US3797951A - Wearing courses of stone and mastic on pavements - Google Patents

Wearing courses of stone and mastic on pavements Download PDF

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Publication number
US3797951A
US3797951A US00168662A US3797951DA US3797951A US 3797951 A US3797951 A US 3797951A US 00168662 A US00168662 A US 00168662A US 3797951D A US3797951D A US 3797951DA US 3797951 A US3797951 A US 3797951A
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United States
Prior art keywords
mastic
stones
stone
mixture
foundation
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00168662A
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English (en)
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G Zichner
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Strabag Bau AG
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Strabag Bau AG
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C7/00—Coherent pavings made in situ
    • E01C7/08—Coherent pavings made in situ made of road-metal and binders
    • E01C7/35—Toppings or surface dressings; Methods of mixing, impregnating, or spreading them
    • E01C7/353—Toppings or surface dressings; Methods of mixing, impregnating, or spreading them with exclusively bituminous binders; Aggregate, fillers or other additives for application on or in the surface of toppings with exclusively bituminous binders, e.g. for roughening or clearing

Definitions

  • the conventional concrete-like bituminous wear surfaces have a dense mineral structure bonded with bitumen or cut bitumen, the quantity of the binding agent being such that the finished wearing course will contain 3 to 8 percent or as much as 10 percent by volume of air pockets or voids, depending 'on the nature of the binding agent.
  • These wearing courses are laid by the hot paving method, using paving apparatus suitable for the purpose.
  • the composition of these concrete-like bituminous wearing surfacings provides neither a sufficient adhesion of the mineral particles to one another nor a sufficient adhesion of the wear surfacing to the underlying pavement.
  • the binding agent forms only a relatively thin coating on each mineral particle, cementing the mineral grits together largely on naught but a point contact basis.
  • This poor binding gives the concrete-like bituminous surfacing a poor resistance to wear.
  • the stress produced by the vehicle tires easily pulls the mineral grits out of the surfacing, so that the surfacing is rapidly worn away, especially at the 'tire track areas, where it wears all the way down to the underlying pavement in a relatively short time.
  • the quantity ratio between mastic and grave] is to be equal to 1:1, according to TV bit 6/60 No. 62.232.
  • the deficient bonding of the gravel in the mastic layer is caused by the fact that the freshly laid mastic cools rapidly, thus forming a tough skin of low adhesivity on its surface; this tough skin envelops the gravel as the latter is forced into it and adheres poorly to it.
  • Large amounts of this poorly bonded gravel ae pulled from the mastic layer by the tires of the oncoming vehicles and thrown aside. This substantially hastens the slickening of the surface of the wearing'course.
  • the mastic loses the structural stability given it by the gravel, with the result that, especially in hot weather, it is displaced by the tires through pastic deformation, or it sticks to the tires and is torn up from the underlying pavement.
  • the invention is addressed to the problem of improving the known method of laying wear surfacing materials consisting of gravel and mastic so as to simplify the process and eliminate the above-described disadvantages ofsuch wear surfacings.
  • This problem is solved in accordance with the invention in that a homogeneous hot mixture of gravel of a fineness of preferably not less than 2 mm with a mastic content that is smaller than the volume of the interstitial spaces in the gravel is applied to the underlying pavement surface, while the fluidity of the mastic is adjusted so that after application it settles down into the interstitial spaces in the gravel layer, and the mastic content is such that it flows together on the underlying road surface-to form a dense mastic layer from whose surface the crushed stone gravel protrudes.
  • the method of the invention involves making a wearing course on a roadway foundation by steps comprising forming a uniform hot mixture of stones and mastic; applying the mixture at an elevated temperature as a covering layer over the foundation; and compacting the mixture to form the wearing course as a layer of mastic bonded to the foundatiom
  • the layer of mastic is substantially free of voids, and the stones, covered with a film of mastic are embedded in the mastic, with some of the stones protruding from the upper surface of the layer.
  • the quantity and fluidity of the mastic is such that during and after the compacting, the mastic flows into the interstices between the stones forming the wearing course as aforesaid, and in which the volume of the mastic is less than the interstitial volume of the stones.
  • the fluidity of the mastic that is needed in accordance with the selected gravel size or the size ofthe interstitial spaces therein is adjusted by means of its content of hot bitumen and/or filler.
  • the mastic layer that seals the pavement surface is produced by a partial settling out of the. mastic component from the hot mixtureafter it is laid.
  • the gravel is embedded into the mastic layer that is forming in such a manner that it lies on the pavement surface at the bottom, while at the top it partially protrudes from the surface of the mastic layer.
  • the paving method ofthe invention thus creates a wearing course with a non-skid surface, whose .mastic layer protects theentire pavement surface and adheres tightly to same, but whose gravel grits are solidly supported on the underlying pavement.
  • the hot mixing process which also heatsthe gravel, brings about a complete wetting of the gravel with mastic, which is not adversely affected during the paving process owing to the hot state of the gravel. This results in a better bond between the gravel and the mastic, which experience shows, withstands even the severest traffic stresses.
  • the consumption of mastic is substantially lower than in the wearing courses of the prior art, because the volume of the mastic is always less. than the interstitial volume of the gravel;
  • the hot mixtures suited to the performance of the process consist, in accordance with the invention, of more than 65 wt-% gravel preferably in sizes of 2-8 mm or 2-12 mm or 2-18 mm, and no more than 35 wt-% of mastic containing at least 20 wt-% of hot bitumen, and having a mixing temperature of 160 to 200 Cel-. sius.
  • the crushed stone gravel for these hot mixtures is composed, in further development of the invention, of commercial sizessuch that, for thinner wear surfacings (e.g., to 3 cm.) the 2-5 mm and 5-8 mm gravel sizes; for medium wear surfacings (e.g.,3 to 4,5 cm.) the 2-5 mm, 5-8mm, and 8-12 mm sizes, or 5-8 and 8-12 mm sizes; and for the thicker wear surfacings (e.g. 4,5 and more cm.) the 2-5mm, 5-8 mm, 8-12 mm and 12-18 mm sizes, are preferably intermixed.
