US3799672A - Oximeter for monitoring oxygen saturation in blood - Google Patents

Oximeter for monitoring oxygen saturation in blood Download PDF

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Publication number
US3799672A
US3799672A US00289287A US28928772A US3799672A US 3799672 A US3799672 A US 3799672A US 00289287 A US00289287 A US 00289287A US 28928772 A US28928772 A US 28928772A US 3799672 A US3799672 A US 3799672A
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light
oximeter
blood
output
source
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US00289287A
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G Vurek
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US Department of Health and Human Services
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US Department of Health and Human Services
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Priority to CA174,492A priority patent/CA975983A/en
Priority to GB3994673A priority patent/GB1426377A/en
Priority to JP10075173A priority patent/JPS537823B2/ja
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
    • G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
    • G01N21/314—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry with comparison of measurements at specific and non-specific wavelengths
    • G01N21/3151—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry with comparison of measurements at specific and non-specific wavelengths using two sources of radiation of different wavelengths

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  • ABSTRACT A device for monitoring blood oxygen saturation during extracorporeal bypass procedures comprises a dual wavelength oximeter utilizing an infrared (905 nm) [52] us. Cl 356/41, 250/218, 356/88, g i g diode and a visible red light 356/97 emitting diode to alternately illuminate blood as it [51] Int. Cl.
  • the present invention relates essentially to measuring blood oxygen saturation content, and more particularly to an oximeter for measuring blood oxygen saturation which alternately shines light of two different wavelengths through the blood, and computes the ratio of the two diffusely-transmitted light signals as an indication of the saturation.
  • BACKGROUND Cardiopulmonary bypass has been employed for many years in open heart surgery, and recent advances in oxygenator technology have made it feasible to apply extracorporeal circulation for extended periods. Instrumentation is needed to assess the status of the patient and performance of the oxygenators during these prolonged procedures since repeated sample withdrawal for discrete measurements aggrevate blood loss and in crease the hazard of infection. Because blood oxygen saturation can be measured optically, it is suited to long-term non-invasive monitoring as well as during shorter open-heart procedures.' Thus, an oximeter can provide data on demandand no samples need be withdrawn from the circulation.
  • the scheme exploits the availability of solid state light emitting diodes of the galliumarsenide-phosphide type whose output light is directly and linearly related to input current.
  • the oximeter of the present invention has the following features: it indicates saturation within plus or-minus three percentage units over the range of'40 to percent saturation; it goes not obstruct the blood flow, the blood easily passing through an extracorporcal circuit made of9 mm I. D. inch) tubing; the blood contacts only materials of demonstrated bio-compatibility; removal or installation of the oximeter can be accomplished without interrupting the blood circuit; calibra tion or standardization checks can be performed without interrupting the blood circuit, and the device is compact, unobtrusive, and inexpensive.
  • An object of the present invention is the provision of an oximeter for m-onitoringblood oxygen saturation, and having the above features.
  • Another object is the provision'of an oximeter which employs light beams of two different wavelengths.
  • Still another object is the provision of an oximeter which derives the ratio by using currentcontrolled sources in the circuit which makes the ratio computation largely independent of changes in the power supp y V
  • Yet another object is the provision of an oximeter which has the advantage that the signal for the denominator term is maintained at a high level.so that a good 'signal-to-noise ratio is maintained even at low saturation levels.
  • Another object is the provision of an oximeter which uses a controllable light source together with a high gain difference amplifier to generate a reciprocal function.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic broad block diagram of an embodiment.
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the circuit during the infrared part of the measurement cycle.
  • FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the circuit during the visible red part of the measurement cycle.
  • FIG. 4 shows the electronic circuit of the oximeter.
  • FIG. 5 is a plan view of one of the measuring heads.
