US3797248A - Cycle start up system - Google Patents

Cycle start up system Download PDF

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Publication number
US3797248A
US3797248A US00210749A US3797248DA US3797248A US 3797248 A US3797248 A US 3797248A US 00210749 A US00210749 A US 00210749A US 3797248D A US3797248D A US 3797248DA US 3797248 A US3797248 A US 3797248A
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United States
Prior art keywords
fluid
working fluid
pump
lubricant
receiving means
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US00210749A
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English (en)
Inventor
W Witzel
E Doyle
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc
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Thermo Electron Corp
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Publication date
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K7/00—Steam engine plants characterised by the use of specific types of engine; Plants or engines characterised by their use of special steam systems, cycles or processes; Control means specially adapted for such systems, cycles or processes; Use of withdrawn or exhaust steam for feed-water heating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D19/00—Starting of machines or engines; Regulating, controlling, or safety means in connection therewith
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
    • F01K25/06—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using mixtures of different fluids

Definitions

  • Systems of this type include an evaporator, an expander, a condenser and a pump.
  • the pump circulates working fluid from the condenser into the evaporator, where it is heated under pressure and is provided at the inlet to the expander, where the expansion of the heated fluid under pressure provides mechanical energy as the output from the system.
  • the working fluid is a flammable, toxic material.
  • the materials may also be costly, trifluoro ethanol being one such example.
  • the crankcase lubricant is miscible with the working fluid and the sealing arrangements in the expander are such that in the quiescent state the working fluid is allowed to migrate into the crankcase and mix with the lubricant.
  • the engine includes an expander which is supplied working fluid at elevated pressures and temperatures from the boiler. The working fluid at lower pressures and temperatures is exhausted from the expander and passes through a regenerator to a condenser for cooling and liquefying the fluid. The output from the condenser is supplied to a reservoir which in turn provides fluid to the input of a booster pump supplying fluid at an elevated pressure to the input of the circulating feed pump, which is normally driven by the mechanical output of the expander.
  • this system operates in substantially the same manner as the conventional Rankine cycle engine, that is the working fluid, heated and pressurized at the boiler, is passed into the expander where its expansion generates mechanical energy, the somewhat cooled working fluid, at lower pressure, then being exhausted to a regenerator where it serves to preheat working fluid passing from the condenser into the boiler.
  • the fluid from the regenerator is passed into the condenser where it is cooled and liquefied and thence through the booster pump (operating merely as a conduit under these conditions) to the circulating pump and thence to the boiler.
  • both the liquid working fluid and the liquid lubricant are available to serve as liquid for initiating the action of the pump with the working fluid from the crankcase assisting in the start of the process.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of an overall engine design in accordance with the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a state diagram showing the state of the working fluid at various points in the working cycle, in accordance with this invention.
  • FIG. 1 a Rankine cycle engine utilizing working fluid miscible with lubricant-is shown.
  • the engine includes several features operative only during start-up as well as those elements needed for normal operation.
  • a boiler feed pump 46 is connected, through line 48 to a regenerator 50, where working fluid is preheated in a coil 52. The fluid then flows through pipe 54 into the boiler 6.
  • a fuel-and-air mixture introduced through line 2 into the burner 4 is ignited and heats the working fluid in the coil 8, where the working fluid is boiled and vaporized and exits from the boiler 6 through line 10.
  • Working fluid enters into a separating chamber through inlet 12 and then passes out of said chamber through line 18 and through throttle valve 20 into the expander 22.
  • Expander 22 is illustrated as a reciprocating piston expander by way of example. Other expanders may be employed. Typical are rotary piston or turbine devices. In these expanders, a lubricant reservoir is provided. In the reciprocating piston it may be the crank case. In the other devices it could be a lubricant sump. In the expander 22 shown, the working fluid reacts upon the pistons indicated at 24, which deliver energy to an external source and also drive feed pump 46. The pistons 24 then drive the expanded working fluid out through an exhaust line 64 into regenerator 50 where the residual heat contained in the expanded gas is used to preheat the working fluid passing through coil 52.
  • the gaseous working fluid which entered through line 64 now exits from the regenerator 50 through line 62 and passes into the condenser 56 where it is cooled in the heat exchanger 58 condensing into a liquid.
  • the condenser 56 is connected through line 60 to a fluid receiver 38 which drains out through line 40.
  • the pump 42 is not activated and the fluid entering through line 40 into the pump 42 exits through line 44, without substantial loss of static pressure head, into the boiler feed pump indicated at 46, thus completing the normal operating cycle of a closed cycle engine.
  • FIG. 2 is a representation of the pressure and enthalpy characteristic properties of trifluoroethanol as a working fluid operated in the engine of FIG. 1.
  • the fluid is pressurized by the boiler feed pump from Point H to Point C at almost constant enthalpy. Without substantial pressure loss, the enthalpy of the fluid increases as it is heated in the regenerator as indicated between Points C and D and then in the boiler as indicated between Points D and E. The pressure and the enthalpy of the fluid decreases as it produces useful work in the expander as indicated between Points E and F.
  • the fluid is pressurized by the boiler feed pump from Point H to Point C at almost constant enthalpy. Without substantial pressure loss, the enthalpy of the fluid increases as it is heated in the regenerator as indicated between Points C and D and then in the boiler as indicated between Points D and E. The pressure and the enthalpy of the fluid decreases as it produces useful work in the expander as indicated between Points E and F.
  • the fluid remains in a totally gaseous state from a point in the boiler to a point in the condenser, where it is further cooled to a liquid state.