  • These gravel size on the one hand, and on the other hand a good interfitting of the individual pieces or gravel is assured.
  • the high gravel content in these hot mixtures results in a self-supporting gravel structure resting firmly on the underlying pavement surface, and this structure undergoes no lateral displacement of the gravel particles even under great stress from motor vehicle tires.
  • the above-stated gravel sizes assure sufficiently large interstices in the gravel structure, through which the mastic can with certainty settle down onto the underlying pavement surface after the hot mixture is deposited, in order to form the mastic coating that seals the said pavement surface.
  • the mastic content of no more than 35 percent by weight assures that, after the settling of the mastic has ended, the gravel grits will protrude sufficiently far up from the surface of mastic layer, say by one-third to one-half the size of the grits, with its lower portion embedded sufficiently firmly in the said layer. This gives the wearing course the desired rough,skid-resistant surface plus an optimum tight bonding of the gravel grits in the mastic layer so that they cannot be pulled out of the mastic layer by the tires of the oncoming motor vehicles.
  • the stone content of the stone-mastic mixture can be 65-80,.preferably to wt-% and the mastic can be 20-35, preferably 25-30 wt-% of the mixture. Desirably at least 20 percent; preferably 23-28 percent of the mastic is bitumen.
  • a preferred composition is 70 wt-% stone, 8 wt-% bitumen (in the mastic) 12 wt-% filler (in the mastic), based on total weight of stone plus mastic.
  • the consistency of the hot mixtures according to the invention enables them to be transported to the worksite in ordinary trucks without any fear of appreciable separation of the components in transit.
  • premature separation can be prevented by the addition of stabilizing agents made of ground rubber or plastic, fibers, ground clay or shale, or the like.
  • the consistency of the hot mixtures according to the invention furthermore enables them to be laid with normal, conventional paving machines for bituminous surfacing materials, in a single procedure. This assures the precise maintenance of a uniform thickness in the relatively thin wear surfacing without the need for expensive manual labor.
  • the installed wearing course can be compacted with any conventional type of roller used in the art for similarpurposes.
  • the hot mixture due to its high content of gravel which is heated to the laying temperature while it is being mixed with the mastic, has a high total heat, so that dependence on the weather is far slighter than it is in the prior-art process.
  • F IG. 1 is a cross section of the wearing course immediately after it has been laid;
  • FIG. 2 is the same cross section of the finished wearing course.
  • the mastic begins slowly to run down from the gravel and, bit by bit, to flow together on the roadway surface to form a continuous mastic coating 4, leaving the gravel to protrude from its surface, because the volume of the mastic is smaller than the interstitial volume of the gravel.
  • the gravel settles, with a thin film of mastic between the particles, directly onto the roadway surface 1. This is made possible by the relatively large interstices in the structure formed by the gravel and is sustained by the high heat content of the gravel itself, thereby assuring the formation of the mastic seal coat even in cool weather.
  • the process can be delayed as required, e.g.
  • the bonding of the gravel 2 in the mastic coating 4 is particularly good on account of the previous hot mixing process, as is also the bond between the mastic'layer and the roadway surface 1 which is to be protected or roughened.
  • a thin, tight seal coating of mastic remains on the part of the gravel grits that protrude from the mastic layer.
  • the adherence of the mastic sealing layer to the roadway surface can be improved in known manner by the preliminary spraying of hot bitumen or road tar onto the roadway surface to form a thin film of, e.g., about 0.2 to 0.5 mm.
  • the hot mixture can be 65 wt-% stone, and 35 wt-% mastic 20 which is 20% bitumen.
  • the stone can be an admixture of the two stone size distributions 2-5 mm,
  • the mixing temperature can be 170 to 200 C.
  • the mixture can be formed by the procedure and with the equipment known in the art for the hot paving method.
  • the resulting mixture can be applied to a road foundation at an ambient temperature up to 20C, without the use of stabilizers to prevent separation, if applied within e.g. 1 hours of the production thereof.
  • the wearing courses of the invention are substantially free of voids, by which is meant, contain less than rounded to rounded to mrn rnrnX0.04 64ths of inch l6ths of inch All in all, the method taught by the invention and the procedures made possible thereby provide a wear surfacing characterized by high resistance to abrasion. long-lasting surface roughness, and reliable adhesion to the road surface.
  • Method of making wearing course on a roadway foundation resistant to lateral displacement in response to the stress of traffic comprising:
  • the mixture to form the wearing course as a layer of mastic bonded to the foundation, substantially free of voids in which the stones covered with a film of mastic are embedded with stones protruding from the upper surface thereof, the quantity and fluidity of the mastic and size distribution of the stone being such that during and after said compacting, the mastic flows into the interstices between the stones forming the wearing course as aforesaid and in which the volume of the mastic is less than the interstitial volume of the stones.
  • the stones being a mixture of stone size distributions 2-5mm and 58 mm and 8-12 mm, or 5-8 mm and 8-12 mm.
  • a road comprising a foundation and a wearing course bonded to the foundation, the wearing course comprising a layer of mastic in which stones covered 5.
  • Method according to claim 1 substantially all of' with a film of mastic are embedded, bonded to the foundation, substantially free of voids, stones protruding from the outwardly disposed surface of the wearing course, the stones being not less than about 2 mm and being more than 65 wt-% of the stone and mastic, the mastic being less than 35 wt-% of the stone and mastic layer, the mastic being at least 20 wt-% bitumen; the stone size being'distributed within the range of 2-18 12.
  • the stones being 70-75 wt. the mastic being 25-30 wt.%, of the stones plus mastic, the mastic being 23-28 wt-% bitumen.
  • composition according to claim 12 the stones being 70-75 wt.%, the mastic being 25-35 wt.%, of the stones plus mastic, the mastic containing bitumen in an amount such that 23-28 of the percentage points of the mastic are bitumen.
  • Method according to claim 16 the mastic containing bitumen in an amount of 23-28 wt%.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Road Paving Structures (AREA)
  • Road Repair (AREA)
US00168662A 1970-08-10 1971-08-03 Wearing courses of stone and mastic on pavements Expired - Lifetime US3797951A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19702039627 DE2039627A1 (de) 1970-08-10 1970-08-10 Verfahren zum Herstellen der Verschleissschicht einer Strassenbefestigung

