US3811437A - Earplugs - Google Patents

Earplugs Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US3811437A
US3811437A US00192366A US19236671A US3811437A US 3811437 A US3811437 A US 3811437A US 00192366 A US00192366 A US 00192366A US 19236671 A US19236671 A US 19236671A US 3811437 A US3811437 A US 3811437A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
earplug
earplugs
inch
polymeric
foam
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US00192366A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
R Gardner
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Cabot Corp
Original Assignee
Cabot Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=22709352&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=US3811437(A) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Cabot Corp filed Critical Cabot Corp
Priority to US00192366A priority Critical patent/US3811437A/en
Priority to CH1512972A priority patent/CH558171A/xx
Priority to IT70255/72A priority patent/IT975269B/it
Priority to DE2251774A priority patent/DE2251774C3/de
Priority to BE790456D priority patent/BE790456A/xx
Priority to GB4889972A priority patent/GB1403097A/en
Priority to FR7237911A priority patent/FR2158978A5/fr
Priority to NLAANVRAGE7214437,A priority patent/NL169678C/xx
Priority to SE7213785A priority patent/SE399640B/xx
Priority to CA155,091A priority patent/CA969481A/en
Priority to JP10759772A priority patent/JPS5549859B2/ja
Priority to SU731881316A priority patent/SU648055A3/ru
Publication of US3811437A publication Critical patent/US3811437A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Priority to SE7601690A priority patent/SE418572B/xx
Priority to US05/666,364 priority patent/USRE29487E/en
Priority to CA281,496A priority patent/CA1022470B/xx
Priority to HK230/80A priority patent/HK23080A/xx
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F11/00—Methods or devices for treatment of the ears or hearing sense; Non-electric hearing aids; Methods or devices for enabling ear patients to achieve auditory perception through physiological senses other than hearing sense; Protective devices for the ears, carried on the body or in the hand
    • A61F11/06—Protective devices for the ears
    • A61F11/08—Protective devices for the ears internal, e.g. earplugs
    • A61F11/10—Protective devices for the ears internal, e.g. earplugs inflatable or expandable
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F11/00—Methods or devices for treatment of the ears or hearing sense; Non-electric hearing aids; Methods or devices for enabling ear patients to achieve auditory perception through physiological senses other than hearing sense; Protective devices for the ears, carried on the body or in the hand
    • A61F11/06—Protective devices for the ears
    • A61F11/08—Protective devices for the ears internal, e.g. earplugs