  • the dotted line in FIG. 2 indicates the state of the working fluid as it passes through the start up process before entering into the regenerator at Point C.
  • a booster pump is activated to increase the static pressure of the liquid working fluid before it enters into the boiler feed pump as indicated by the dotted line between Points A and B.
  • the boiler feed pump then increases the fluid pressure to the pressure level indicated at C, which in this case will also represent the pressure and enthalpy of the fluid as it leaves the regenerator, since in the starting process the regenerator is normally unable to preheat the working fluid prior to its entry into the boiler.
  • the fluid working cycle will follow the solid line closed loop diagram as described above.
  • Expander crankcase 26 which contains the lubricant necessary for expander operation.
  • Expander crankcase 26 now contains a fluid 28, which is a mixture of lubricant and working fluid.
  • the crankcase should contain only pure lubricant; otherwise the fluid lubricating the expander will not be at the proper viscosity, which could result in shortened engine life.
  • Typical lubricants and working fluids used in closed cycle systems are miscible; it is therefore necessary to provide a means for separating these two miscible liquids.
  • a prepressurization booster pump 42 is introduced into the line between condenser 56 and the boiler feed pump 46.
  • This pump is activated by a DC motor during the start up process through power line 82 to provide a supply of fluid at sufficient pressure to the boiler feed pump 46. It is necessary, in the starting process to provide a reservoir of working fluid to supply booster pump 42 until steady state operation is achieved. If the working fluid contained in the expander crankcase 26 could not be used during the start up process, a greater reservoir of working fluid would be necessary to assist in this process.
  • the start up process proceeds as follows:
  • the DC motor 88 through power line 86 drives the expander 22 which in turn drives the boiler feed pump 46 through shaft 84.
  • Simultaneously DC motor 80 is activated and it in turn drives the prepressurization booster pump 42 through power line 82.
  • the prepressurization pump 42 can be a radial centrifugal design and can receive its power input through a magnetic clutch from power line 82, which thereby allows disengagement from power line 82, while maintaining a hermetic seal against the atmosphere.
  • Working fluid is drained from the receiver 38.
  • a float 34 will activate a valve 32 which will allow the fluid mixture 28 contained in the crankcase 26 to drain through line 30 into the working fluid receiver 38.
  • the working fluid will be boiled and vaporized and therefore be useful for supplying energy to the expander 22.
  • the lubricant which enters with the working fluid into the boiler 6 is usually not vaporized. If the lubricant remains in a liquid state, it will be carried along by the gaseous working fluid from the boiler 6 out through line 10.
  • a gravity and screen separator extracts the liquid lubricant from the gaseous working fluid.
  • the liquid separator is located between the boiler 6 and the expander 22.
  • the mixture of gaseous working fluid and liquid lubricant enters into the chamber beneath screens 14 and the droplets of lubricant collect, as indicated at 16, while the gaseous fluid passes from the top of the chamber 15 above the screens indicated at 14.
  • the screens collect any of the finer droplets of lubricant that would have been carried along by the flow of gas and which do not fall to the bottom of the chamber of their own weight.
  • a float 66 in chamber 15 operates valve 68 when this fluid reaches a predetermined level and lubricant will drain through line 70 into the crankcase 26.
  • This separating chamber can be placed in a position anywhere in the system where the lubricant is in a liquid state and the working fluid remains in a gaseous state. While it has been assumed that the lubricant is not vaporized, the system can be operated such that the lubricant is vaporized in the boiler 6 provided that the separation chamber 15 is placed at a point in the system where the lubricant has recondensed and where the working fluid has not recondensed.
  • the working fluid which mixed in the crankcase 26 with the lubricant is removed from the crankcase during the start up process. This working fluid lubricant mixture from the crankcase 26 is available for the start up process, thereby reducing the total working fluid volume in this system necessary for the start up process.
  • a starting process comprising the steps of:
  • extracting fluid including at least some lubricant from said reservoir while retaining said extracted fluid in said closed system
  • a closed fluid cycle system containing working fluid and lubricating fluid, said system including in fluid connected series a pump, an evaporator, an expander and a condenser through which said working fluid circulates during operation of said system, said system including lubricant reservoir means for substantially isolating lubricating fluid therein from circulating working fluid,
  • the improved apparatus for assisting in the start up of said system after a period of quiescence compriss;
  • valved conduit connecting said lubricant reservoir means to said receiving means for controlling the drainage of said lubricating fluid from said lubricant reservoir means to said receiving means;
  • prepressurizing boost pump means connecting said receiving means to said pump for providing fluid at elevated pressures from said receiving means to said pump;
  • a closed fluid cycle system containing working fluid and lubricating fluid, said system including in fluid connected series a pump, an evaporator, an expander and a condenser through which said working fluid circulates during operation of said system, said system including lubricant reservoir means for substantially isolating lubricating fluid therein from circulating working fluid,
  • the improved apparatus for assisting in the start up of said system after a period of quiescence comprising:
  • valved conduit connecting said lubricant reservoir means to said receiving means for controlling the drainage of said lubricating fluid from said lubricant reservoir means to said receiving means, said valved conduit being controlled by means within said receiving means shutting off said conduit whenever a predetermined volume of fluid is contained within said receiving means;
  • the means including a pressure increasing device connecting said receiving means to said pump for providing fluid at elevated pressures from said receiving means to said pump;
  • a closed vapor cycle engine containing lubricating fluid and working fluid, said engine comprising in fluid connected series a pump, an evaporator, an expander and a condenser through which said working fluid circulates during power producing operation, apparatus for assisting in the start up of said engine comprising:
  • lubricant reservoir means for substantially isolating lubricating fluid therein from circulating working fluid
  • boost pump means for providing initial fluid input to said pump, said boost pump means being situated to permit lubricating fluid to drain thereto from said lubricant reservoir means;