  • FIG. 6 is an elevation view of the measuring head of FIG. 5.
  • FIG. 7 is a graph of the plotted results for various hematocrits.
  • FIG. 8 shows a circuit diagram of an alternate em bodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 9 shows a circuit diagram of another alternate embodiment.
  • FIG. 1 which depicts a broad block diagram of the invention, shows a voltage amplifier 10 for amplifying 1,000 or more times the difference between its two input terminals 11 and 12. Connected between the input terminal 12 and ground there is a storage device 13, such as a capacitor with low electrical leakage, while a switch S1 connects the output of the amplifier with'its input 12.
  • a photodetector 14 has its output connected to the input 11 of the amplifier 10, the detector l4 producing an output voltage proportional to the incident light flux falling on it.
  • the output from the amplifier 10 passes through a switch S2 before being applied as an input to a voltage-to-current converter 15, the converter having two outputs 16 and 17, from the first of which flows a current proportional to its input voltage, and from the other of which appears a voltage proportional to that current.
  • a first light source 18, of the gallium-arsenidephosphide type produces an output light of about 655 nm wavelength which is proportional to the current from converter 15, via output 16, and this output light travels over an optical transmission path T1 to illuminate photo detector 14.
  • a switch S3 is connected between a separate source of power 20 and a second source of light 21, also of the gallium-arsenide-phosphide type, light source 21 producing an output which has a wavelength of 905 nm and which is proportional to the current flow from source 20 when switch S3 passes current, and no light when switch S3 passes no current.
  • the output light from second source 21 travels over an optical path T2 to also illuminate the photodetector 14.
  • the operation of the device is repetitive and cyclic.
  • switches S1 and S3 are closed and S2 is open.
  • Light source 21 is energized from power source 20 and its light output reaches photodetector 14 via optical path T2. Becauseof the difference amplifying nature of amplifier l0, and the signal path through S1 to storage device 13 and input terminal 12 of amplifier 10, at least 0.999 of the signal from detector 14, due to light source 21 and optical path T2, will be put into storage device 13.
  • S1 opens and S3 opens so that light source 21 goes off, and the signalfrom light source 21 via optical path T2 is maintained at amplifier 10, input 12, by means of storage device 13.
  • S2 closes and the output of the amplifier 10 is applied to voltage-to-current converter 15 which causes the light source 18 to be energized.
  • The'intensity of light source 18 is forced to make the signal, via optical path T1, and received at detector 14 very nearly equal to the signal stored on the storage device 13.
  • the amplification of amplifier 10 is sufficiently large than the signal out of the converter 15 will be proportional to the ratio of T2/Tl.
  • FIG. 2 of the drawings there is shown a block diagram of the oximeter circuit during the in- FIG. 4 shows the circuit of the invention.
  • the clock which provides the signals for switching the circuit between the visible and infrared portions of the measurement cycle consists of a freerunning multivibrator driving a J-K flip-flop, the output of which is symmetrical rectangular signal at about 40 Hz.
  • the item 54 is a CA4025 AE integrated circuit containing three COS/- MOS NAND-gates; the encircled 1 indicates terminal No. l on the integrated circuit and the other 13 terminals are indicated by dots in systematic order.
  • the item 56 is a CD4027 AE integrated circuit containing two COS/MOS J-K flip'flops with terminals indicated in similar fashion.
  • the three NPN transistors enclosed within dashed lines 50 are part of a set of five transistors in one integrated circuit package, type CA 3046 or CA 3086.
  • the PNP transistors enclosed within dashed lines 52 are a set of transistors in one integrated circuit package, type CA 3084. All encircled numbers refer to the connections on the integrated circuit; the integrated circuits are manufactured by RCA.
  • the amplifier which has a gain of a few hundred, is made up of a 2N422l source-follower 58 and an NPN commonemitter stage rising a PNP transistor connected to a current source as a load. The output of the amplifier goes to a 2N4220 switching transistor 60 and to a PNP emitter-follower.
  • the switching transistor 60 passes the amplified signal to the storage capacitor 13 and the diode-connected PNP elements, terminals 5, 12, 13, 14 in the PNP package, prevent the signal from reaching the current drive for the visible red emitting diode 21.
  • the NPN transistor, terminals 1, 2, 3, energizes the infrared emitting diode (e.g. Monsanto ME-60) through an adjustable resistor which provides a way to adjust the current until an adequate signal appears at the phototransistor 14.