Definitions

  • the present invention .relates generally to earplug constructions and more particularly to earplug constructions adapted for insertion into the ear canal.
  • earplugs are formed of wadded cotton. While blessed with the benefit of simplicity, such earplugs are not normally greatly effective as acoustic barriers.
  • a fibrous material such as cotton wadding
  • molded elastomeric structures natural rubber being a common material of construction.
  • earplugs having molded therein-check valves and other substructures designed to allow normal voice tones to be transmitted therethrough while cancelling or preventing transmission of injurious overpressures.
  • Such molded elastomer earplugs suffer from the fact that their size and shape is preordained and fixed in the molding thereof. Thus, they must initially be carefully fittedto the wearer in order to provide security, comfort and effective sound attenuation properties.
  • the size and shape of the human ear canal is quite variable amongst persons; indeed, bilateral symmetry in a single individual is often lacking. Accordingly, it is not possible to manufacturemolded elastomeric earplugs of a universally useful size and shape.
  • earphones or headphones comprising generally a miniature speaker having tubular member(s) extending therefrom the tips of which members are adapted for insertion in the external auditory meatus.
  • Said tips are generally comprised of a foamed or unfoamed polymeric material such as neoprene or sponge rubber.
  • unfoamed polymeric tip members major deficiencies usually reside in the facts that the tip members (1) tend to slip out of the ear canal, and (2) the relatively non-compliant character of the polymeric material does not lend itself to complete obturation of the ear canal. Thus, bothersome external ambient noise can often by-pass such unfoamed tip members.
  • earplug structures which substantially ameliorate or overcome the aforedescribed problems.
  • earplugs adapted for insertion into the ear canals wherein GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • earplugs of generally cylindrical shape and of somewhat larger diameter thanfthat of the human ear canal.
  • Said earplugs are composed of a foamed polymeric material having a rate of recoveryfrom 60 percent compression to 40 percent'compression thereof of from 1 to 60 seconds and an equilibrium pressure at 40 percent compression thereof of from 0.2 to 1.3 p.s.i.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of an earplug of the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a perspective, partially sectioned view of an earpiece portion of an earphone bearing a modified foamed polymeric earplug of the invention as the external ear insertable tip member.
  • the earplug of the invention is of generally cylindrical shape and has a diameter somewhat greater than that-of the average adult human ear canal. For instance, a diameter of between about inch and about 56 inch is generally acceptable. Optirn'ally, the diameter of the earplug will be between 9/16 inch and 11/ 16 inch.
  • cylindrical as employed herein includes'within its scope structures having a relatively shallow truncated cone shape or a substantially spherical shape. Where the earplug takes the form of a truncated cone, the above diameter criteria may be employed taken at the midpoint of the cone. Where the earplug is spherical, the above criteria may be applied to the diameter of said'sphere.
  • the length of the earplug can generally be between about /fi inch to about 1 inch. At lengths substantially greater than about 1 inch, for instance, sufficient material can overhang the external ear so as to be bothersome to the wearer. Desirably, the length of the earplug will be between 7/ 16 and about inch.
  • Any flexible polymeric material which can be foamed so as to result in an ultimately formed earplug structure meeting the recovery rate and pressure criteria set forth hereinabove constitutes a satisfactory material of construction in the earplugs of the invention. Accordingly, polymers of ethylene, propylene, vinyl chloride,
  • tylene can all be generally employed. in particular,
  • Such vinyl chloride based polymers, and particularly the vinyl chloride homopolymers, can normally be compounded into plastisol form with a blowing agent and a high concentration of a suitable organic plasticizer so asto result in stabilized foams having the rate of recovery and pressure characteristics necessary in the compositions from 'which the earplugs of the invention-are fabricated.
  • the relatively slow recovery rate in returning from 60 percent compression to 40 percent compression of the foamed materials employed in the earplug construction of the invention confers to the user the ability to initially compressor otherwise deform the earplug and provide sufficient time for insertion thereof into the ear canal. Subsequent, to said insertion, the compressed or deformed earplug slowly recovers and attempts to regain its original shape. By so doing, the recovering polymeric material conforms to the structure of the ear canal and establishes substantially complete obturation thereof. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the recovery rate of the foamed polymer composition will be between 2 and about seconds.
  • Plugs of the polymeric foam composition are cut with a hollow tube borer, the dimensions of the plugs being about 0630-0640 inch in diameter and having a length of between 0.495 and 0.615 inch.
  • a parallel plate gauge is employed having a spacing of 0.375 inch between the opposing plate surfaces. Said 0.375 inch spacing between plates thus corresponds to about 40 percent compression of the original plug diameter.
  • a plug specimen is twirled lengthwise between the fingers for 15 to 30 seconds with an ultimate compression of the plug to about 0.25 inch in diameter, corresponding to about 60 percent reduction in the original diameter thereof.
  • the plug is then inserted lengthwise and released between the parallel plates, the time from said release to contact of percent of the linear surface of the plug with both plates being determined by stopwatch measurement.
  • a number of test specimens taken from the same sample foam are employed and the results averaged.
  • the 40 percent compression equilibrium pressure testing of the polymeric foam is accomplished employing the test plugs produced and employed in the above recovery rate testing procedure.
  • pressure testing there is employed an Instron Universal Testing Instrument, Model TTC, having a parallel plate specimen holder in which the parallel plates are spaced 0.375 inch apart.
  • the lnstron is further equipped with a 1 pound load cell.
  • Test plugs of the foamed polymeric composition are finger twirled in the manner described previously for a 30 second period and are placed lengthwise between the plates of the parallel sepcimen holder. When the load cell reading attains a 40 to g total measured pressure no.
  • the pressure criteria established hereinbefore for the foamed polymeric compositions employed in the fabrication of the earplugs of the invention is also important in that the achievement of such pressure characteristics insures that the completed earplug will bear in obturating relationship against the ear canal but with insufficient pressure as to cause discomfort to the wearer.
  • the foamed polymeric compositions employed in the fabrication of the earplugs of the invention will have a 40 percent compression equilibrium pressure of between 0.35 and 1.0 p.s.i.
  • the pressure and recovery rate criteria of the foamed polymeric compositions also define a compositionhaving the further characteristic of relative deadness.
  • the slow rate of recovery thereof and the very small overall pressure exerted by the plug surfaces on the constraining ear canal further insure the fact that little sound will be transmitted through the material and into the bony structure of the canal. This, too, is highly advantageous since substantial undesirable sound transmission by way of bone conduction through the mastoid process can occur with solid earplugs.
  • Admex 523 an aromatic polyester plasticlzer produced by Archer-Daniels-Midland Co., Minneapolis, Minnesota -Continued hc,24 Parts by Weight Estynox 203, an epoxidized soya bean oil 5 stabilizer/plasticizer produced by The Baker Castor Oil Co., Bayonne, New Jersey Kempore 200, an azodicarbonamide foaming agent 8 produced by National Polyehemicals, lnc, Wilmington, Massachusetts Antimony Trioxide flame retardant 8 Advastab T-l50, organometallic stabilizer produced I 2 by Advance Division, Carlisle Chemical Works, Inc.,
  • New Brunswick, New Jersey l-loudry FS-l00 a polymeric surfactant produced by 2 Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Vanstay 80l4, stabilizer produced by R. T. 3
  • the resulting plastisol was cast on release paper and doctor bladed to a thickness of about 77 mils.
  • the cast plastisol was continuously-conducted through an oven heated to a nominal temperature of about 420 F at a nominal residence time of about 5 minutes.
  • the resulting foamed sheet composition had a density of about 7 lbs/ft, a rate of recovery from 60 percent compression to 40 percent compression of about 4 seconds and a 40 percent compression equilibrium pressure of about- 0.78 p.-s.i. Whenexamined under 75x magnification, the foamed polymer appeared to be of predominantly closed-celled structure.
  • the other foamed polyvinylchloride sheet composition was found to have an apparent density of about 6 lbs/ft'f, a recovery rate (60 to 40 percent compression) of about 1-3 seconds and an exerted equilibrium pressure at 40 per-' cent compression of about 0.37 p.s.i. Cylindricalv (ineluding truncated cone shapes) earplugs formed of this material were found to beof excellent quality in terms of facile insertion, wearer comfort and sound attenua-' tion properties.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Otolaryngology (AREA)
  • Psychology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Vascular Medicine (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Porous Articles, And Recovery And Treatment Of Waste Products (AREA)
  • Headphones And Earphones (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Soundproofing, Sound Blocking, And Sound Damping (AREA)
US00192366A 1971-10-26 1971-10-26 Earplugs Expired - Lifetime US3811437A (en)