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
  • Lubrication Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
US00210749A 1971-12-22 Cycle start up system Expired - Lifetime US3797248A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US21074971A 1971-12-22 1971-12-22

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3797248A true US3797248A (en) 1974-03-19

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US00210749A Expired - Lifetime US3797248A (en) 1971-12-22 Cycle start up system

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US3797248A (fr)
JP (1) JPS4868938A (fr)
CA (1) CA954706A (fr)
DE (1) DE2255769A1 (fr)
FR (1) FR2165406A5 (fr)
GB (1) GB1385539A (fr)
IT (1) IT972534B (fr)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3877232A (en) * 1973-06-19 1975-04-15 Sofretes Soc Fse Piston engine utilizing a liquefiable gaseous fluid
US4090362A (en) * 1976-08-23 1978-05-23 Bourque Robert F External combustion power cycle and engine with combustion air preheating
US4512851A (en) * 1983-02-15 1985-04-23 Swearingen Judson S Process of purifying a recirculating working fluid
US6457563B1 (en) * 1997-02-18 2002-10-01 Safematic Oy Arrangement in a circulation lubrication system
US20090188253A1 (en) * 2005-06-10 2009-07-30 City University Expander Lubrication in Vapour Power Systems
US20110167818A1 (en) * 2008-12-18 2011-07-14 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Exhaust heat recovery system
CN102720552A (zh) * 2012-05-07 2012-10-10 任放 一种低温位工业流体余热回收系统
US20140050560A1 (en) * 2011-01-17 2014-02-20 Orcan Energy Gmbh Lubrication of Volumetrically Operating Expansion Machines

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2233871A5 (fr) * 1973-06-14 1975-01-10 Mengin Ets Pierre
JP5467462B2 (ja) * 2010-04-24 2014-04-09 有限会社小池モータース 低温度差動力変換装置
DE102010024487A1 (de) * 2010-06-21 2011-12-22 Andreas Wunderlich Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung mechanischer Energie in einem Kreisprozess
JP6211915B2 (ja) * 2013-12-24 2017-10-11 有限会社小池モータース 水流発生装置

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3584457A (en) * 1969-06-02 1971-06-15 Cox Ass Edwin External combustion power generating system

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3584457A (en) * 1969-06-02 1971-06-15 Cox Ass Edwin External combustion power generating system

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3877232A (en) * 1973-06-19 1975-04-15 Sofretes Soc Fse Piston engine utilizing a liquefiable gaseous fluid
US4090362A (en) * 1976-08-23 1978-05-23 Bourque Robert F External combustion power cycle and engine with combustion air preheating
US4512851A (en) * 1983-02-15 1985-04-23 Swearingen Judson S Process of purifying a recirculating working fluid
US6457563B1 (en) * 1997-02-18 2002-10-01 Safematic Oy Arrangement in a circulation lubrication system
US20090188253A1 (en) * 2005-06-10 2009-07-30 City University Expander Lubrication in Vapour Power Systems
US8215114B2 (en) * 2005-06-10 2012-07-10 City University Expander lubrication in vapour power systems
US20110167818A1 (en) * 2008-12-18 2011-07-14 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Exhaust heat recovery system
US8713939B2 (en) * 2008-12-18 2014-05-06 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Exhaust heat recovery system
US20140050560A1 (en) * 2011-01-17 2014-02-20 Orcan Energy Gmbh Lubrication of Volumetrically Operating Expansion Machines
US9732616B2 (en) * 2011-01-17 2017-08-15 Orcan Energy Ag Lubrication of volumetrically operating expansion machines
CN102720552A (zh) * 2012-05-07 2012-10-10 任放 一种低温位工业流体余热回收系统

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA954706A (en) 1974-09-17
DE2255769A1 (de) 1973-06-28
FR2165406A5 (fr) 1973-08-03
JPS4868938A (fr) 1973-09-19
IT972534B (it) 1974-05-31
GB1385539A (en) 1975-02-26

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