applies a filament stretch (s) of 2 to 5 percent, said pin having a coefficient of friction (f) of 0.4 to 1.1 and said filaments having a temperature t) of 25 to C. just prior to contact with the pin, the values of said variables being such that (c) (s) m (t) 10 is within the range from 7.5 to 35.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Yarns And Mechanical Finishing Of Yarns Or Ropes (AREA)
US00353808A 1971-12-22 1973-04-23 Crimped polyester filament yarn and process for making same Expired - Lifetime US3816992A (en)

Priority Applications (13)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US281972A US3861133A (en) 1971-12-22 1972-08-18 Production of highly crimped polyester yarn
US00353808A US3816992A (en) 1971-12-22 1973-04-23 Crimped polyester filament yarn and process for making same
CH670574D CH670574A4 (en)) 1971-12-22 1974-05-16
CH670574A CH591580B5 (en)) 1971-12-22 1974-05-16
GB2315574A GB1452355A (en) 1971-12-22 1974-05-23 Crimping process
FR7418232A FR2273098B1 (en)) 1971-12-22 1974-05-27
DE19742425632 DE2425632A1 (de) 1971-12-22 1974-05-27 Textilfaden bzw. -garn und seine herstellung
LU70162A LU70162A1 (en)) 1971-12-22 1974-05-27
DE19742425619 DE2425619A1 (de) 1971-12-22 1974-05-27 Texturiertes garn und seine herstellung
BE144758A BE815549A (fr) 1971-12-22 1974-05-27 Fil de polyester crepe et son procede d'obtention.
NL747407085A NL154280B (nl) 1971-12-22 1974-05-27 Werkwijze voor het vervaardigen van textielgarens die kroezen als gevolg van asymmetrische krimp als zij worden onderworpen aan een ontlaatbehandeling, alsmede het garen verkregen met deze werkwijze.
OA55209A OA04709A (fr) 1971-12-22 1974-05-27 Fil de polyester crêpé et son procédé d'obtention.
NL7407087A NL7407087A (nl) 1971-12-22 1974-05-27 Werkwijze voor het met hoge snelheid vervaar- digen van sterk gekroesde textielgarens uit polyesters en de elementairdraadjes verkregen met deze werkwijze.

Applications Claiming Priority (15)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US21088471A 1971-12-22 1971-12-22
US00353808A US3816992A (en) 1971-12-22 1973-04-23 Crimped polyester filament yarn and process for making same
CH670574A CH591580B5 (en)) 1971-12-22 1974-05-16
GB2315474A GB1452354A (en) 1972-08-18 1974-05-23 Multifilament yarns
GB2315574A GB1452355A (en) 1971-12-22 1974-05-23 Crimping process
DE19742425619 DE2425619A1 (de) 1971-12-22 1974-05-27 Texturiertes garn und seine herstellung
LU70162A LU70162A1 (en)) 1971-12-22 1974-05-27
DE19742425632 DE2425632A1 (de) 1971-12-22 1974-05-27 Textilfaden bzw. -garn und seine herstellung
FR7418232A FR2273098B1 (en)) 1971-12-22 1974-05-27
JP49058909A JPS50155717A (en)) 1972-08-18 1974-05-27
BE815549 1974-05-27
NL747407085A NL154280B (nl) 1971-12-22 1974-05-27 Werkwijze voor het vervaardigen van textielgarens die kroezen als gevolg van asymmetrische krimp als zij worden onderworpen aan een ontlaatbehandeling, alsmede het garen verkregen met deze werkwijze.
BE144758A BE815549A (fr) 1971-12-22 1974-05-27 Fil de polyester crepe et son procede d'obtention.
OA55209A OA04709A (fr) 1971-12-22 1974-05-27 Fil de polyester crêpé et son procédé d'obtention.
NL7407087A NL7407087A (nl) 1971-12-22 1974-05-27 Werkwijze voor het met hoge snelheid vervaar- digen van sterk gekroesde textielgarens uit polyesters en de elementairdraadjes verkregen met deze werkwijze.