Priority Applications (16)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00192366A US3811437A (en) 1971-10-26 1971-10-26 Earplugs
CH1512972A CH558171A (de) 1971-10-26 1972-10-16 Tampons auriculaires.
IT70255/72A IT975269B (it) 1971-10-26 1972-10-17 Tappo auricolare
DE2251774A DE2251774C3 (de) 1971-10-26 1972-10-21 Gehörschutz
BE790456D BE790456A (fr) 1971-10-26 1972-10-23 Tampons d'oreilles
GB4889972A GB1403097A (en) 1971-10-26 1972-10-24 Earplugs
SE7213785A SE399640B (sv) 1971-10-26 1972-10-25 Oronpropp
NLAANVRAGE7214437,A NL169678C (nl) 1971-10-26 1972-10-25 Oorstop, bestaande uit een veerkrachtig opgeschuimd polymeer materiaal.
FR7237911A FR2158978A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1971-10-26 1972-10-25
CA155,091A CA969481A (en) 1971-10-26 1972-10-26 Earplugs
JP10759772A JPS5549859B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1971-10-26 1972-10-26
SU731881316A SU648055A3 (ru) 1971-10-26 1973-01-25 Ушной вкладыш
SE7601690A SE418572B (sv) 1971-10-26 1976-02-16 Oronpropp
US05/666,364 USRE29487E (en) 1971-10-26 1976-03-12 Earplugs
CA281,496A CA1022470B (en) 1971-10-26 1977-06-28 Earplugs
HK230/80A HK23080A (en) 1971-10-26 1980-05-01 Earplugs

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00192366A US3811437A (en) 1971-10-26 1971-10-26 Earplugs

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US05/666,364 Reissue USRE29487E (en) 1971-10-26 1976-03-12 Earplugs

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3811437A true US3811437A (en) 1974-05-21