  • the switching transistor 60 prevents the amplified signal from reaching the storage capacitor 13 and the PNP diode elements permit the signal to reach the visible emitting diode 18 (eg Monsanto MV-SO).
  • the output signal appears across the 56 ohm resistor to output 17. Because the optical path through the blood is relatively short (a few mm), the currents through the light emitting diode are small, typically 4 MA for the infrared (21), and 4-to-20 MA for the red (18).
  • FIGS. 5 and 6 show the layout and principal dimensions of the head.
  • a block of aluminum 23 has a U-shaped slot 24 cut in one of its ends, the slot 24 being of the precise dimension to accommodate a cuvet.
  • Holes 25 are provided for the phototransistor l4, and holes 26 are provided for the light emitting diodes LEDs l8 and 21,
  • the LED hole of the rear of the slot may be enlarged so that both LEDs can be put side by side, the axis through their centers being normal to the axis of the slot.
  • FIG. 7 there is shown a plot of the average voltage output of the circuit of FIG. 4 as a function of satura tion, at various hematocrits.
  • FIG. 8 is shown a schematic of another circuit which can be used to embody the invention.
  • the NPN transistors are part of an integrated circuit array (RCA No. CA 3046 or CA 3086 enclosed in dashed line 62, the terminals of which are indicated by the encircled numbers.
  • a part of NPN transistors are connected as a free-running multivibrator, half of which also is the switching element (SE of FIG. 1) for the infrared diode 21.
  • An NPN transistor (terminals 6, 7, 8) is used as the switching element corresponding to S1 in FIG. 1.
  • An NPN transistor (terminals 9, 10, 11) is used as the switching element corresponding to S2 in FIG. 1
  • a PNP transistor acts as the load resistor as in FIG. 4, and another PNPtransistor acts as the controllable current source fr the visible emitting diode 18.
  • FIG. 9 is shown a schematic of another embodiment of the patent.
  • Discrete transistors are used instead of integrated circuits. All NPN transistors may be type 2N37I l and all NP tr nsistors are 21.2 .3906... lnaddition, two adjustable potentiometers and four fixed resistors are connected to provide a second output so that 100 percent saturated blood yields a 100 MV signal and 50 percent saturated blood yields a -50 MV signal.
  • the ratio of the reflectance or transmittance of whole blood at two wavelengths is related to the blood oxygen saturation.
  • the ratio is slightly greater than obtained at 805 run because the 905 nm sign'al absorption increases with saturation whereas it decreases at 655 nm.
  • the circuit of the invention maintains the red signal equal to the infrared signal.
  • the output of the circuit is then directly proportional to the ratio of infrared-to-red signals and to saturation.
  • the device offers many improvements over the weaknesses and short-comings of prior art oximeters as would be used to measure the percentage ratio of oxygen saturation in the blood.
  • the invention employs two controlled light sources, of different wavelengths, to illuminate blood as it flows through a plastic cuvet, and then an electric circuit measures the ratio of these two optical signals to accurately determine the oxygen content of the blood.
  • An oximeter for measuring oxygen content in the blood comprising:
  • light sensitive means located so as to be illuminated by the first and second source of light
  • each light source is directly and linearly related to its input current.
  • the oximeter of claim 6 wherein the means for holding the blood sample is a U-shaped slot with light channels in the bottom of the slot.
  • the oximeter of claim 8 wherein the means for determining the ratio between the two optical signals is a high gain difference amplifier.
  • An oximeter for measuring oxygen saturationof the blood comprising two light sourcesoperating at different wavelengths and having their output light directly and linearly related to their input currents;
  • a common light detector to receive light from both sources
  • a high gain difference amplifier connected to the output of the detector

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
  • Spectrometry And Color Measurement (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)
  • Measurement Of The Respiration, Hearing Ability, Form, And Blood Characteristics Of Living Organisms (AREA)
US00289287A 1972-09-15 1972-09-15 Oximeter for monitoring oxygen saturation in blood Expired - Lifetime US3799672A (en)

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US00289287A US3799672A (en) 1972-09-15 1972-09-15 Oximeter for monitoring oxygen saturation in blood
CA174,492A CA975983A (en) 1972-09-15 1973-06-20 Oximeter for monitoring oxygen saturation in blood
GB3994673A GB1426377A (en) 1972-09-15 1973-08-23 Oximeter for monitoring oxygen saturation in blood
JP10075173A JPS537823B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-09-15 1973-09-06

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