Publications (1)

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US3797951A true US3797951A (en) 1974-03-19

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US (1) US3797951A (cs)
AT (1) AT312661B (cs)
BE (1) BE771145R (cs)
CA (1) CA970905A (cs)
DE (1) DE2039627A1 (cs)
DK (1) DK140905B (cs)
ES (1) ES393925A1 (cs)
FR (1) FR2112198B2 (cs)
LU (1) LU63688A1 (cs)
NO (1) NO132204C (cs)
SE (1) SE394302B (cs)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3901615A (en) * 1974-05-24 1975-08-26 Routiere Et D Entreprise Gener Surface layer for roadways and a process for preparing said layer
US4284366A (en) * 1979-06-11 1981-08-18 The Johnson Rubber Company Elastomeric composite pavement
US4356037A (en) * 1980-05-12 1982-10-26 Novak Robert L Abrasion resistant coating
WO1996017130A1 (en) * 1994-11-28 1996-06-06 Vejtek International A/S A method of providing a road surface with an overlay
US6659683B1 (en) * 1997-08-26 2003-12-09 Kohyu Sangyo Yugen Kaisha Anti-slipping agent for frozen road surface and spreading method thereof, and apparatus for spreading the anti-slipping agent for frozen road surface
US20040178574A1 (en) * 1998-04-14 2004-09-16 Pierce Jesse E. Pachinko stand-alone and bonusing game with displayed targets