Family

ID=22709352

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US00192366A Expired - Lifetime US3811437A (en) 1971-10-26 1971-10-26 Earplugs
US05/666,364 Expired - Lifetime USRE29487E (en) 1971-10-26 1976-03-12 Earplugs

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US05/666,364 Expired - Lifetime USRE29487E (en) 1971-10-26 1976-03-12 Earplugs

Country Status (13)

Country Link
US (2) US3811437A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS5549859B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE790456A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (2) CA969481A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CH (1) CH558171A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2251774C3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2158978A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1403097A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
HK (1) HK23080A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IT (1) IT975269B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL169678C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
SE (2) SE399640B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
SU (1) SU648055A3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (43)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5338800U (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1976-09-08 1978-04-05
USD272946S (en) 1981-08-24 1984-03-06 Tasco Corp. Ear protector
US4461290A (en) * 1980-09-08 1984-07-24 Cabot Corporation Hearing protectors
WO1985005556A1 (en) * 1984-05-30 1985-12-19 Krent Edward D Vibration dampening device for sporting rackets
US4579112A (en) * 1984-05-17 1986-04-01 Scott Robert T Foam earplug
US4677679A (en) * 1984-07-05 1987-06-30 Killion Mead C Insert earphones for audiometry
US4724922A (en) * 1986-07-24 1988-02-16 Kalayjian Robert W Acoustic earpiece
US4776590A (en) * 1984-05-30 1988-10-11 Krent Edward D Vibration dampening device for sporting rackets
US4896679A (en) * 1989-05-22 1990-01-30 St Pierre Carol L Method and apparatus for the exclusion of sound and water from the auditory canal
JPH02108089U (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1989-02-14 1990-08-28
WO1991002504A1 (en) * 1989-08-23 1991-03-07 Alf Ivarsson Plug to be inserted into the ear canal for noise attenuation, and instrument for inserting such a plug
WO1991007914A1 (en) * 1989-11-30 1991-06-13 Cabot Safety Corporation Molded foam earplug and method for making same
US5131411A (en) * 1990-08-20 1992-07-21 Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University Custom-fitting earplug formed in situ using foaming action
USD435036S (en) * 1999-11-17 2000-12-12 Koss Corporation Stereophone ear plug
USD444141S1 (en) 1999-02-25 2001-06-26 Koss Corporation Stereophone ear plug housing
USD445893S1 (en) 2000-11-06 2001-07-31 3M Innovative Properties Company Earplug
USD445894S1 (en) 2000-11-06 2001-07-31 3M Innovative Properties Company Earplug
US6358231B1 (en) 1998-08-24 2002-03-19 Biopolymer, Inc. Transdermal anesthetizing solution and method and apparatus for anesthetizing the ear canal and tympanic membrane
EP1192920A1 (en) 2000-09-29 2002-04-03 The Procter & Gamble Company Comfortable foam-based ear plugs
WO2002026465A1 (en) * 2000-09-27 2002-04-04 Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corporation Extruded monolithic foam earplug
US6484726B1 (en) 2000-06-30 2002-11-26 3M Innovative Properties Company Articulating earplug
US20050090573A1 (en) * 2003-10-22 2005-04-28 Milliren Charles M. Viscoelastic foam layer and composition
EP1420736A4 (en) * 2001-08-10 2008-05-28 Bacou Dalloz Usa Safety Inc EAR PLUG WITH STIFFING ELEMENT
CN100418499C (zh) * 2004-10-15 2008-09-17 卡伯特安全介质股份有限公司 耳塞
US20080314393A1 (en) * 2007-06-22 2008-12-25 Ricky Wayne Purcell Self-conforming sound attenuation earplug
US20100043806A1 (en) * 2008-08-22 2010-02-25 Steven Craig Gehling Self-conforming sound attenuation earplug
US20100195860A1 (en) * 2009-02-05 2010-08-05 Cher Becker Soft shell in-ear earphones with miniature speaker inserts
US20100300461A1 (en) * 2009-05-22 2010-12-02 Sperian Hearing Protection, Llc Eartip
US20110031059A1 (en) * 2009-08-04 2011-02-10 Hearing Components, Inc. Foam compositions with enhanced sound attenuation
US20110066176A1 (en) * 2009-09-17 2011-03-17 William Coole Ear insert for relief of tmj discomfort and headaches
US20110101045A1 (en) * 2005-11-14 2011-05-05 Loretta Ivison Pin moor
US20110162567A1 (en) * 2005-11-14 2011-07-07 Loretta Ivison Pin moor
USD659126S1 (en) * 2011-07-29 2012-05-08 Ruben Scheimberg Miniature headphone
EP2484319A1 (en) 2011-02-04 2012-08-08 Moldex-Metric, Inc. Push-in type of earplug with improved insertion stem
US20120209077A1 (en) * 2007-10-05 2012-08-16 Tyco Healthcare Group Lp Flexible access device for use in surgical procedures
US20140352590A1 (en) * 2010-12-29 2014-12-04 Loretta Ivison Pin moor
WO2015077108A1 (en) * 2013-11-20 2015-05-28 TMJ Health LLC Ear insert for relief of tmj discomfort and headaches
WO2015100186A1 (en) * 2013-12-27 2015-07-02 Custom Protect Ear Inc. Pre-lubricated earplugs and the method of production thereof
USD789911S1 (en) * 2016-03-14 2017-06-20 Chris J. Katopis Earbud
USD794614S1 (en) * 2015-12-24 2017-08-15 1More Inc. Earphone
USD804455S1 (en) * 2016-03-25 2017-12-05 1More Inc. Earphone
US20200276054A1 (en) * 2018-08-21 2020-09-03 Howard S. Leight Compressible Fit Earplug With Planar Insert
USD1055030S1 (en) * 2022-08-03 2024-12-24 Panasonic Intellectual Property Management Co., Ltd. Earphone