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BE (1) BE815549A (en))
CH (2) CH591580B5 (en))
DE (2) DE2425619A1 (en))
FR (1) FR2273098B1 (en))
GB (1) GB1452355A (en))
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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3905077A (en) * 1972-08-18 1975-09-16 Du Pont Process for crimping polyester filament yarn
US3987136A (en) * 1972-11-10 1976-10-19 Barmag Barmer Maschinenfabrik Aktiengesellschaft Process for the production of a synthetic fiber cord
US4035883A (en) * 1975-03-14 1977-07-19 Fiber Industries, Inc. Multipurpose intermingling jet and process
US4123492A (en) * 1975-05-22 1978-10-31 Monsanto Company Nylon 66 spinning process
US4908269A (en) * 1982-12-17 1990-03-13 Viscosuisse S.A. Crimped polyester-yarn from cold drawn polyester-POY-yarn and process for its manufacture
WO2007054334A1 (de) * 2005-11-12 2007-05-18 Oerlikon Textile Gmbh & Co. Kg Vorrichtung zum umlenken eines hochelastischen fadens

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5146040A (en) * 1988-01-04 1992-09-08 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Process for separating dimethylnaphthalene isomers with zeolite L agglomerates

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2974391A (en) * 1955-11-30 1961-03-14 Ici Ltd Process and apparatus for making crimped filaments
US3115744A (en) * 1959-07-24 1963-12-31 British Nylon Spinners Ltd Process for the manufacture of crimped yarn
US3226792A (en) * 1957-04-16 1966-01-04 English Rose Ltd Method and apparatus for crimping yarn
US3317978A (en) * 1964-08-28 1967-05-09 Monsanto Co Stretch yarn texturing process and apparatus
US3358345A (en) * 1958-01-13 1967-12-19 Techniservice Corp Process and apparatus for crimping strands
US3379809A (en) * 1961-11-24 1968-04-23 Ici Ltd Process for drawing and crimping yarn

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2974391A (en) * 1955-11-30 1961-03-14 Ici Ltd Process and apparatus for making crimped filaments
US3226792A (en) * 1957-04-16 1966-01-04 English Rose Ltd Method and apparatus for crimping yarn
US3358345A (en) * 1958-01-13 1967-12-19 Techniservice Corp Process and apparatus for crimping strands
US3115744A (en) * 1959-07-24 1963-12-31 British Nylon Spinners Ltd Process for the manufacture of crimped yarn
US3379809A (en) * 1961-11-24 1968-04-23 Ici Ltd Process for drawing and crimping yarn
US3317978A (en) * 1964-08-28 1967-05-09 Monsanto Co Stretch yarn texturing process and apparatus

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3905077A (en) * 1972-08-18 1975-09-16 Du Pont Process for crimping polyester filament yarn
US3987136A (en) * 1972-11-10 1976-10-19 Barmag Barmer Maschinenfabrik Aktiengesellschaft Process for the production of a synthetic fiber cord
US4035883A (en) * 1975-03-14 1977-07-19 Fiber Industries, Inc. Multipurpose intermingling jet and process
US4123492A (en) * 1975-05-22 1978-10-31 Monsanto Company Nylon 66 spinning process
US4908269A (en) * 1982-12-17 1990-03-13 Viscosuisse S.A. Crimped polyester-yarn from cold drawn polyester-POY-yarn and process for its manufacture
US5139725A (en) * 1982-12-17 1992-08-18 Rhone-Poulenc Viscosuisse S.A. Process for manufacture of crimped polyester yarn from cold drawn polyester-poy yarn
WO2007054334A1 (de) * 2005-11-12 2007-05-18 Oerlikon Textile Gmbh & Co. Kg Vorrichtung zum umlenken eines hochelastischen fadens

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2273098A1 (en)) 1975-12-26
FR2273098B1 (en)) 1978-01-27
DE2425619A1 (de) 1975-12-11
NL7407087A (nl) 1975-12-01
NL7407085A (nl) 1975-12-01
CH670574A4 (en)) 1976-12-15
DE2425632A1 (de) 1975-12-11
NL154280B (nl) 1977-08-15
GB1452355A (en) 1976-10-13
LU70162A1 (en)) 1975-02-24
CH591580B5 (en)) 1977-09-30
BE815549A (fr) 1974-11-27

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