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2288717A1 (fr) * 1974-10-22 1976-05-21 Valenciennes Ste Travaux Publi Enrobes bitumeux a haute resistance contre la glissance
DE2936341C2 (de) * 1979-09-08 1985-08-14 Alfelder Eisenwerke Carl Heise KG vorm. Otto Wesselmann & Cie., 3220 Alfeld Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Aufbereiten von bituminösem Mischgut
AT405849B (de) * 1993-07-13 1999-11-25 Hilti Ag Verfahren zur oberflächenbehandlung von zu beschichtenden werkstücken

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2101388A (en) * 1935-02-07 1937-12-07 Sam E Finley Process of constructing pavements
US2147195A (en) * 1935-03-27 1939-02-14 Sam E Finley Method of constructing pavements
US2220149A (en) * 1937-10-14 1940-11-05 Finley Sam Everett Method of constructing bituminousbound wearing surfaces for roadways and streets
US2841060A (en) * 1955-04-13 1958-07-01 Allied Chem & Dye Corp Preparation of rubber-containing bituminous macadam surfaces
US3025773A (en) * 1958-06-02 1962-03-20 Kenneth E Mcconnaughay Method of paving
US3091543A (en) * 1959-07-23 1963-05-28 Curtiss Wright Corp Paving compositions and methods of making the same
US3103860A (en) * 1961-08-30 1963-09-17 Horace E Piquette Method of constructing bituminous aggregate surfaces
US3291628A (en) * 1964-05-14 1966-12-13 Texas A & M Res Foundation Bituminous slurry seal

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2101388A (en) * 1935-02-07 1937-12-07 Sam E Finley Process of constructing pavements
US2147195A (en) * 1935-03-27 1939-02-14 Sam E Finley Method of constructing pavements
US2220149A (en) * 1937-10-14 1940-11-05 Finley Sam Everett Method of constructing bituminousbound wearing surfaces for roadways and streets
US2841060A (en) * 1955-04-13 1958-07-01 Allied Chem & Dye Corp Preparation of rubber-containing bituminous macadam surfaces
US3025773A (en) * 1958-06-02 1962-03-20 Kenneth E Mcconnaughay Method of paving
US3091543A (en) * 1959-07-23 1963-05-28 Curtiss Wright Corp Paving compositions and methods of making the same
US3103860A (en) * 1961-08-30 1963-09-17 Horace E Piquette Method of constructing bituminous aggregate surfaces
US3291628A (en) * 1964-05-14 1966-12-13 Texas A & M Res Foundation Bituminous slurry seal

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3901615A (en) * 1974-05-24 1975-08-26 Routiere Et D Entreprise Gener Surface layer for roadways and a process for preparing said layer
US4284366A (en) * 1979-06-11 1981-08-18 The Johnson Rubber Company Elastomeric composite pavement
US4356037A (en) * 1980-05-12 1982-10-26 Novak Robert L Abrasion resistant coating
WO1996017130A1 (en) * 1994-11-28 1996-06-06 Vejtek International A/S A method of providing a road surface with an overlay
US6659683B1 (en) * 1997-08-26 2003-12-09 Kohyu Sangyo Yugen Kaisha Anti-slipping agent for frozen road surface and spreading method thereof, and apparatus for spreading the anti-slipping agent for frozen road surface
US20040178574A1 (en) * 1998-04-14 2004-09-16 Pierce Jesse E. Pachinko stand-alone and bonusing game with displayed targets

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NO132204C (cs) 1975-10-01
CA970905A (en) 1975-07-15
SE394302B (sv) 1977-06-20
AT312661B (de) 1974-01-10
LU63688A1 (cs) 1971-12-15
NO132204B (cs) 1975-06-23
DE2039627A1 (de) 1972-02-24
FR2112198B2 (cs) 1974-07-05
BE771145R (fr) 1971-12-16
FR2112198A2 (cs) 1972-06-16
ES393925A1 (es) 1974-07-01
DK140905B (da) 1979-12-03

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