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US4293355A (en) 1978-04-28 1981-10-06 Cabot Corporation Method for ultrasonically welding plasticized thermoplastic polymeric foam wares
US4253452A (en) 1979-05-24 1981-03-03 Specialty Composites Corporation Ear plug assembly
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SE443505B (sv) * 1979-11-05 1986-03-03 E A R Corp Horselskydd med fjedrande huvudband
DE3108261C2 (de) * 1981-03-05 1983-03-24 Rehau Plastiks Ag & Co, 8673 Rehau Verfahren zur Herstellung von Gehörschutz-Stopfen aus Kunststoffschaum
US4434794A (en) 1981-06-15 1984-03-06 Leight Howard S Disposable ear plug
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US4741344A (en) 1982-09-27 1988-05-03 Nicolet Instrument Corporation Ear canal electrode
US4592370A (en) 1982-09-27 1986-06-03 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Ear canal electrode for auditory testing
US4490857A (en) 1982-10-12 1985-01-01 Leight Howard S Band earplug
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US4582053A (en) 1984-01-06 1986-04-15 Wilson Garnet J E Acoustic ear plug
US4790308A (en) 1984-04-04 1988-12-13 Sherwood Medical Company Nasal cannula harness
US4818320A (en) 1984-04-04 1989-04-04 Sherwood Medical Company Nasal cannula harness and method of making the same
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US5996584A (en) 1998-03-05 1999-12-07 Hearing Components, Inc. Sealing strip for ear plugs and the like
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US6129175A (en) 1999-05-07 2000-10-10 Radians, Inc. Acoustical control plastisol earpieces
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US20170265993A1 (en) * 2009-09-17 2017-09-21 Renew Group Private Limited Ear Insert for Relief of TMJ Discomfort and Headaches
US10292811B2 (en) * 2009-09-17 2019-05-21 Renew Group Private Limited Ear insert for relief TMJ discomfort and headaches
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE2251774C3 (de) 1980-08-28
SE399640B (sv) 1978-02-27
JPS4850588A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-07-17
CH558171A (de) 1975-01-31
NL169678C (nl) 1982-08-16
NL169678B (nl) 1982-03-16
DE2251774B2 (de) 1978-10-05
BE790456A (fr) 1973-02-15
NL7214437A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-05-01
CA1022470B (en) 1977-12-13
GB1403097A (en) 1975-08-13
JPS5549859B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1980-12-15
IT975269B (it) 1974-07-20
HK23080A (en) 1980-05-09
SU648055A3 (ru) 1979-02-15
DE2251774A1 (de) 1973-05-03
USRE29487E (en) 1977-12-06
CA969481A (en) 1975-06-17
SE7601690L (sv) 1976-02-16
FR2158978A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-06-15
SE418572B (sv) 1981-06-15

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